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city growth / time

1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1900 1930 PRESENT

250000

200000

SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT PEAKS
RAILWAY ACCESS BEGINS
ERIE CANAL ESTABLISHED

I-81 SECTION COMPLETE
CITY INCORPORATED

LAST TROLLEY RUN
WWII ESCALATION
150000

WWI
100000

50000
population

1788

1825

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1885

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000
airplane
automobile
Railroad
erie canal

// 500.2 Ecology of Cities - Prof. Vassilev Final Presentation - BONDARENKO SHALAMIAN TAFROV WEIGAND SHRINKINGCITY_URBAN STRATEGIES

suburbanization

LAND USE IN THE CITY OF SYRACUSE HAS A
DIRECT RELATIONSHIP TO
TRANSPORTATION; THIS ARRANGEMENT IS
ROOTED IN THE HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL
NATURE OF THE CITY AND ALSO IN THE
EARLY 20TH CENTURY PLANNING
PRACTICES WHICH SHAPED THE CITY IN
THE POST WAR ERA. COMMERICAL ENTITIES
CLUSTER AROUND MAJOR
THOROUGHFARES, ENSURING ACCESS BY
AUTOMOBILE, AND THE STREETS BEST
DEVELOPED TO THE NEW SCALE OF THE
CITY CARRY THE MOST TRAFFIC EVERY DAY.
THIS STRUCTURAL ALLOCATION OF LAND
USE IS A LAYERING OF HISTORICAL
SYSTEMS; HOWEVER IN THE CASE OF
SYRACUSE; THE CENTRAL NATURE OF
TRANSPORT COMBINE D WITH RAPID arterial roads + business housing types
SUBURBANIZATION FOLOWING WW2 industrial appartment
CREATED A FRAMEWORK FOR A commercial multiple residence
parking single family
COMMUTER-CITY, WHICH LED TO A DEARTH three family
OF NON-WORK RELATED ACTIVITIES IN THE interstates
two family
arterials
CITY CORE; CONTRIBUTING TO A GREATER
SOCIAL / ECONOMIC / ETC PROBLEM AT THE
CITY SCALE.

1943 Existing Land Use 1951 -1957 Development
1943 -1951 Development 1957 -1965 Development 1965 -1969 Development
Residential Residential
Residential Commercial Residential Residential
Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial
Industrial Industrial
Industrial Previously Industrial Industrial
Previously Developed Previously Previously
Developed Developed Developed


walkability - drive up?

ONE ISSUE WHICH SYRACUSE FACES IN THE CURRENT DAY IS THE WAY IN WHICH BARRIERS
– REAL AND PERCEIVED, HAVE DIVIDED THE CITY INTO RELATIVELY ISOLATED
NEIGHBORHOODS AND AREAS IN TERMS OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESS. THESE BARRIERS
FRAGMENT THE CITY, CONTRIBUTING TO THE LOW WALKABILITY OF THE CITY (OR THE
AVAILABILITY OF THE NECESSITIES OF DAILY LIVE WITHIN A COMFORTABLE 15 MINUTE
WALK – APPROXIMATELY ONE MILE) – A CONDITION AGGRAVATED BY COLD WINTER
WEATHER.

THE SOLUTION TO THE FRAGMENTED NATURE OF THE CITY IS THE AUTOMOBILE – AND AS
SUCH, THE CITY, EVEN THE DENSEST AREAS OF THE DOWNTOWN, IS PLAGUED BY THE
SUBURBAN NECESSITY OF OWNING AN AUTOMOBILE OR RELYING HEAVILY ON BUS
TRANSPORTATION IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT DAILY TRANSACTIONS.

THESE BARRIERS INCLUDE ONONDAGA CREEK, I-81, I-690, RAIL LINES, WEST STREET, ERIE
BOULEVARD, ETC. SOME OF THE PERCEIVED BARRIERS ARE ALSO THE IMAGES THAT
CERTAIN AREAS HAVE BEEN BURDENED WITH, OR THE INACCESSIBILITY OF THE
DOWNTOWN / WEST SIDE FROM UNIVERSITY HILL. WHILE OTHER CITIES HAVE SIMILAR
ISSUES (I.E. NYC, WITH MANHATTAN, WITH LIMITED ACCESSIBILITY), SYRACUSE’S
RELATIVELY LOW DENSITY ALLOWS IT TO SIDESTEP THESE BARRIERS WITH OUTWARD;
RATHER THAN CONNECTIVE DEVELOPMENT.

