2. Introduction
Forms 0.2% of human tumor burden
Primary malignant bone tumors make 1% of all
malignant tumors.
Commonest bone tumour is secondaries from other
sites. 70% secondary, 30 % primary
4. Clinical presantation
Age
Childhood and adolesence:
Most benign, and some malignant (Osteosarcoma, Ewing
Sarcoma)
Decade 4-5 th:
Chondrosarcoma and Fibrosarcoma
Decade 6th:
Myeloma( the commonest primary malignant bone tumor)
Over 70 y.o:
Metastatic lesions are the commonest
5. Family History : may
be present in tumours
like exostosis/ von
recklenghausen`s
disease etc
Sex : Very few
tumours show sex
prediliction.
Eg GCT is commoner in
females.
Hereditary multiple exostosis
6. CLINICAL PRESENTATION- symptoms :
Pain :
Initially may be activity related, but in case of malignancy
there could be progressive pain at rest and at night.
In benign tumours, pain may be activity related when it is
large enough to compress surrounding soft tissue or when
it weakens bone.
7. Mass/ Swelling
In case of soft tissue
sarcomas patients may come
with mass rather than pain
but in some exceptions like
nerve sheath tumours, they
have pain and neurological
conditions.
Limitation of movement
Pathologic fracture
General symptoms
8. INVESTIGATIONS
Serological investigations
FBC
ERS
Serum protein
electrophoresis
Urine Bence Jones
protein
PSA, prostatic acid
phosphatase
Serum Calcium
Serum ALP
Antisarcoma antibodies
Osteocalcin – A
Flow Cytometry
10. INVESTIGATIONS: RADIOGRAPHS
• Phemister's Law = the most common site of
infection & tumours is the fastest growing site
of the long bone
• To see a lucent lesion in bone, an estimated
30 to 50 % of the bone must be lost
[Harris & Heaney, N Engl J Med 1969]
12. Radiography
I- Site
o Type of bone
Long bone / Flat bone
Epiphysis /Metaphysis
/Diaphysis
Intramedullary / Eccentric
/ Cortical lesion
The epicenter of the
tumor helps to determine
the origin
17. Zone of Transition
Most reliable indicator for benign versus malignant lesions.
“Narrow”, if it is so well defined that it can be drawn
with a fine-point pen.
“Wide”, if it is imperceptible and can not be drawn at all.
An aggressive process should be considered, although
not necessarily a malignant lesion.
Narrow zone Wide zone
18. Margins: 1A, 1B, 1C
IA: GEOGRAPHIC DESTRUCTION
WELL – DEFINED WITH
SCLEROSIS
IN MARGIN
IB: GEOGRAPHIC DESTRUCTION
WELL – DEFINED BUT NO
SCLEROSIS
IN MARGIN
IC : GEOGRAPHIC
DESTRUCTION
WITH ILL DEFINED MARGIN
increasing aggressiveness
III- Type of Bone Destruction
Type 1: Geographic destruction
19. Type 2: Moth-eaten destruction
Areas of destruction with
ragged borders
Implies more rapid growth
Probably a malignancy
osteosarcoma
20. Type 3: Permeative Pattern
ill-defined lesion
with multiple “worm-holes”
Spreads through marrow space
Wide transition zone
Implies aggressive malignancy
Round-cell lesions
Leukemia
Ewing sarcoma.
23. V- Types of matrix
Matrix appearance of the bone lesion. A, Solid pattern of radiodensity
indicates a bone matrix. B, Stippled appearance or, C, rings and arcs suggest a
cartilage matrix. D, Hazy, smoky, or ground glass appearance correlates to a
fibrous matrix of the lesion.
25. Imaging:
Radionuclide scanning (Bone scan)
• Locate small tumors.
• Identify secondary deposits or skip lesions.
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Extension and staging.
• Identify metastasis to other organs.
• CT Angio; help operation planning in highly vascular tumors.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Assess tumor spreading.
• Detailed view for soft tissue.
• Examining cystic-like lesion contents.
26. Biopsy
• Needle biopsy
• Large bore biopsy needle.
• Ultrasound or CT guided.
• Carried out in the line of any further operation.
• Open biopsy
• More reliable.
• Preferred if there is risk damaging neurovascular structures with the
needle biopsy.
• Preferably from the boundary zone so it will contain (normal tissue,
pseudocapsule, and abnormal tissue).
• Excisional biopsy; for some benign tumors.
• Curettage for cystic lesions.
Core biopsy (Preferred)
Open biopsy:
Incisional (Preferred)
Excisional
Curettage
27. The Enneking staging system has been shown to
prognosticate survival for bone sarcomas !!!
