Spain, a country rich in renewable resources

Energy Profile for Spain
Fernando Nuño, Hans De Keulenaer, José Daniel Fasolino
September 2015

Content
Introduction
Energy Policy
Governance
Supply
Demand
Prices
Summary: energy balance & indicators, specifics & issues
| Country Profile Spain2

Introduction
Country snapshot in numbers
Indicator Unit Year of Estimate Value
Land area Thousand sq.km 2014 498.8
Forest area % of land area 2012 37.1
Population Millions 2014 46.4
Population density People per sq.km 2013 93.0
GDP per capita PPP 2011 $ 2013 31,682
Industry value-added % of GDP 2013 23.3
Inflation CPI % 2013 1.4
Rents (mineral, oil, coal, gas) % of GDP 2012 0.1
Source: World Bank – World Development Indicators

Introduction
Wind and Solar resources

Introduction
Resources
Available Renewable Capacity in GW
Sources: World Energy Resources – 2013
Survey, REN 21 – Global Status Report
2014, Red Eléctrica de España www.ree.es
0 10 20 30
Hydro
Wind
PV
CSP
Bio-power
Coal:
• Reserves of 530 Mtons and production of 10
Mtons/year
• Commitment to exploit heavily subsidized
national reserves to feed coal power plants
(covering 17% of electricity demand)
Nuclear
• 7,4 GW installed, 7 reactors, 5 plants, covering
22% of the electricity demand
• Phase-out: 2021 to 2034
High growth of renewable capacity until
regulatory amendments in 2012
• Wind covers 20% of electricity demand

Energy Policy
National energy plan
Energy Savings and Efficiency action plan (2014-2020)
• Ambitious energy efficiency objective (26.4% instead of 20%); focused on
efficiency measures for buildings, industry, transport, public service,
agriculture, fishing, energy transformation and equipments.
Royal Decree 1027/2007, 20th of July and modification through RD
1826/2009 and RD 238/2013
• Establishment of security and energy efficiency requirements for thermal
installations in buildings.
Royal Decree 235/2013, 5th of April
• Establishment of efficiency certification for buildings that are being rented
or sold and nearly zero energy buildings from 2021 onwards
Law 18/2014, 15th of October
• Goal of reducing primary energy use by 1.5% annually until 2020
6 | Country Profile Spain| Country Profile Spain

Energy Policy
National energy plan - Targets
Spain’s national energy targets include:
• 26.4% reduction of primary energy consumption by 2020
• 10% non-ETS GHG emission reduction by 2020 (compared to 2005)
• 20% GHG emission reduction by 2020 in the ETS sector
• 22.5% reduction of final energy consumption by 2020
o 54.6% of which comes from industry, 25.3% from transport and
15.3% from buildings,
• 20.8% share of renewables in final energy consumption
Many autonomous communities (Regional Authorities in Spain)
have developed their own Energy Policies, including renewable
energy targets

Energy Policy
National energy plan - Highlights
Energy demand grew until 2008, when economic crisis hit, since
then it is continuously decreasing (CAGR = -1.4%)
More than €Bn 1 invested in improving electrical infrastructure only
in 2013 and 2014
Increased energy production capacity and diversification
• Gas fired capacity strongly grew till 2010, reaching 27 GW
• Strong growth of wind power till 2013, surpassing the 23 GW mark
• This led to excess capacity installed (more than 107 GW vs 41 GW peak
load). Gas-fired capacity not profitable (<1000 hours / year)
• Reduction in oil use, but still promotion of national coal for electricity
generation
• No new nuclear generation

Energy Policy
Renewable Energy
RD-Law 661/2007 as basis for implementation of the Renewable
Energy Plan 2011-2020 (NREAP submitted in July 2010)
Targets of the NREAP:
• 20% renewables share in final energy consumption (projected 20.8%)
o 38.1 % RE in electricity; 18.9% RE share in heating & cooling; 13.6%
RE share in transport
Several regulatory and financial measures targeted specific
renewables technologies, including thermal, hydro, geothermal,
solar, marine, wind, biomass and biofuels
Issues:
• Fast reaction of market, windfall profits (especially for PV), slow reactivity
of regulation, leading to a huge cumulative cost of FiT.
• New government in 2012 stopped all kind of support, leading to RE
market collapse. Retroactive revision of FiT. Strong barriers still persist.