THIS OUTWARD DEVELOPMENT FURTHER REDUCES DENSITY, AND INCREASES
DEPENDENCE ON THE AUTOMOBILE DUE TO THE DECENTRALIZED ARRANGEMENT OF
LAND USES. WHEREAS IN THE EARLY 1900S PEOPLE LIVED, WORKED, AND PLAYED IN
PROXIMITY TO THE CITY CORE, THIS LIFESTYLE TODAY IS LIVED ONLY BY THOSE WHO
CANNOT AFFORD TO, OR CHOOSE NOT TO OWN AUTOS.

THE DOWNTOWN AREA, HOWEVER – ONCE YOU PARK YOUR CAR FOR A WEEKEND JAUNT
OR BUSINESS ACTIVITY; IS A VERY WALKABLE AREA, AS ARE CERTAIN STREET BASED 1 mi
STRIPS – SALINA, GENESEE, FAYETTE, GEDDES, LODI, BUTTERNUT, INNER JAMES – CERTAIN
AREAS ON THESE STREETS PREFERENCE WALKING DUE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF 1/2 mi
COMMERCIAL / MIXED ACTIVITIES. HOWEVER, THESE STRIPS ARE CONTESTED BY THE 1/4 mi
DRAW FROM MORE AUTO CENTRIC AREAS SUCH AS ERIE BOULEVARD, CAROUSEL
CENTER, AND SHOPPINGTOWN MALL.

Apartment
Multiple Residenc

Three Family e
Two Family
Single Family


food access / systems

A food system is the production,
processing, distribution, sale,
purchase, preperation, consumption
and disposal of food products.

Supermarkets- Market share
Wegmans-37%
P&C-20%
Price Chopper-12%
Real food co-op- N/A
Farmers Markets- N/A

Local markets
-Camillus Farmers' Market C.L Evers Market
Sponsor: Camillus Town Clerk’s Office
Location: Municipal Building, 4600 W. Genesee St., Syracuse, NY

Central New York Regional Market
Sponsor: Central New York Regional Market Authority
Location: 2100 Park Street, I-81 exit 23, Syracuse, NY

Downtown Syracuse Farmers' Market
Sponsor: Downtown Committee of Syracuse, Inc.
Location: Parking lot at S. Salina & Washington Sts., Syracuse, NY

University Community Harvest Farmers' Market (SU)
Sponsor: Syracuse University and the SUNY College of Environmental Science &
Forestry

Green Hills Farmers' Market
Location: Green Hills supermarket, north parking lot, 5933 S. Salina St, Syracuse

Manlius Farmers' Market
Sponsor: Village of Manlius
Location: Behind Sno-Top, off Arkie Albanese Avenue

Syracuse Eastside Neighborhood Farmers' Market
Sponsor: Westcott Community Center
Location: Loguen Park at Lexington Ave.


local food supply

Syracuse Real Food Co-op
Located in the Westcott neighborhood in the unversity neighborhood. the syracuse
real food Co-op is owned by over 2,600 members. Open to anyone to shop at.
-Began operations in 1972- “Westcott nation” founders. Anti-war activists wanting a
cooperatively-owned community. Inexpensive, local, high-quality. Support local
growers. Grindstone Farm- Pulaski, NY

-Stock
-Organic local produce, organic grass fed meats, Dairy products, Forzen foods,
Fresh Bread, Cheese, Wild seafood.
50 mile radius
-Sources
Monarch Farm - Skaneateles, New York
Salad Greens, Heirloom vegetables, Tomatoes

Frosty Morning Farm - Truxton, New York
Potatoes, garlic, herbs, salves, lotions and goat milk. Two Heats Farm- Morrisville, NY

Grindstone Farm - Pulaskai, New York
Organic Vegetables
Green Rabbit Farm- Madison, NY
Black Brook Farm - Skaneatelas, New York Monarch Farm - Skaneateles, New York
Heirloom fruits, vegetables, beans, apples, potatoes, squash.
Brook Farm - Skaneateles, New York
Frosty Morning Farm - Truxton, New York
Lively Run Goat Dairy- Interlaken, NY
Reeves Farm - Baldwinsville, New York
Strawberries, Blueberries Sacred Seed Farm- Cortland, NY

Gillie Farm - Baldwinsville, New York
Garlic

Sacred Seed Farm - Central New York
Vegetables, Garlic, Carrot

Two Hearts Farm - Morrisville, NY Principles of a Co- op
Eggs 1.Open and Voluntary membership
Green Rabbit Farm - Madison, NY
2. Democratic member control
High quality produce 3. Member Economic Participation
4. Autonomy and Independence
Lively Run Goat Dairy - Interlaken, NY 5. Education training Information
Goat milk, cheese 6. Cooperation Among Cooperatives
7. Concern for Community.


research regional food supply

Onondaga County MILK: Cows & Production

Average
Annual Avg. Total M ilk
2003 156,100 acres of farm land 31% of total 499,388 acres Year
M ilk Cows
Production Per
Production
Cow
720 farms - 217 acrese per farm No. Head Pounds Million lbs.

