Math
- 3. 4t-61 ({Fsl{ld c{f[T{
Eqrq
"TQ
ccrq'el< cqrG.{ rr.]Ersfi
q1'{ eisl{ {Fl, )ecs; cr$flli. )blo
1Y{lcrTd"l dFf i, )8)); E-lt, roo8
1i-+{ {E t {'1'1, )st)i cwflfi, to)c
er€Fls Tft< qT<!q
ryTl
Tf6rr car q*r<?s z-E !Taa! q 65,'lulai
{q<ll, UFI )ooo, il"nllril
(sf{ irsqills
web www.Porua com.bd
sql qcffi< Tl*ts
Ttq ,l3qsi-{d fuB fiG-ll
5lF] fi{ftErF{ {t6 # tbb GOT s{l)
+,EI{r. lrfi )ooo. il"a]I-.J
{rr, 1ifli qrt!G.,l sl
ISBN 984 8l4l 5l 11
- 5. +rQ cqqqm cft{{ +ti-cs1a< rr,r r
lt€iq qrF<rf< qfifi u
qefi ci6{a.R €|q.{ aei a8
Eqtr {(Tdr*i 9frfl t(
e?,'rr flfoEq : q(qrr< q{ il
fi"Cr rfuEE : r'sr F3E eo
gC{ "ifrtph , qriifL s frr+ flJ4&-i ,Ei1ut ,eu
r9d {irer : q{qEt< c,igm Fcr aj
qft! qErE{ , furotqfrii< wviqn u."
$ {i'cqq , qitliq! tq
rc{ qfr'cEq, fiEin ()s8t-)ltq) )o(
qf! "iftEc , qlmq. ,tBc a "ir{Slq ))b
- 6. afr slErq< qt6ffiTlBF{(inrafi
oGl orolqj 6q7nq lrohj !br)) EII{]I!< rqri Qi1-t-Fir ,!- sqq;
T+! ffi E-ar e{r e+ fiTi ra{ftF sfu .rk :r1!l AEq e rq{{
qdfio qtvm sqlri] fu6-r c cftarot< trre-<t<i 4ql<qEs 'i<-R
Gfl+ ql eflqi ffi13 lifnc €lro q<'i]a{
"r<
.r {rfu< ffi T(n
$t-61 flr'qa.I{ arlar{ arI6qffiq rfirirfo Tffi !q6-{
ffi qifiis trL4d dF,..Tu ffi. q{,ftr- ftrq i1ffifo I B€n
tErE? ir< {i-rf € lT]fu s<iq!q, {aq, {<r{, ({r!'mt e-,!lr f{etn ii'{cil
ol sfu 6q oi qi Tffi sti EFEI< trt,r r-TEl al-Tcqr Fta
tTrO{< c{rcrl :o?,5fl1i-'. ffi6F'. 'qlq u.'IE.i tftitq ,! fu@F
Eirc< dr< <q qi{ft{ e?t eii i;t< itq< ,llfErEr4i
"rf<}r {ia -ri l].
lrrqi.-r 1i{s ?t"{i -i!Ti €r6t-t s:fqt r-efiFrR€ "tl?or <sd :rri
<rlarerq-rr fci{+{ fi6ri ftxte <rqm n< n ii;r qr-(.r
"]frTa-<
'flrts-mr< iGcrn )blo 5tIE Tl(4 qa]rsil r..io al';r ++tfie <l
1-iE]1*i {:i{.. {nE-nI6< {'r qrttr qr?affi+ {{ :snfta qEl {3"
e<<tii €ffi{1q F<E. o:ln .a,rsl 'tq{ nl q;rF d+(E{ q{ nqfl cqrs
dqz< +o:,fqs. Ar+rffi irrfii< fir+r <di, $ie'r< {6.rrd, T1t{r{,
<rqm-aFlq. FrgqG. {61 r1. A"]-o]. nf+.1t, fit".Gfi. cqrii{.xE
eo.!e. Etfl eErliE { EIh fmre", ET tqq 3 {<"r-eir<, q]F{ftr sfu5
m-ra< (liG-r '{4--ltG-< lf:;ql q <4'"1:na-T(Pa (i,da+ Tfr.l 'i {.ac
rtrtfr q{<lq€ TJI fa,r+ lN <rq(F "( ,jgn qfith€ TJl. q-.Fiq!