Energy Policy
Energy Efficiency
The 2014 NEEAP confirms national targets in line with EU targets.
• 26.4% drop in primary energy consumption by 2020
Key measures to achieve EE targets:
• Building sector, incl. public bodies: Technical Building Code, Building
Heating Installations Regulation, Building Energy Performance
Certificate, initiatives to improve efficiency and the penetration of
renewable energies
• Transport: promotion of biofuels, tax incentives for “clean” vehicles
• Tertiary/ Services: Green Public Procurement Plan
• Other cross-cutting measures based on “Sustainable Economy Law”
• Energy efficiency obligation scheme and EE National Fund

Energy Policy
Electricity
Transmission:
• In Spain, there is a single TSO for electricity, ‘Red Eléctrica de España’
(REE)
• To guarantee independence of the operator, a single person or society
cannot own more than 5% of REE and the state must hold at least 10%
(currently holding 20%)
Distribution: >160 DSO’s
• The 4 larger electricity distributors (Endesa, Iberdrola, Gas Natural, EDP)
hold over 80% of the retail market
Wholesale prices decreasing since 2008 but retail prices remain high due to
tariff deficit and FIT supports
• RES supports (28%) and deficit annuity (8%) represent 34% of systems
costs in Spain
11
Source: CNMC| Country Profile Spain

Energy Policy
Electricity
Since 2000, the revenues in the system have not been sufficient to
cover its costs creating the ‘Tariff Deficit’
• In 2013 the deficit was about 3.5 €Bn (down from previous ~30 €Bn)
• Several measures have been taken and in 2014 the deficit became a
surplus for the first time in the century, although it was of only ~100 €M
Not a single MW of RES has been installed in 2015
• Only 5 MW of PV and 0 MW of Wind were installed in 2014
• Support for existing capacity that qualified for FiTs was removed
• Cogeneration systems are being dismantled
• Several power plants are working at less than 15% capacity
Approximately 150 MW of electricity not supplied and an average
interruption time of 0.28 minutes (lowest number in Spain since
1992)
12
Source: CNMC| Country Profile Spain

Energy Policy
Gas
ENAGAS is the main TSO, owning more than 95% of national
transport pipelines
• Royal Decree-Law 6/2009 established ENAGAS as the sole owner of the
main network of natural gas primary transmission
• As in the electricity market, a single person or society cannot own more
than 5% of the capital. This limit does not apply to State ownership
Distribution: >70 DSO’s
• The 4 larger gas distributors (Endesa, Union Fenosa, Gas Natural, EDP)
hold over 75% of the retail market
Wholesale and retail prices shown an increasing trend between 2003
and 2014 (CAGR= 4.8% & 2.1%, respectively)
The Spanish NRA has developed an index for border prices due to
the lack of an organized gas hub
Source: CNMC

Energy Policy
Gas
The large investment made in the gas sector in recent years and the
decrease in demand have already created an imbalance between
revenues and costs.
• Royal Decree-Law 13/2012 contains measures to prevent this
imbalances with moratorium on new regasification plants, moratorium on
administrative authorisations for new transport pipelines and modification
to the remuneration of storage areas
In Spain, all natural gas undertakings should maintain a level of strategic
gas storage equivalent to 20 days of their final sales in the market to cover
hypothetical events of shortfalls at international production or
interconnection facilities.
The peak demand can be easily supplied by an increase in the production of
the 6 regasification plants.
Source: CNMC

Energy Policy
Nuclear
The government considers that Spain requires a balanced electricity
mix that takes into account all energy sources and the available
capacities
Spain has 7 nuclear reactors generating electricity
All the reactors have license to operate until 2020 or further
Law 15/2012 on fiscal measures for energy sustainability introduced
new taxes applicable to energy
• Two new taxes were introduced for nuclear installations, a tax on the
production of spent fuel and radioactive waste for nuclear energy
generation and for waste storage in centralized installations