Ranks 20th in state for number of farms 1940 N/A N/A N/A
1950 N/A N/A N/A
1959 N/A N/A N/A
Total market value of agricultural products $82.2 Million 1969 N/A N/A N/A
$113,330 per farm 1978
1982
16,100
19,000
13,200
12,500
213
238
1987 18,500 14,000 259
1992 17,000 16,000 272
Products sold: 1997 17,500 16,800 294
Diary 1998
1999
18,000
18,500
17,100
17,400
308
322
Poulty/ eggs 2000 18,500 17,500 324
2001 18,900 19,000 360
grains / dry beans 2002 18,900 19,000 360
vegetable 2003
2004
18,100
N/A
19,800
N/A
358
N/A
Nursery/ greenhouse
1940-1969 U.S. Census of Agriculture

Value of farms average- $355,435
Machinery- $127,518 Development threatening Farmland in New York State
Production expenses $77.8 million
$106,904 per farm
Household income- $40,847

NY State has over 3.15 million HA of agricultural land cover.
-Soil prone to erosion
-2/3 of land devoted to perennial forage crops
- 1/3 high value crop production
Agricultural Districts- Onondaga County
Land In Farms
Regional food production is seasonal and cities rely on year (Acres)
Production
round production sources for produce. California, Florida,
Nursery/ Greenhouses
etc.
Other

Dairy

Poulty/ Eggs

Grains/ Dry Beans

Vegetables


global food supply

The Food Supply Chain - General

Global Food Chain Wheat Food Chain
Imports Transport
Transport
Farm Inputs

Processing/ Carbon Footprint
Seed Merchants
Agro-chemicals
Farm Inputs Machinery etc
Farm Supplier
Farming
Farming Farms growing wheat Livestock Farms
Farm

Logistics (Agricultural)
Grain Merchants Grain Co-operatives
Logistics (Agricultural)
Marketer

Manufacturing
Manufacturing Flour Mills Flour Mills
Processor
Wheat Feed

Logistics (Food) Plant Baker / Feed Mills
Wholesaler / Distributor Food Processor

Logistics (Food)
Retail / Catering
Retailer Supermarket RDCs General Wholesalers Catering Suppliers

Caterer Retail / Catering
Supermarkets independent Retailers Craft Bakers Caterers

Consumer Consumer Consumer

Consumers
Exports

Employment- Syracuse
P&C- 8th Largest Employer in Syracuse

Wegmans-3rd largest employer in Syracuse

Wegmans Food Marketsseven major suppliers -- Coca-Cola Co., General Mills, Hershey
Co., J.M. Smucker Co., Nestle, PepsiCo, Inc. and Procter & Gamble Co.
- 3rd largest employer in Syracuse- 3,760


Global imports- 3000 miles+ global food supply
research

Wholesale/retail (refrigeration. electricity for store)

1 x 17
transport( farm to consumer)
Carbon Footprint Food production
CSA footprtint conventional food systems footprint
-1 food mile equal to the distance food travels from where it is grown to where it is
consumed
- Weighted Average Source Distance (WASD) used to calculate a the distance and
amount of food product.
Tons of CO2

Tons of CO2 from methane

- Community Supported Agriculture Vs. Conventional methods of food transportation tons of CO2 from Nitrous Oxide