T{ q6{ q{ff.i {ti t '
ilfr ercnqri <n"ft< arfr c{Ioij< Ftrra:r< {mflr din emrm
T4dq 3t$n< Fjir{ "]<1:r.l oocor mq q<q o<ii 'rFiE
lfcq Csr€
'rziT1q< +nq <18 TnqE {t< aa{ q-fl Tli v..ri FtGi ffi-rim cqtln
rFlbaB.rzrr ,!i tss E(hl1 l1f4 {c<
:,c {6 (ils, qfiqt<l
o qn, too8
filqq[ qE r$t
- 7. ftQ-sr$-{rrdgfr-st
sir T16 (TlEEri qrcr-,!i cfl '4frs,llrfi lGqc'cR6 ftEt ,9FnsS' c{r{
Sblo
'n'(q
eFhr Er"ll €{fui fu qr qtss c. E t{ 9]I'l tF atE {crEq irq
T{(ql q{fli Fdl EC{ I Tl<.1 cslT {{l crsir.li vfusln {FITr rra ffi
)bst, EI$t' q qfr{6 arT6 FGraEirTqE qqr{< "llt$IFi cfio {"'fir
crrdr.ri c! qi6 dFr< (cG qq (11F rB{ 6{rB.t qEn r{t'fi ci{l r rflT
€fis cr$Iq frfr .{ <tE? sr{Mfu c(5lr r1l{{ rd.sr srcs crn-{ GR r c{
frfi (q@i rEis <dTl.{ q{Fls S,IIE rfrls3 {flqtr ilE< {Eq lBs s
qrn'r] qTlE
Er €Ii cD} TrilE{ r vtfi rsT< ffi, <!fr< ar fr{{ qTS q1q,
seI{ n(rfft{ {rcq fiff.{ cc{rql "tth+ ot !i|6o 4fl<i r
idTE rrs-<rR qri qsil qfr'sl c.rtn nfi qrR E rd cFls {6lIE r s1!
Trrfl.t 611iii ,gTii Efofi crrtrGs <!1a r qE ngr c+ti S+t< cl,{.nrst
q{cgl k{ it r fu {6{I{ €mEir {rr q{ru{ cq nE EB{ <e-({i rr$ diE'i6<
iE-{q Ficil qcnT iyl .16{'111 (cftE, qfrretr c<r 1TtL<! IEEftqg E!i.{
rffi{ llbIq, qr fi rfirsfrle- rg-{ It.fir qlt$fii cF&" re alft.T !qF.{
eFcqd {lrg B1QE {dE q{ ala qsE yfr'{E ercflq{ | qtfrs q @l.{6{
1fuaro <n rra aiafe r
itF< la,rq {, {d.d {t{ T<Irs "i<r{i .{ ,{(' 'lF}(qd ffB ff{{ s
,n{Ii fi'-{lr'R iB.{5 a( slA-{ € q1${ rffi[lr< €314 qfrfi< iqrd
cqqt ?Er(q r fr's'Tiri ,I{Eti yElr]T EsJs EE "lfr'{cl (s!F riEir.t )s8
1tt, <drr< awrr* :ea 16t) cFF,? qqrs E$eti 4rq {FlF< Ei fiT{rnl.{i
- 8. ,GE{ !tt+I[{ c]{c{ Bqfu TcrFr I q dIq <!-{r Fl1q (l!F! s{FiE 16r {nni5
itll.d rt{{i ftqrqi ilE Gfi €re qfr+m qlftirar r fte q rls ,e 116 c{
'a{E cfifrr {Dr{ q3r,arc c{ (c1IFd qt* fr+C{l qnfi-s qrrir €a{H {6re El
ilG 'lgrqi 6{ill m I sI], qr{ls rG, CI, ,q q-q {r{R q{J 6{rr$rs 0 EE
qi
qM€ !{n: qff{ rfdsfi[ e qBrq &ffirr< erm S"n 66 ers {crcq r
qli qT{t TlC qqi{ qn CI ,lF6fsI Affi_{ s qr{s eq ful s rrSf(fr
FlTn<r qFE{ q{s & TF GqnF &ft TIR cs Q 6qq {6{ qls q{$fiEq.<
ftg ftg ofi c.tr+ m< r
ig{r ceEro rFrqr (I lG'{l{ slits EtfiE q qs qc{ <ts<.flE iGeI{ |
EdR I q$F iiG-@r qvl nFIsi TlEBEli{ € fiT{]Isfr{ fi-srrR ift"{.{ qcq
fr-(Ere-Irr <ffu 4rIE I Errii idflr ssff{ "|rt{Is .{h 1fftf yE a€ {i1s