Governance
Institutions
Economic competitiveness Ministry (Mineco)
Industry, energy and tourism Ministry (Minetur)
Institute for energy saving and diversification (IDAE)
National Energy Commission (CNMC)
Agriculture, food and environment Ministry (Magrama)

Governance
Actors
Electricity Gas
# of companies
representing >95% of
power generation
>15 #of entities bringing
natural gas into country
18
# of main entities 5 # of main entities 4
# retailers 225 # of retailers 14
# main retailers 4 # of main retailers 6
HHI in power-
generation market
1,329 HHI in gas supply market 2,399
Electricity market value
(€ bn)
27.199 Gas market value (€ bn) 2,264
Installed capacity (GW) 107 HHI for gas imports 2,710
Peak load (GW) 41

Supply
Overview
Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mtoe
Production TPES Energy independence
Total primary energy supply and energy independence in Spain

Supply
Total Primary Energy Supply
9%
42%
22%
21%
6%
Primary energy supply
Solids
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels & Waste
Oil represents more than 40% of primary energy supply in Spain

Supply
Electricity
Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data
5%
21%
13%
2%
15%
20%
24%
Electricity production by source
Oil
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind, solar,
geothermal0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1970 1990 2010 2012 2014
Electricity consumption, TWh

Supply
Electricity
5%
21%
13%
2%
15%
20%
24%
Electricity production by source
Oil
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind, solar,
geothermal
4%
31%
11%
1%
18%
7%
28%
Power capacity by source
Oil
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind, solar,
geothermal
Gas and renewable energies are the main capacity and production
sources of electricity

Supply
Interconnectors
4.3% interconnection rate with France Portugal and Morocco until
2014
• If one considers that the real support for the Iberian Peninsula can only
come via France, Spain is very isolated
• New interconnections planned with Portugal and France with which Spain
could reach 10%
- Spain wants to raise the capacity of electricity exchanges with France to
8,000 MW by 2020 (only 2,800 MW until 2015)
Spain is a net electricity exporter, but the lack of interconnections
does not allow the country to export as much as it could
Transmission expansion slower than planned
Electricity Grid is continuously expanding
62 PCIs only in 2014

Supply
Gas
Gas production is negligible but increasing since 2010
Spain produces less than 0,1% of total gas consumption (2014)
• Main imports come from Algeria (32%), Qatar (9%) and Nigeria (8%)
The international connections include two import pipelines from
Algeria and four reversible pipelines (two with France and two with
Portugal)
• Spain works as a bridge; it does not consume all of its gas import
Spain has a LNG storage capacity of 1.88 BCM
Heart of European gas trade with robust supply

Supply
Oil
As with gas, oil production is negligible (less than 1% in 2014)
Oil imports have been decreasing since 2009 (CAGR: -4.8%)
• In 2014 Oil imports came mainly from Nigeria (17%), followed by Mexico
(14%), Saudi Arabia and Russia (both with 12%)
Oil demand has been decreasing over the past 10 years (CAGR: -
3.9%)
9 Refineries, mainly controlled by Repsol, Cepsa and BP
Spanish oil retail market is completely open to competition
• The government only intervenes to protect competition and to avoid
abuse of dominant positions

Demand
Overview
26%
38%
13%
20%
3%
Energy consumption by sector
Industry
Transport
Services
Residential
Agriculture
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1960 1980 2000 2011
Energy consumption, Mtoe

Demand
Industry
4%
17%
42%
31%
6% 0%
Energy consumption characterization
in the industry
Coal
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels & waste
Heat
Electricity and natural gas are the main consumption sources in
the industry

Demand
Transport
91%
1%
1% 7%
in transport
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels &
waste
Oil is the most important source of consumption in the transport
sector

Demand
Services
0%
14%
16%
69%
1%
in the service sector
Coal
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels & waste
Electricity is the most relevant consumption in the service sector

Demand
Residential
1%
18%
22%
43%
16%
in residential sector
Coal
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels & waste
Electricity and is the most relevant consumption for residential
consumers

Demand
Agriculture
61%
24%
13%
2%
Energy consumption
characterization in agriculture
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Biofuels & waste
As in transport, oil is the most relevant consumption for
agriculture sector