The formula for WASD is:
Σ (m(k) x d(k))/ Σ m(k)

where: Syracuse Banana Company- Global- Re-
k = different locations of the production origin,
m = amount consumed from each location of consumption origin, and gional- Local
Ro
d = distances from the locations of production origin to the point of consump- che NY -One of the largest food distributes in the area.
ste ,
tion. r, N me -Fully refrigerated 35,000 square foot, state of the art
Y Ro
facility
Our food is shipped via mulitple transportation methods to get to its final
Buffalo,
NY
- Supplies institutions, restaurants, over 500 customers
destination crossing thousands of miles. This will not change until fuels and
means of transport become more and more expensive. - Operate 23 delivery trucks (16-24 Ft. insulated,
refrigerated).
150 mile radius
- Production of food is also a major contributer to carbon footprint, agriculural Regional- Syracuse Banana Distribution -Our delivery trucks circulate within a 150 mile radius of
waste and processing . Syracuse, NY. This includes Rochester/Buffalo,
Alba Oswego/Watertown, Albany/Utica/Rome and
iles ny,
2000 M NY Binghamton/Cortland/Ithaca areas.
Truck WASD (US. -98% of our produce including tomatoes directly from
Domestic California and Florida.

Bing
-We are a direct receiver and processor of Dole bananas,
1981- 1245 miles

ham
petites and quads.
1989- 1424 miles iles

pton
M -During the summer months, also purchase NY State
30 00+

, NY
1998- 1518 miles produce directly from farms located around Syracuse and
Oswego. Produce from California is available year round at
this facility. Purchases include a full line of Verdelli, Fresh-
way, River Ranch, Dole and T&A brand products featuring
2000+ miles- produce, meats, etc.domestic salad mix and shredded lettuce.

1965= 787,000 Trucks on the road= 6.658 billion gallons of fuel
Truck
Dole Bananas- Columbia to Syracuse= 3000miles.
1997= 1,790,000 Trucks on the road= 20.294 billion gallons of fuel California Produce= 2500miles
Local distribution= 150+ miles in refrigerated trucks
California- Imports- produce- 2500 miles


research syracuse trash ows

w s Landfill daily
ado
city to Seneca Me
e
miles out of th
60
sh
d
rte
Tra
o

ar e
tr a
nsp
Materials
te
was
Roughly 6,0
00 tons o
f Ley Creek
Transfer Station (products)

Seneca Meadows, 2600 acres of Landfill

Syracuse Trash
All trash generated in the city passes through the either the Lay Creek
or Rock Cut Road Transfer Station before it is sorted and shipped off
to either the Seneca Meadows Landfill or the Waste To Energy facility

The Waste To Energy (WTE) facility in Jamesville, NY is 10 miles south
of Syracuse and burns solid wastes to heat water which then
evaporates and turns a steam turbine. Metals are harvested from the
ash before its sent to a landfill


research syracuse water supply

Syracuse Water Supply
Most of the water that is brought
to the city originates in
Skaneateles Lake. However in
times of high demand or drought
extra water is pumped from Lake
Ontario

Syracuse Water Pipes
The original water pipes that ran
water from Skaneateles were put
under the city streets more than a
century ago. Today most of these
same pipes still lie under the
streets and are in very poor
condition

Syracuse Sewer System
The sewer system of Syracuse is
in a similar state of disrepair as the
water pipes. Both over a century
old, they are degrading beyond
use. The sewer system is also a
Combined Sewer Overflow(CSO)
which means that when rain
runoff fills the sewers, both the
surface and black water spill over
into Onondaga Creek as well as
Onondaga Lake


research water / waste ow

INPUT USE OUTPUT Water Flow
This flow chart shows how water cycles from
either Skaneateles or Ontario Lake through
Skaneateles Lake
the city of Syracuse back into the aquifer.
Lake Ontario This flow chart also breaks down some
important processes like runoff overflow and
Syracuse Homes water treatment

Contaminated Improvements
Main Interceptor Sewer Overflow There are many costly improvements that
Runoff Rain Onondaga Stream and need to be made to the current system in
(A CSO Sewer)
Onondaga Lake order for it to function more efficiently and be
more eco-friendly. The major areas that need
Lay Creek fixing are enclosed with red dashed lines
Westside Metropolitan Syracuse Clean Water into
Liverpool Wastewater Treatment Plant Onondaga Lake Syracuse Homes
Currently households in Syracuse aren’t
making a serious effort to recycle their own
greywater. Greywater from showers and sinks
Methane released from Biosolids can be used to water your garden.
reused to power the Plant
Main Inceptor Sewer and Overflow
Currently the main sewer line that runs
throughout Syracuse is a Combine Sewer
Solid Waste Overflow(CSO). This means that when
+Kiln dust (Biosolids) rain runoff is carried by the same sewer that
+Lime handles blackwater. When this sewer floods
the blackwater spews over to surrounding
N-Viro Fertilizer for Farmers creeks and lakes. The two sewer types
should be separated