'ir(< I {ln.l .! {L'fr fuI{ .lF ftR q,{.lq 1r{
'rws
,mn I
'|PrlEl ,iffi+ s iB-er{Etrlin qr$ elT{E q]E R$l-r .rEi F{| m I
setaE tl+r crel, qrqEwi ffi q<r
feE e rftrcr< gm en +.crr r
G5n-;< cFmfi uF{l snfr-oa 1ftlE.lfe ftq 6-6 cqr," qrsi{5l<la B6qdje-E
{Bfi fiS{ Trl firilE{ r) frO{s
'Trlq
16q{ 1f'{ 4{rl} ft?r* c<( 5EEr
.n{I !.lEqf,q s a,+(sd Efuflr rA EIfu< sii.rrir ErE-{ {r{16r cE{ {q ;II r (q
frTcs qrile cil ElE fi.r (,llnq sIi qft D g+jE, 4firs{ lG=qc (q<(
{cRq lG{qs 6 q{|&-s &frn E"R qG6s q i6jit 'frtrsi ir qmI .ifit€
rq{ fr1G lns FLifi L ,e {.5fii 'tfi-+ uttc<l o rcl e6lc .aE IGEIc I ({Cq
r]al vFi, 'ifcsl-d T{ 'iftsi c{ t(Elit Is sl {{, {€E "iT6]FR
qrll
'ffq sE
ol.{rcq 6ll{r E6 qc{sln,l q<iTN qrel {fisrrninElfr_{ s 'ta€qnt
q[{{
cE!!i cfifi-s cErIT qtfrsl.i $ino qaAr ftg <+N i| qtteft qft{(Ti <I'l
qir{ oGElfi€ q&{ FlTl? <{ r)
T6{l{ dfftE ffirgi qefi Twfi ,!i cTqr{ fr3E {c{(E q qE{ cil.{€
c q+<FE qft i5r{d5B frq{ EIErr dtr6s 6]i {, qEI< {r<.1lg, {tiir+ Eg ftrc<
fi( qlqstr{ 6-$ iii.E E6 -<r< , oflol< q ifri'11-r {o q.-Su ofr,F;o .,0,
Q.iI]t l(rls {6{ | ,t qq 6! Tiri fr{tsd EIg< {iI {anaq, qqns cr r{ €{cr<
qrflqft< <nrri qqfifi e sqnfi c(rs]q6r nlr]i qtfr qrl< eirftT qfic r.lrR,
sr< efcrsr{ t',9T8 igi fi!trs ritr{6E {c6 "llrr I
nFr< rIlrw fi{r& tt{rfr rlgE qfrre-{ t&{cs q$6 4&-fts s
qFfu efufi
-
q rqri| ,er.q ,rG tt+i ffis{'f q${rfr rFi(s T{rE € it I
Efi r(5E q {sna A<'1< {ili "lIar sfu{r{st'i Ifl fli I seEs, ,l&sa r.i
Trtr{, fiq erq r;ril "lGo <rrc8t ECtrir fi.B:ffi qlfuT 6ffi Ot s]G <rE r.{
T1T{ I qtG-< {Rfirs <l{E 4IF eEFr, Ter, lEInlEk, ,!ii-{, 16tr, s16{
ffi sl86-$ qrGFqTls {E t]R ct613 rrl rcE r qi +Ei <cs.q qi 6r,
"tFliqdqlfi l&-{].nd c< iIftfi q<r frfi ,a rrs, 'f5lEi ,l&sdi r{q.q nI{F EFt { |
- 9. Et&n ftac 'ifiE
.s Fic.r.{< tsg< <nfii (s4 fi,E "iITF dl<l 1fu .{. (s.qg efn
,!<56 -ir<l+a .{.1
q,FF liaa+n <t "x'6rq {AE{r1fu.ii 6 {nfufl,"'< {iE 56n tn'rt nft}r
Eftrln iF(rr[d r;nF $aq ac Fi<a! fi* nfiTr-l
.-r d{ irr,! Ii€ fo":<
<o1iEo< ir.rEla s 't1irs<
anq "ii6E 1cl]]1 +lE: ,:r ef&niti<r tsi-1rffi,
"ifil-.
r,5lii1ir-n a<1 fTEF s flfr,iftftlrn sf.Ti srll$E {{r4 T+r qfrEd {
ii..,rr-r --,,lfi €l.n .Iii
(l niag TnFraitnaE.< !i E^rs- lqil nhfui U4Jl Tn i.lq,q {r fu'rn? fii:'N
crqi -.rniiiirr,i qlq c'!,rn 5lr il5 al6B <ts3 q[']. {ir+r qfi s.