Prices
National Energy Bill (B€)
31
Fuel Industry Transport Households
& Services
Total
Coal 0 - - 0
Oil 2 39 5 46
Gas 3 - 5 9
Electricity 10 - 31 41
Heat - - - 0
Total 15 39 42 95
| Country Profile Spain

Prices
Taxes
Oil: 42% taxes in end-consumer prices
• 47% of taxes for the transport sector (46% on diesel and 51% on
gasoline)
• 6% for industry
• 24% for household and services
Electricity: 19%
• 17% of taxes for the industry
Gas: 12% tax
• 2% of taxes for the industry

Prices
Electricity prices w.r.t. neighbours
Constant price in US$cents05 of electricity in industry (taxes incl.)
Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014
Belgium USc05/kWh 11,08 10,09 9,93 Z-score1
0,12 0,35 0,09
France USc05/kWh 11,48 9,95 9,85 Z-score 0,20 0,31 0,07
Italy USc05/kWh 14,58 25,59 25,94 Z-score 0,83 3,96 3,78
Portugal USc05/kWh 12,82 12,24 n.a. Z-score 0,47 0,85 n.a.
Spain USc05/kWh 9,92 13,09 14,26 Z-score -0,12 1,05 1,09
Switzerland USc05/kWh 13,38 9,51 9,49 Z-score 0,59 0,21 -0,01
1 Z-score: statistical measurement of an input relation with the average in a group

Prices
Gas prices w.r.t. neighbours
Constant price in US$05 of natural gas in industry (taxes incl.) GCV
Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014
Belgium USc05/kWh 2,49 3,87 3,26 Z-score1
-0,40 0,13 -0,19
France USc05/kWh 2,91 4,29 4,08 Z-score -0,27 0,35 0,32
Italy USc05/kWh 3,34 4,23 4,04 Z-score -0,14 0,32 0,30
Portugal USc05/kWh n.a. 4,48 n.a. Z-score n.a. 0,45 n.a.
Spain USc05/kWh 4,26 3,56 3,55 Z-score 0,15 -0,03 -0,01
Switzerland USc05/kWh 5,02 5,18 5,19 Z-score 0,38 0,82 1,02
1 Z-score: statistical measurement of an input relation with the average in a group

Indicators
Security
Indicator Unit 1970 2000 2013
Oil self-sufficiency % 1 0 1
Coal self-sufficiency % 76 38 16
Gas self-sufficiency % 3 1 0
Total self-sufficiency % 26 26 29
RES share in TPES % 6 6 14
RES share in electricity % 49 16 39
TPES/GDP toe/ 2005 $ PPP 0.09 0.12 0.09
TPES/capita toe/capita 1.116 3.03 2.54
Source: IEA Energy Indicators for OECD Countries

Indicators
Environment
Indicator Unit 1970 2000 2010
CO2 per capita Tons 3.5 7.3 5.8
CO2 per unit GDP kg per PPP 2011 GDP - 0.33 0.18
Network losses % 12.6 8.7 9.2
Access to electricity % - 100 100
Source: IEA Energy Indicators for OECD Countries

Summary
Simplified Energy Balance
ktoe 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Primary Production 9,842 9,685 15,774 34,591 31,561 34,299 31,856 33,342 33,853
Imports 7,031 36,287 58,789 72,810 108,823 122,060 122,271 125,749 119,032
Exports -413 -5,830 -3,462 -12,427 -8,641 -15,217 -17,111 -25,294 -29,213
Bunkers -490 -2,449 -2,468 -4,745 -8,668 -11,381 -12,164 -11,916 -9,760
Stock changes 191 -464 -939 -154 -2,710 -2,138 738 3,088 2,649
Gross inland consumption 16,161 37,977 67,694 90,074 121,856 127,623 125,592 124,968 116,561
Available for final
consumption 12,800 29,845 48,116 60,614 85,493 92,194 88,817 84,637 ..
Industry 4,792 13,406 18,813 19,259 24,641 20,904 20,674 20,134 ..
Transport 5,016 7,778 15,075 21,281 30,206 33,889 32,158 29,549 ..
Services 99 406 2,169 3,413 6,702 9,790 10,196 10,037 ..
Residential 2,185 4,057 5,132 9,153 11,985 16,866 15,597 15,489 ..
Agriculture 535 1,712 2,321 1,668 2,561 2,229 2,391 2,664 ..
Non-energy uses 172 2,486 4,606 5,841 9,395 7,034 6,772 5,981 ..
Efficiency of transformation 79.2% 78.6% 71.1% 67.3% 70.1% 72.2% 70.7% 67.7%
Energy independence 60.9% 25.5% 23.3% 38.4% 25.9% 26.9% 25.4% 26.7% 29.0%

