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生態位模型工作坊
ATP & 喬慧捷
5/17/2016
A. Townsend Peterson
• 經歷
– 邁阿密大學@Ohio (學士)
– 芝加哥大學(碩士,博士)
– 堪薩斯大學(教授)
– 墨西哥大學(客座教授,科學院院士)
– CSIRO(研究助理)
• 研究領域
– 鳥類學、理論生態學、生物地理學、流行病學
• 合作對象
– 拉丁美洲(墨西哥、巴西、智利等),非洲(剛果、肯尼亞、
貝寧、埃及等),東南亞(印尼、菲律賓等)
• 語言
– 英語、西班牙語、葡萄牙語、拉丁語
喬慧捷
• 簡歷
– 1997 – 2001 首都師範大學 學士
– 2001 – 2010 中科院動物所 碩士/博士
– 2004 – 2012 中科院動物所 網絡中心
– 2012 – 2013 堪薩斯大學生物多樣性研究中心 博士後
– 2013 – 今 中科院動物所 生物多樣性信息學研究組
• 研究领域
– 理論生態學
– 生物地理學
– 流行病學
– 生物多樣性信息學
• 聯繫方式
– huijieqiao@gmail.com
第一步
• 請假裝您什麼都不懂,忘掉從前的知識。
什麼是生態位模型?
• 生態位模型(Ecological niche model),
– 使用分佈數據(occurrence data/point, presence/absence)
– 環境數據(environmental data sets)
– 建模(model)
– 產生結果,即分佈的可能性,或環境適宜度
• 別名/綽號
– 物种分布模型(Species distribution model – SDM)
– 物种栖息地模型(Species habitat model)
– 环境生态位模型(Environmental Niche Model)
什麼是生態位模型?
Black
box
理
想
現
實
然而,建模沒那麼簡單
• 輸入數據準確性檢驗
• 模型校準
• 模型評估
• 檢查模型的外推能力(Extrapolation)
• 解釋模型結果
概念
• 基本概念
– 基础生态位 (NF)
– 实际生态位 (NR)
• 衍生概念
– 实际基础生态位/潜在生态
位 (NF*)
– 耐受生态位 (NT)
相关概念
• 分布地 (Distribution)
• 栖息地,生境等 (Habitat,
Biotope)
• 空间
– 地理空间(G), NF*
– 环境空间/生态位空间 (E), NF
A
B
M
Gi
Go
(BAM Framework)
地理空间与生态位空间
地理空间
• 以地球表面为坐标系
• 二维/三维空间
• 用经纬度/海拔来标记
• 小尺度的空间自相关
• 大尺度的空间异质性
生态位空间(环境空间)
• 以环境因子为坐标系
• 多维空间
• 坐标轴非正交(变量之间有相关性)
模型的複雜性
Blonder, B., et al. (2014). "The n-dimensional hypervolume." Global Ecology And
Biogeography 23(5): 595-609.
衍生出来的模型 (20种)
• BIOClim,Climate Space Model,Ecological-Niche
Factor Analysis,Envelope Score,Environmental
Distance,GARP (With best rule-set),SVM (Support
Vector Machines), ClimeX, Generalised Linear
Models,Generalised Boosting Models (or boosting
regression trees, BRT), Generalised Additive Models,
Classification Tree Analysis,Artifical Neural Networks,
Surface Range Envelops,Multivariate Adaptive
Regression Splines,Random Forest,Maximum
Entropy,Marble Algorithm,multivariate kernel
density estimation
模型評估
• Confusion matrix
Predicted condition
Predicted Condition
positive
Predicted Condition
negative
True
condition
condition
positive
True positive
(TP)
False Negative
(FN, Type II error)
condition
negative
False Positive
(FP, Type I error)
True negative
(TN)
模型評估
A (NF) Go (NR)
TP = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑎1
FP = 𝑎3 𝑎2 + 𝑎3
FN = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑎4
TN = 𝑎6 𝑎5 + 𝑎6
模型評估
• 準確率accuracy (ACC)
– Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)
• 敏感性sensitivity與特異性specificity
– sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)
– specificity = TN / (FP + TN)
• true skill statistics (TSS)
– TSS = sensitivity + specificity - 1
• Cohen’s kappa
–
模型評估
• Receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) and
area under the curve
(AUC) and partial ROCs
AUC
• Akaike information
criterion(AIC)
– AIC=2k-2ln(L)
– AICc=AIC+2k(k+1)/(n-k-1)
Peterson, A. T., et al. (2008).
大佬們
Joseph Grinnell (1877- 1939)
Charles Sutherland Elton (1900–1991)
George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991)
现代生态学之父 (father of modern ecology)
让我们认识一下领域内的专家们
H. Ronald Pulliam
Jorge Soberón
Antoine Guisan
Jane Elith
Robert J. Hijmans
Robert K. Colwell
Dan Warren
Steven Phillips
Richard Pearson
Robert Anderson
喬慧捷 HUIJIEQIAO@GMAIL.COM
謝謝關注
請把問題留給Town Peterson先生
生態位模型的應用
• 預測環境變化後,物種分佈的變化
– 分佈區擴大/縮小
– 分佈界限南移/北移
• 一些連帶的問題
– 歷史數據判断與生物多樣性相關的科學問題,如反
轉(turnover)等
– 地形變化對生態的影響,如海岸線變化
生態位模型的應用
• 結合化石數據分析物種在遠古時期的分佈,
或者討論生態位寬度(Niche breadth)與滅
絕(Extinction)的關係。
• 疫病的潛在傳播風險
• 外來物種(invasive species)的入侵風險評
估
生態位保守主義
• 生態位保守主義 - niche conservatism
– 生態位確實在進化
– 但
• 生態位進化很慢(在105—106年內是保守的)
• 種化(Speciation)和生態位進化沒有必然聯繫
• 生態位進化與否,現在存在過度解讀的情況
Fundamental
niche
Existing
fundamental
niche
Realized
ecological
niche
Can EVOLVE Will change
with any
range
difference
虛擬物種(virtual species)
• 為什麼要用虛擬物種?
– 從物理學中獲得靈感
– 我們的地球環境是個特例
– 用於研究生態位模型在各種不同場景下的表現
– 不僅僅是物種,包括環境也可以是虛擬的

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