Trash / recycling ows

GENERATORS RECYCLE OUTPUT Trash Flows
Syracuse has a complex and multifaceted
Industry waste disposal system. Solid trash is
Commercial Compost Soil collected and brought to one of the two
People Transfer Stations. Here the trash goes
through preliminary sorting, separating out
Trash Recyclable Items Saved Resources recyclables, hazardous waste, metals,
(Paper, Plastic, etc.) regular trash, etc. Non-recyclable trash is
sent to the Waste To Energy Facility (WTE)
Ley Creek or Rock Cut where it will be burned to create energy via
Road Transfer Station steam turbines. Metals are then removed from
the ash and it is sent to landfills. The Seneca
Meadows landfill buries waste using synthetic
containment in the base layer. The landfill
Waste To Energy
Trash Burned Metals also captures Methane that it uses to power
(WTE) some processes in the landfill
C02
Energy to power Improvements
30,000 homes WTE Facility
This facility reduced the amount of physical
Ash Byproduct trash in landfills while generating enough
energy to power 30,000 homes. However it
still releases a massive amount of C02 which
Seneca Meadows Landfill should be regulated in a better way

Seneca Meadows Landfill
Water Treatment Leachate
While this facility goes beyond normal
Methane standards by reusing its methane byproduct,
the Leachate it produces and maintains is
Small Amounts of Energy highly detrimental to the environment


research IN NEW YORK STATE, THE PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION UTILITY IS NATIONAL GRID, WHICH OTHER state energy
TRANSMITS ENERGY GENERATED FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE
STATE.
3%
THE STATE USES
OIL
TOTAL : 165613 GwH ANNUALLY 1%
(NYS 2009 ENERGY PLAN DRAFT )
NATURAL GAS
THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD, THE STATE 11%
HOPES TO ACHIEVE A DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE OF 25% FROM RENEWABLE
SYRACUSE ENERGY SOURCES, MAINLY WIND, PV, AND HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS BY 2013.
NUCLEAR
AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL, OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ELECTRIC GENERATION ARE FROM 26%
FOSSIL FUELS; HOWEVER, THE REGIONAL NATURE OF THE POWER GRIDS CREATES
VARIOUS SUB-CATEGORIES OF DOMINANT GENERATION TYPE. IN THE STATE OF NEW NATURAL GAS
YORK, ESPECIALLY, THERE IS A GREAT SHIFT IN PLANT TYPES EVEN BETWEEN THE / OIL DUEL
“UPSTATE” REGIONS AND THE DOWNSTATE + LONG ISLAND AREAS. WHILE A LARGE
PORTION OF THE POPULATION IS CENTERED IN NYC AND THE GREATER METROPOLI-
17%
STATE LEVEL ENERGY TAN CORRIDOR OF THE NORTHEAST, THE GENERATION OF POWER IS DISTRIBUTED
ACCORDING TO AVAILABLITY OF RESOURCES AND LAND, SO THERE ARE SOURCES
PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS OF POWER THROUGHOUT THE STATE; WHILE ON ONE HAND THIS IS A GOOD THING,
AS PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TO POWER REGARDLESS OF WHERE THEY LIVE, ON THE
COAL HYDRO OTHER, THE ASSOCIATED TRANSMISSION LOSSES COULD BE AVOIDED BY LOCATING HYDRO COAL
HYDRO WIND
POWER GENERATION FACILITIES CLOSER IN ALIGNMENT WITH POPULATIONS. 17% 11%
PETROLEUM -
PETROLEUM IS IMPORTED THROUGH THE NEW YORK HARBOR AND ALSO THE PORT IMPORTS
OF BUFFALO, AND THROUGH PIPELINES FROM THE GULF COAST. THE REGION, WITH
ITS HIGH WINTERTIME HEATING LOADS, IS SUCEPTIBLE TO FLUCTUATIONS IN FUEL
13%
COSTS.

NATURAL GAS -
WHILE NY HAS SOME NATURAL GAS WELLS, IT IMPORTS THE REMAINDER OF ITS
SUPPLY FROM ACROSS THE US AND CANADA, MAINLY FROM THE TENNESEE
PIPELINE AND IROQUOIS PIPELINE.
STATE LEVEL POWER GENERATION (NYS)
NUCLEAR -
THE STATE GENERATES APPROXIMATELY 30% OF ITS ENERGY THROUGH THE USE OF
NUCLEAR GENERATION, REDUCING ITS USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY
GENERATION

HYDRO -
NY IS A LEADER IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER, WITH THE MOST HYDRO CAPACITY
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

RENEWABLES -
ALTHOUGH THE STATE HAS AGRESSIVE FUNDING AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
UNDERWAY, RENEWABLES SUCH AS WIND, WASTE, BIOMASS AND SOLAR ONLY
ACCOUNT FOR 3% OF ITS ENERGY USAGE.