1ifu+ afio otc"i:o= 'IEIi r<i 1iJ <lFF q,.1i6rr i,1n64 qlrrr 6!Tr "ld
qr<h-s >o,ffi artF .nrF ?Efi rFO< ?Fft, rrrfdi{fl aEaftell< so Gfu+
'ihfi,fv crlT E"F. 'irrfl 91fiilF a{Tiex)o+q t{41r. Trll-4+lr+ etFrl6
.:!--1< .f': 1.! lC )da _tr._
a![n ) .2I3' ct3 -'r4 1?r+
q]
irr3r]< -k ,!<r E"t a<tiftr- f;fil .!I+,lnl )o. <nffira,il ao-dF.r ) c,,,ro cb "Ffe
1rr+ 1al- 6= TF?r< 6<- !r<< eo 4< sr-rl61o .!1i 1.1 so eli -l;r <lFBli
<,di- na1 . rln dq.' <En .4'1re zqr 1. ta -4.{.-,..; ) -.-ll Y
a<lirT-r ).)(=)X,!oi+ox!o+)=ss.)) .lf<.ir.- t'<l loi rir. a{rl f;tf- ) i,
"rJ
q ar.r ar< )o5 fr-1-qE €+ +Gqd fo€ n3F< .F fiIo -F F-.nn ft!]ril
El<l <$r- ,]ris fikr..! Flra i,ro "nr<ft rl! lii, -L"1s5rq3 1r.'ll {lrcij
g<i q,.Ba .or{aE-<
di.r,+ro: ({.'n]n "iriiuri) Fll -r< ,.€ut< "fn {fi <lfffid
LT{oiI4< }r-glaqF qeiie rd Er<'.<t (sr{r(Erf e.o /.!Lo t.6 q,6<.-qr+riE
Ji{ari) <irfidnT4. dr4 f i m- 81",rc ftaa <r11tr .i]+
nJi!aF< at?l lFaumji .]cr r<roa.
=E
qil ,4in -I4.3< -.€l<nl nir cl i] Fs
'|{.-{.l;r-.<
rrd: {r1?dii. }'<",!"li€n
"hE (-:;rF. !" f-ft4 i.inn rEG) 1+6,
iif,a fr.n 5 rir[] fi1t- 'iLo ni. !14 q*r<r 4ilrIl rii?ri fi1! ( 42ll
.r-nF rar a?4 -< rrl <t" +a.p "'m N' 1Er 1rrl, r.'. <u t-4" t'"Ca
) a?rrs b r:ilij.E. ':1<r sil ftm !o (Ea+ 5o ail?T. {<i t-F irtl fi4 !,r aqrF
boD a4<'TE (i:+ -lnFI t8, nla qfi EE 4F -r;r slq ,qfo 4I-:ronr liF fi
+3ro .IIJ.- )
Frg 6iTa.r 1a<- rn
"t-Tar€.fr€<l V.rT?r;., tirfit+ lt1-E,1fi Fi-
EE €it :Fl T€< ,! A.r;n fiell<.$*ti ,eoo 5F< arerdi! r-rr! Tnk-an
{nl 11 so iifi4 1F+ qis1l"a "rhfu tBrii€ {fJEd {qq ,i}d arf{'Aa
"faudfi 1< .rFl "]fi:n o<re q,fi . oFrEiist ..o ir 'lelr Eri.ro "nqEi.
il€<l )o ,!r qb-n o<"j .!m 1rrl< <tQl< Ftl !" fifea sr <Frd )._fsiii+
'.iln lre- 'thfu< E-El<n.T. ,ii.r4i:n!1]lEi ,. 'i-fu Sriin -r{a. E5l'1o {as
4?a. -,1tr. oa" '"d. /' _--- e -Dr 4 E? " q ' +' - ,.n ,'t .-< g''' l'"
<I5i {<1 it infuF c rirrtj'a- !ret< ftlFti qd
- 10. FFrfu {frs q(T"ilsr {qe CFrcc)
rr
rIT
eIr
8y
ow'
ow
1v
'wow
!! <r
rr <lf
)e<IlT
)8<y
)a <Y?
rs<ffi
!q<v
,n<f
,n<w
o<
rr <r
rr <Ir
rs <Ilr
i8 <Y
ra <w
is <ffi
rc <?
