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Nextremer Inc.
⾃自然⾔言語処理理システムに  
想像⼒力力を与える試み
株式会社 古川
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
⽂文章から物事を想像するNLP
「成⽥田を出発して、数時間でハワイに着いた.」
から想像できること
・成⽥田空港からハワイの空港まで  
・⾶飛⾏行行機で移動した
想像⼒力力がないと  
表⾯面的に⾔言葉葉をなぞる  
NLPシステムになってしまう
Nextremer Inc.
⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPの応⽤用
<共参照問題>  “he”が指すものは?
“Mike  gave  John  a  gift,  so  he  was  happy”
<⽂文書分類>
giftをもらうとhappyになるという知識識が必要
今までの⼿手法  (LDA,  word2vec,  LSTMなど)では  
表⾯面的に出現する語句句を扱う→真の意味理理解へ
policy  is  a  deliberate  
system  of  principles  to  
guide  decisions  and  
achieve  rational  
outcomes…
sports  are  all  forms  of  
usually    
competitive  physical  
activity  or  games  
which…
・・・
Nextremer Inc.
推論論エンジン
“He  left  his  wallet  behind,  so  he  could  not  buy  it”
想像力のあるシステムのヒント
記述されたルールに従って仮説などを導くエンジン
(He,  leave,  wallet)
(money,  be  in,  wallet)
buyにはmoneyが必要
<仮説推論論>  
  moneyがないから  
  買えなかった
→この考え⽅方を参考にして、知識識を貯めて使うことを試みる
問題:なぜ、サイフを忘れると買えないのか?
知識識
知識識
知識識
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
⼩小説の意味を想像する試み
タスク設定:意味のある⼩小説を書く
The  man  is  walking  
on  the  
確率率率で次の⾔言葉葉を予想 事実を基に⽂文章を作る
bridge
cake
water
60%
20%
10%
…
(man,  walk,  street)
(man,  meet,  woman)
the  man  is  walking    
on  the  street  
Then,  he  met  a  woman
⭕❌
?
Nextremer Inc.
知識識ベースの利利⽤用
オープンな記述フレームワークはあっても知識識ベースは

ほとんど⾒見見当たらなかったが⼀一部存在する
opencyc  1984年年から⼈人⼿手で作り続けられている  
知識識ベースのオープンにされた⼀一部
wordnet  類義語・上位語・下位語などが  
          収められている知識識ベース
例例:電⾞車車
⽬目的:⼈人間にとって当たり前の常識識知識識の獲得
→⾞車車輪輪がある  
→エンジンがある  
→駅に⽌止まる
Nextremer Inc.
“Unsupervised  Learning  of  Narrative  Event  Chains”  
スクリプト知識識
⽂文書から「主⼈人公」の  
⾏行行動を読み取り  
Event  Chainを作る
<どうやって?=共参照>
John  went  to  the  park,    
then  he  drunk  water.
go drink
(Nathanael  Chambers  and  Dan  
Jurafsky    2008)  
Nextremer Inc.
スクリプト知識識抽出の問題
<動詞だけだと内容がわからない>
参考:「共参照解析のための事象間関係知識識の⽂文脈化」(井之上  直也    杉浦  純  乾  健太郎郎  2014)  
I  get,  I  have,  I  walk  …
→係り受け解析して⽬目的語、補語なども抽出
<⽬目的語、補語があっても内容がわからない>
They  soon  know  that  they  will  grow  
up,  and  the  way  Wendy  knew  was  this.    
One  day  when  she  was  two  years  old  
she  was  playing  in  a  garden…
['they',  'know',  'soon',  'grow',  ʻ‘know']  
['they',  'grow',  'will',  ʻ‘up']  
['wendy',  'know',  ʻ‘this']  
['she',  'old',  'when',  'be',  'year']
<省省略略されている背景知識識を⽂文章から学べない>
They  were  eating  only  a  loaf  of  bread  without  butter.
お⾦金金がない  =  貧乏
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
⽬目次
・⽂文章から物事を想像するNLPシステム  