Summary
Extended Energy Balance
ktoe Solids Oil Gas Electricity
Biofuels &
waste Heat Total
Primary Production 2,462 145 52 24,465 6,217 0 33,342
Imports 12,951 79,693 30,496 670 1,938 0 125,749
Exports -1,380 -19,376 -2,431 -1,633 -474 0 -25,294
Bunkers 0 -11,916 0 0 0 0 -11,916
Stock changes 1,146 1,853 64 0 25 0 3,088
Gross inland consumption 15,179 50,398 28,181 23,503 7,707 0 124,968
Available for consumption 896 41,823 14,984 20,899 6,034 0 84,636
Industry 711 3,478 8,442 6,234 1,269 0 20,134
Transport 0 26,916 123 383 2,126 0 29,545
Services 1 1,407 1,616 6,940 72 0 10,037
Residential 110 2,740 3,508 6,646 2,485 0 15,489
Agriculture 0 1,615 632 350 67 0 2,664
Non-energy uses 73 5,626 355 0 0 0 5,981

Summary
Technology
Technology leader in wind and solar energy
• Success in feeding intermittent power in the electricity grid
Recent efforts related to biofuels
Additional strategic areas based on national energy research plans
include:
• Nuclear energy
• Carbon Capture & Storage
• Energy efficiency
• Smart grids
• Hydrogen
• Fuel cells

Summary
A few specifics
Overall, Spain ranks1 14th worldwide in its transition to a sustainable
energy model
Climate policy focussed on the promotion of renewable electricity
generation via a feed-in tariff scheme not sustainable long term
Considerable dependence on fossil fuel imports (oil, coal and gas)
High enthalpy geothermal potential is mainly available in the Canary
Islands but low temperature geothermal could be exploited through
the country
Biomass heat in Spain remains behind its potential, falling short of
quantitative biomass goals
Imports of biodiesel are flooding the Spanish market, negatively
affecting the Spanish biodiesel industry
40 | Country Profile Spain| Country Profile Spain40
1 Energy Trilemma Index from World Energy Council

Summary
Issues
Complete withdrawal of subsidies for renewables and cogeneration,
leading a collapse of these markets
• Energy Reform Bill (2012) removed feed-in tariffs system and introduced
Regulated Asset Value-based system
• Renewable Energy Law passed in June 2014 to further reduce subsidies
for renewables
Regulated tariffs created a gap between the price actually paid by
consumers and the price cleared at the pool
• This is one of the reasons of the creation of electricity system deficit,
together with the support to renewables that was so far not fully
transferred
Ongoing commitment to nuclear energy and reliance on oil for total
primary energy supply

Summary
Issues
All renewable energy incentives cancelled in 2012 and replacement
of feed-in tariffs for renewable
• Virtual stop of renewable energy investments and collapse in renewable
energy deployment
In March 2015, the European Commission has formally
asked Spain to ensure the correct implementation of RED,
especially for biofuels
• Spanish law suspends the application of sustainability criteria in Spain for
the achievement of the target in transport.
• Spanish law treats sustainable biofuels and raw materials of different
geographical origins differently in an unjustified manner
42 | Country Profile Spain| Country Profile Spain42

Conclusions
Electricity system over capacity and lack of interconnections
Well distributed electricity generation by technology
Renewables were very important until 2012 but the overcapacity has
prevented more installations
Moderate degree of liberalization, an oligopoly
Highly dependent on imports for oil and gas
Cogeneration installations are being dismantled
Current energy policies do not promote renewable energies, thus it
is likely that Spain will miss its European objectives unless there is
a political change

