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1. Psychological HardinessPsychological Hardiness
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2. Conclusions
Findings from this study suggest concerns about issues (i.e.
depression, stress,
psychological hardiness, and coping skills) to which nursing
home staff could become
more aware in order to create a smoother and less adverse
transition for newly relocated
residents. These issues apply both to those who have
previous histories of depression and
to those who are evaluated and described as manifesting
significant levels of depression
on initial relocation. Results supported earlier research
noting the relationships between
depression, stress, and levels of coping skills (D Zurilla &‟
Nezu, 1999) and
psychological hardiness (Campbell, Amerikaner, Swank, &
Vincent, 1989; Maddi &
Khoshaba, 1994).

3. discovering the connection between personality and physical illness.
Hardiness, according to Kobasa and Maddi (1977), developed from an
existential
theory of psychology, building on the premise that individuals are not
completely hardwired
for fixed traits, but have personalities that are composites of the results of
experiences that they encounter (i.e. constantly changing and being
reconstructed).
Existential philosophers and existential psychologists view the world in a
constant state
of flux, requiring continuous readjustment, particularly concerning stress, as it
applies in
this context. Individuals identified as hardy are believed to have a greater
capacity for
dealing effectively with life s challenges that pertain to responsibility, isolation‟
and death
-- cornerstones of existential philosophy. Maddi and Kobasa (1981) refer to
“intrinsic
motivation” and “existential courage” (Maddi, 1990, 1998) as byproducts of
hardiness,
strengthening the support for existential psychology s underpinnings of this‟
construct.
Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982) further refined the definition of this construct
as
a “

4. experiences that they encounter (i.e. constantly changing and being
reconstructed).
Existential philosophers and existential psychologists view the world in a
constant state
of flux, requiring continuous readjustment, particularly concerning stress, as it
applies in
this context. Individuals identified as hardy are believed to have a greater
capacity for
dealing effectively with life s challenges that pertain to responsibility, isolation‟
and death
-- cornerstones of existential philosophy. Maddi and Kobasa (1981) refer to
“intrinsic
motivation” and “existential courage” (Maddi, 1990, 1998) as byproducts of
hardiness,
strengthening the support for existential psychology s underpinnings of this‟
construct.
Kobasa, Maddi, and Kahn (1982) further refined the definition of this construct
as
a “constellation of personality characteristics that function as a resistance
resource in the

5. encounter with stressful life events”
(p.169). Building on this accumulation of
research,
Kobasa (1982) stresses the inclusion of
active participation between events, the
environment and individuals, and the three
interrelated variables taken from existential
theory that form its basic foundation --
commitment, control, and challenge (the
3C s of‟
hardiness).