・⼩小説の意味を想像する試み→難しい  
・簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ試み
Nextremer Inc.
簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ
InScript  Corpus  …丁寧に物語が記述されている  
                  Event  chainのラベル付き
<スクリプト知識識を抽出ルール>
1.  名詞の主語と動詞を⾒見見つける
“After  playing  football  with  my  friends  ,    
I  was  all  sweaty  and  dirty  ,    
so  I  decide  I  should  take  a  bath  …”
例例:
(10カテゴリー  x  約100話収録)
2.  動詞が係り受けしている⾔言葉葉を1語(名詞)抽出
I  slice  up  a  few  strawberries例例: →  'I',  'slice',  'strawberry'
・InScript:  Narrative  texts  annotated  with  script  information  
(Ashutosh  Modi,  Tatjana  Anikina,  Simon  Ostermann,  Manfred  Pinkal)
Nextremer Inc.
簡単な内容の⽂文書から物事を学ぶ
<スクリプト知識識からseq2seqで⽂文章⽣生成>
4  events分=8  wordsを⼊入⼒力力
“dry  hand  put  flour  blend  whip  get  bowl”
sequence    
to    
sequcence  
3層のLSTM  
attentionあり
1  events分=2  wordsを出⼒力力
“mix  chocolate”
Nextremer Inc.
スクリプト知識識からseq2seqで⽂文章⽣生成:結果
“decide  today  preheat  oven  gather  ingredient  need  egg”
未知のevent
“take  ingredient  take  batter  take  pan”繰り返し出⼒力力
“ride  bike  take  minute  ride  bike  miss  experience”
“take  wheel  take  tire  remove  tire”
“show  agent  walk  detector  gather  belongings  wait  passenger”
“walk  line  walk  ticket  wait  ticket  wait  seat  take  seat  see  ride”
Nextremer Inc.
スクリプト知識識からseq2seqで⽂文章⽣生成:結果
“decide  today  preheat  oven  gather  ingredient  need  egg”
未知のevent
“take  ingredient  take  batter  take  pan”繰り返し出⼒力力
ルールベースのシステムで⽂文章に直すとそこそこ意味が通る
Andrew  decided  the  today.  
He  preheated  his  oven  and  gathered  his  ingredient.  
He  needed  his  egg    then  took  the  ingredient.  
He  took  his  batter.  
He  took  the  pan.
Nextremer Inc.
“decide  today  preheat  oven  gather  ingredient  need  egg”
“take  ingredient  take  batter  take  pan  take  pan  take  pan  …”
<同じeventしか出⼒力力しなくなる>
スクリプト知識識からseq2seqで⽂文章⽣生成:課題
<膨⼤大な同様の知識識を貯めたとして  
  eventを理理解していると⾔言えるか?>
・知識識には画像との連携も必要  
・上位、下位概念念や関連付けが必要(1対1でなく)
例例:(ボール蹴る、⾛走る、ボール受け取る)  
  →サッカーという上位概念念
Nextremer Inc.
<カテゴリー分類はある意味、上位概念念の認識識?>
スクリプト知識識からseq2seqで⽂文章⽣生成:課題
カテゴリー認識識はほぼ100%の精度度で可能  
→⼿手で設計した複数の上位・下位概念念の組み合わせによって  
  事実を把握する⾃自然⾔言語処理理システムの実現?
dry  hand  put  flour  blend  whip  get  bowl
want  platform  show  ticket  find  seat  take  seat
leave  counter  go  gate  walk  gate  pull  magazine
→カテゴリー  :  CAKE
→カテゴリー  :  TRAIN
→カテゴリー  :  LIBRARY
Nextremer Inc.
まとめ
・画像を含む⾼高次元データを組み合わせないと  
  真の⽂文章理理解は難しいと感じた
・⽂文章からの⾃自動知識識獲得では  
  ⽂文章の曖昧性や省省略略された部分を  
  いかに処理理するかが重要
・簡易易なeventの予測は可能だが  
  事実関係を理理解しているとは⾔言い難い結果となった
Nextremer Inc.
参考⽂文献
・Unsupervised  Learning  of  Narrative  Event  Chains    
(Nathanael  Chambers  and  Dan  Jurafsky)  
・InScript:  Narrative  texts  annotated  with  script  information  
(Ashutosh  Modi,  Tatjana  Anikina,  Simon  Ostermann,  Manfred  Pinkal)  
・Improving  event  prediction  by  representing  script  participants    
(Simon  Ahrendt  and  Vera  Demberg)  
・Script  Induction  as  Language  Modeling  
(Rachel  Rudinger,  Pushpendre  Rastogi,  Francis  Ferraro,  and  Benjamin  Van  Durme  )  
・共参照解析のための事象間関係知識識の⽂文脈化  
  (井之上  直也,  杉浦  純,  乾  健太郎郎)  
・⾔言語処理理のための仮説推論論エンジン  Phillip  
(⼭山本  ⾵風⼈人  井之上  直也  乾  健太郎郎)    
・Reasoning  With  Neural  Tensor  Networks  for  Knowledge  Base  Completion    
(Richard  Socher,  Danqi  Chen,  Christopher  D.  Manning,  Andrew  Y.  Ng)    
・“what  is  opencyc?”    
http://agi-‐‑‒conf.org/2009/slides/friday/1_̲reed_̲opencyctutorial.ppt

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自然言語処理システムに想像力を与える試み