It is a detailed topic which is very difficult to cover but some aspects are covered.

1. BILINGUALISM
Assigned By
Sir Ajmal Dass
Presented by Waheed Shahzad

2. IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING MORE THAN ONE
LANGUAGE
 In today’s global society, the ability to speak
more than one language is a valuable asset.
Pakistanis fluent in languages other than
Urdu enhance our economic competitiveness
abroad, improve global communication, help
to maintain our political and security
interests, and promote tolerance and
intercultural awareness.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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3. …..
 Research has found a positive link between
proficiency in more than one language and
cognitive and academic skills (Armstrong &
Rogers, 1997; Bialystock & Hakuta, 1994:
Cummins, 1992; Hakuta, 1986).
 Some studies indicate that individuals who learn
a second language are more creative and better
at solving complex problems than those who do
not (Bamford & Mizokawa, 1991; Cummins,
1992).
 Standardized test results show that students who
have focused on foreign language studies
routinely achieve among the highest scores in all
subjects tested (The SAT College Board, 2002).
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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4. LINGUALS
 Monolinguals
 Bilinguals
 Double-semilinguals
 Trilinguals
 Multilinguals
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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5. MONOLINGUALS
 According to “Cambridge Advance Lerner’s
Dictionary” 3rd edition “speaking or using only
one language” is called monolingual.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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6. BILINGUALISM
 The individual’s capacity to speak a second
language while following the concepts and
structures of that language rather than
paraphrasing his or her mother tongue (Titone,
1972)
 “Native-like control of two languages”
 A person who in most situations can use two
languages to communicate and switch between
languages if necessary.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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7. DOUBLE-SEMILINGUALS
 They are viewed to have insufficient
competence in either language. Semilinguals
are considered to have a small vocabulary
and incorrect grammar and think about
language production all the time. At the same
time they think it is difficult to think and
express emotions in either language.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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8. TRILINGUALS
 A person able to speak three languages with
equal proficiency.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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9. MULTILINGUAL
 Using, speaking or writing in several different
languages.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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10. SKUTNABB-KANGAS (1981: 93) DEFINITIONS
‘BILINGUAL’
 Her definition is divided into four subfields
and these cover several different aspects of
bilingualism.
1. Origin
2. Competence
3. Function
4. Attitude
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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11. ORIGIN
 Has learned two languages from the
beginning, in the family, by native speakers
 Has been communicating in parallel with two
languages from the beginning
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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12. COMPETENCE
 Totally controls two languages.
 Controls two languages as a native speaker.
 Controls two languages equally good.
 Can produce significant utterances in their
second language.
 Has at least some kind of control over the other
language’ grammatical structure.
 Has been in contact with another language.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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13. FUNCTION
 Can use two languages in most situations
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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14. ATTITUDES
 Identifies themselves as bilingual or with
access to two cultures
 Is identified by others as bilingual (Skutnabb-
Kangas 1981: 94)
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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15. OTHER TERMS ASSOCIATED TO BILINGUALISM:
• Submersion: the situation encountered by
some children wherein they must make a
home-school language switch, while others can
already function in the school language
(Cummins, 1986)
• Immersion: situation in which children from the
same linguistic and cultural background who
have had no prior contact with the school
language are put together in a classroom
setting in which the second language is used
as the medium of instruction (Cummins, 1986)
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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16. CONCLUSION
 “Nearly every sector of our increasingly
global economy and culturally diverse
workforce needs multilingual,
cross-culturally aware workers.”
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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17. …….
 It is very important for us to be a valuable
part of Globalization we must adopt the new
learning styles and techniques for 2nd
language, because Bilingual person has
more chance to achieve higher lever in
every aspect of life.
8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad,
(Linguistic)
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18. 8/8/2017M.Phil Scholar, Waheed Shahzad, (Linguistic)
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Thank You……