28. Informed Consent
Natural hx of the disease
The various treatment options
Limb salvage
Amputation
Adjuvant therapy
Advantages and
disadvantages of Rx
29. Treatment
(General principles)
Treatment of choice in most bone and soft tissue
sarcomas
Preoperative radiation – soft tissue sarcomas
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy – bone sarcomas
Osteosarcoma & Ewing’s sarcoma
Neoadjuvant chemo & surgery
Chondrosarcomas
Not sensitive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Treatment is surgical
30. Treatment
(General principles)
Solitary bone lesion in previous hx of malignancy
Should not be assumed a metastatic lesion!
Surgical treatment of metastatic bone disease
Palliative
Multiple myeloma
Rx is mainly haematological
Surgery is for fracture & spinal cord compression
31. Treatment
(General principles)
Epiphyseal & metaphyseal lesions
Best treated with prosthetic replacement
In the shoulder
Prosthetic replacements have poor function
Internal fixation gives the best results
In the hip
Best treatment is arthroplasty
33. A set of surgical procedures designed to accomplish removal of a malignant
tumor and reconstruction of the limb with an acceptable oncologic, functional,
and cosmetic result**
Goal of limb salvage surgery
Condition that must achive:
1. Tumor free limb
2. Acceptable degree of function
3. Cosmetic appearance
4. Minimal amount of pain
5. Durable enough to withstand the
demands of normal daily activities
Combines two procedures-
Wide resection
Reconstruction of skeletal defect
Definition of limb salvage surgery
34. Indications
Every patient with tumor of the
extremity should be considered
for limb salvage if the tumor can
be removed with an adequate
margin and the resulting limb is
worth saving
No justification for limiting the
limb salvage process based only
on the prognosis
Survival rates should be no
worse than with amputation
Oncologic indications
IA, IIA
Good response to neoadjuvant
chemotherapy
36. Treatment
(Surgical Resections)
Stage IA:
Wide excision
Stage IIA:
Wide excision + Adjuvant
Stage IIB:
Radical resection + Adjuvant
Stage III:
Neoadjuvant, Radical
resection
Adjuvant Chemo -radiation
Treatment depends on the type of tumor and the stage
Not: Radical resection- May involve
amputation, disarticulation
37. BG (Vascularized / non-vascularized)
Allograft
Customized implants
Custom made prosthesis
Distraction osteogenesis
Arthrodesis
Treatment
(Management of defect after resection)
38. I. Short diaphyseal segments can be
replaced by vascularized or non-
vascularised bone grafts
II. Longer gaps may require custom –
made implants
III. Osteoarticular segments can be
replaced by endoprosthesis or
allograft-prosthetic composites
Principles of management of
defect after resection
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Treatment
(Limb Salvage)
Advantage
Long time survival 20%→ 70%
The function of the salvaged limb is better than that of
the amputation but not normal function
Disadvantages
↑ morbidity (↑ risk of infection, wound dehiscence,
flap necrosis,blood loss & DVT)
Multiple future surgery
33% → amputation
44. Contraindications
Three strike rule
Bone
Nerves
Vessels
Soft tissue envelope
If three of these key components
are involved, the limb salvage is
probably not worth considering
Major neurovascular involvement
Displaced pathologic fracture
Fungating and infected tumors
Inability to afford chemotherapy or
poor response to neoadjuvant
chemio
Recurrence of malignant tumors
Complications sec to poorly
performed biopsy
Skeletal immaturity - 60% growth
occur through distal femoral and
proximal tibial epiphysis
Pulmonary metastasis is not a
contraindication of surgery
Contraindications of limb salvage
are the indications for amputation
49. Treatment
(Bone metastases)
Aim
Palliation
1. Prophylactic fixation of metastatic deposits where there is a
risk of fracture
2. Stabilization/Reconstruction following pathological fracture
3. Decompression of spinal cord & nerve roots and stabilization
for spinal instability
Not:Type of fixation depends on location
IM nailing for peritrochanteric lesions
Hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck & head lesions
50. Conclusion
The surgical management of malignant bone tumors presents
many challenges
With advances in chemotherapy, radiographic
imaging & reconstructive surgery; most patients
now can be offered limb-sparing surgery
Success depends on prompt detection and early referral by primary care
doctor and on careful and coordinated sequences of events
Achieving a surgical margin that will ensure a low rate of local
recurrence is paramount
Amputation still plays an important role & offers
a standard to which other approaches must be
compared
51. References
1. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics 13 edition
2. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
– Text book of Orthopaedic knowledge update 8
series
3. Samuel Turek Text Book of Orthopaedics: 3d
edition
4. www.uptodate.com/musculoskeletal tumours
5. WHO Manual 2001 reprint for Classification of
Musculoskeletal Tumours Ebnezer J. Bone
neoplasias. Textbook of orthopaedics, 2010; 4th
edition