Sources
Macroeconomic indicators: http://databank.worldbank.org
Energy Balances: Eurostat, IEA, Enerdata
Energy Prices: Eurostat, Enerdata
Country Report, Global Energy Research (Enerdata)
European Commission: Progress towards completing the IEM
REE
CNMC
World Energy Council: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey
IEA Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany 2013 Review

Hans.dekeulenaer@copperalliance.eu
Fernando.nuno@copperalliance.es
jdf@creara.es
Thank you
For more information please contact

Annex – Transposition of EU Policy in
Spain

Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
RED – not completely transposed
• In 2013, Spain introduced a number of important legislative changes with
respect to the support schemes for renewable energy and the wider
electricity sector, e.g.
o Royal Decree Law 2/2013 modified the actualisation method for feed-
in tariffs for RES-E sources
o Royal Decree Law 9/2013 regarding generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity and affecting renewable generation
• European Commission has formally asked Spain to ensure the correct
implementation of RED
o Spanish law suspends the application of sustainability criteria in Spain
for the achievement of the target in transport.
o In addition, Spanish law treats sustainable biofuels and raw materials
of different geographical origins differently in an unjustified manner.

Energy Policy
EED – not fully implemented
• Draft Royal Decree transposing partially EED has been elaborated and
passed to public information.
o Partially transposes the Directive regarding energy audits, hot water
meters and accreditation schemes for energy services providers,
including dates and deadlines for implementation
o Includes impact on the assessment of energy efficiency potential in
the gas infrastructure
• Law 15/2012 on tax measures for energy sustainability, established
permanent tax mechanisms on energy prices in order to promote rational
and efficient use of energy by the end user.
• Article 8 of EED (mandatory energy audit requirements) not transposed
into national law yet
| Country Profile Germany48 | Country Profile Spain48

Energy Policy
EPBD – implemented through Real Decreto 235/2013 as of June 1st,
2013
• Real Decreto 235/2013 introduced a modification of the procedure for
obtaining an energy efficiency certificate in buildings.
o As of June 2013, owners of buildings are required to present an
energy efficiency certificate to buyers or renters of apartments
o Efficiency level in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions,
and classifies the building through on a scale from A to G
• Real Decreto 238/2013 implementing Thermal Building Regulations
• Obligation to use solar thermal energy (30-70% of warm water demand)
and a minimum contribution to electricity consumption by PV for new and
retrofitted buildings.

Energy Policy
Internal electricity and gas markets – implemented in March 2012
• Royal Decree-Law 13/2012 adopts measures to correct deviations
between electricity and gas costs and revenues.
o Completes transposition of Third Energy Package into Spanish law
• Additionally, System Technical Management Rules (NGTS) and
Operating Procedures (PDs).
• Energy sector regulatory framework is the Electrical Sector Law 54/1997
and the Hydrocarbon Law 34/1998 as basic legal framework
• Royal Decree 949/2001 regulates third-party access to gas infrastructure
• Royal Decree 1955/2000 states that construction, expansion,
modification and operation of production facilities, transportation and
distribution requires certain permissions.

Energy Policy
IED – transposed on June 11th, 2013 by Law 5/2013 by amendment
to the existing Law 16/2002 on IPPC
• Additional Royal Decree 815/2013 approving the Industrial Emissions
Regulation and developing Law 16/2002
• Law 5/2013 introduced a specific provision on the updating of existing
permits for
o facilities which were functioning and authorized before June 13th,
2013
o facilities that had applied for the necessary authorizations and that
started its operation before June 13th, 2014
• Additional time to comply with IED due to miscalculation of projected
emissions 8 of the 34 plants involved in the plan

Energy Policy
ETS – implemented through Law 1/2005 on GHG emissions trading
• Law 1/2005 requires participating facilities in Spain:
o To obtain an authorisation to emit GHGs
o Imposes an obligation on facilities to report verified emissions data
once a year
• Surrendering allowances or other credits to match facilities’ emissions is
possible

Spain, a country rich in renewable resources

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