HIGH POWER TRANSMISSION THE STATE IS ONE OF THE LARGEST USERS OF ENERGY; HOWEVER IT ALSO HAS ONE
OVERHEAD LINES
OF THE LOWEST ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA NUMBERS; ATTRIBUTABLE TO
GOOD PUBLIC TRANSIT AND DENSITY IN POPULATION CENTERS
NATIONAL GRID (UTILITY) + ONONDAGA COUNTY
ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC + NATURAL GAS


renewable energy

WIND
SOLAR
HYDRO
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURES GEOTHERMAL

THESE FORMS OF POWER GENERATION ACT WITH RENEWABLE, RATHER
THAN LIMITED, CARBON PRODUCING STORED FORMS OF
ENERGY; SUCH AS FOSSIL FUELS. HOWEVER, RENEWABLES ARE
DEPENDENT ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS RELATED TO THEIR SITING AND
FLUCTUATIONS IN GENERATING RELIABILITY. THIS IS ONE OF THE
REASONS WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO ADOPT CERTAIN TYPES AS THE SOLE
SOURCE OF POWER, ESPECIALLY AT A LOCAL SCALE. FOR EXAMPLE, IN
ORDER TO MAINTAIN AN EVEN FLOW OF POWER, INTENSIVE BATTERY
SYSTEMS OR HYBRIDS OF SOLAR / WIND MUST BE USED.

HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL ARE MUCH MORE REGULAR,
HOWEVER, BOTH REQUIRE SPECIFIC TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS WHICH
DO NOT EXIST EVERYWHER THAT POWER IS NEEDED.

RENEWABLE ENERGY, WITH A VARIETY OF SYSTEMS OF GENERATION AND
A MORE EFFICIENT POWER GRID, ARE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OUR
ENERGY CRISIS. A REDUCTION OF PER-CAPITA USAGE WILL ALSO BE
THIS DOE GRAPH REPRESENTS THE UNITED STATES DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION WITH REGARDS TO TIME; AND OFFERS AN INSIGHT INTO THE ESSENTIAL, AS POPULATIONS CONTINUE TO GROW AT A RATE
PLANNING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT TO COME. AS THE GUES T SPEAKER ELABORATED, THE MAIN SOURCE OF GROWTH IN THE FIELD IS IN WIND POWER, WHICH IS PROVEN OUTSTRIPPING DEMAND .
(EUROPE) HOWEVER REQUIREDS SPECIAL SITING OF PROJECTS AND A LARGE, LESS EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION GRID.

50.00
RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION (Gw)
45.00

40.00

35.00

30.00

projected
GIGAWATTS

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

wind
0.00 biomass
waste
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2020 2030 geothermal

TIME

WESTER
N INTERC
ONNECT national level energy
CONVENTIONAL WIND WOOD OTHER BIOMASS SOLAR / THERMAL PUMPED STORAGE
2% 1% <1% <1% 2%
EASTERN INTERCONNECT

HYDRO
7%

NUCLEAR COAL
PUMPED 10% 31%
STORAGE
<1%
230, 000 V
345, 000 V
500,000V
765, 000 V
OIL HIGH VOLTAGE DC

NATURAL GAS 6%
41%

TEXAS INTERCONNECT

NATIONAL LEVEL POWER GENERATION
(EIA.DOE)

AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL, POWER IS GENERATED ACROSS THE
COUNTRY; HOWEVER THE DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AND
RESOURCES - DOES NOT ALIGN PERFECTLY; AS A RESULT,
ENERGY MUST BE CARRIED THROUGH THE GRID; WERE EFFI-
CIENCY LOSSES OCCUR. WHILE THERE ARE SEVERAL NEW
TECHNOLOGIES AIMED AT CHANGING / IMPROVING LOSSES, THE
WAY IN WHICH THE GRID WORKS IS INHERENTLY INEFFICIENT.

POWER GENERATING STATIONS
SIZE DENOTES OUTPUT
SUBGRID STRUCTURE


national energy ow

2008 DOE EIA Annual Energy Review - (quadrillion btus)


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