c'<f
rb<w
s! <<r
sr <(Ir
se <<Ir
o8 <(Y'
.a<<w'
?,r<(m
.r<(v
or <<Y
e6<(w
eo4
st AY
s{lT
*dnr
'.dY
'odW'
'o{ffi
"14v,"4v
s64w
o.-$
or{r
o.4f
*-4rr
ie{Y
o"4w',
oo4flI
o.{V
oo{f,
o'{W
i)
r)
r 4(Y &W e"
()) (al) (8s) (8,)
), cl, 8r9, 8o= )Xgo'+oqxgo:+8gxg.+6oX)=n)Ro.o
Tr<Y ffi.w
Q, tl <,f e,lol,b
e) <Jlffilr 'i6l€1E )8q s< <,1 G t)'gob -l a-T{T {ailrE s?n6 qlrq i.
ic ()Xtc+tx!.)=)81. .r<1 <'j s-lol.5 = sX!+oXso+exo'!"
=t jgo:i) g g<! s {r ltq lltn -ii+ ai.-"1 1-Ar afifi;l aa<zel
"rc<6ore 1J4< oofr 6+c EBf<- <dai ,
! arl.!, tb "l{E
q$lrl
- 11. fu q rrlqjl Tn'F c{l{ !ftq ,9+{ {is q{s {r{r 4 r qrlft q fr{r{ rs
cfFI el<fi q{c{Ii 'ifiI'l66 {(9- q_6r vJs lFll!;l 4 r 'rfl_65rdl 6lttl
qlgJlffi, qftm€ Gsrfr'dqlEi nl< nffs t q n(A6l qfi, qFrdl qr{$l{:i
',rtrIErq" lJr{6 cqri5i Ell_€ irl"Ie I
aift-qrri Cs W{{ )o-Gft-{ {fi-{ qi-"ig-{ qqBi (Place value Notation
with Zero) eRdr ldEq q {Cl +i[rd q&? TllH qr(E I iIF.nrR TElEil l:|{lri
fr'n< >o-1iftn nm & qDfiE F elAn frilr ), )o, )oo, ... ,
:,oo,oo,ooo cgGe vv fu Gd ES{ <r{qo F I qlffifrq ?Irs r*F{R'
(sand-Reckoner) iffs q6{ cs,s 1{s n$n (qqn qtG r(ii Flr{ r qB Fr{E
Frqfu so-&ftF[ qEG-r qgql ?th-+ ve'nw mG- "n{rs]-d r(tl qr &ft
Eq .eo-qr qfu )","o,oo,ooo (E l cillF) q<( qrs tr] ilfift n1q{< h
I qffi&{ 6s s"-Gfu{ rtfi "lEfu E]q fi-cr fu ,! rEr1f{ q6Gr BsFr
<rqfu{i q filr{ rrqlqr 6{fr di.l 651i1 il
- vo-,!3 <nrq )o,oo,oo,ooo_G
dmB Gft {r,| q€ Tr]:l {(s] qFfr{ s{q E q{{ qffi&I-qtr &E rs-6lfrfi
T{i afii <trtr @{ q<m 4 vl'i E'61 €r"t lisF "1TL3
r qffiGq ftS1i r)'l
qfi Tgrfiq s.lfirirt r onns aTLq f{qin tii i_FI< T, <s{< s5fnE Eni r
qar<t o{{€ QrE qrrl ({ :Idt <t qe.{ q{{_fi F{ qlffiTF< ncor sft-€r3
"llEs rg< {sfi r <llfr{fu tr fu-,i1Qq{ qqF qffii rEc{d cril{ q<( slT 4
a[flG-{-ft?GT d9h-{E Fnfircr ofi qfiTl,i q<(
{qk rtl eo-qi frfuI,
nfi Ffl €i ,lo-ftfts ut.t{t ffiGi BER!Td qA s{]l Tli.l) Erqri Erql< < lr
qllrn q<r <q rrq {fu-Trf+$'Cr< .Ei]n CI fiG< EEF{ !dEq, qTqr TrGi
,rcE fi qlR6s fiG e{fl6 qGqEcq srre 6-{l i56{ s qcE{ I ({€5, lill.(i
Ftft'r& lir,a<(fr'r<-iifisrir $i-e'FE rd cICl1frrs 4 lnrq qffiGcli Eq'{
dE ft-{ fi s6i, ltii 1l flT F-{i qlt{ fio r)
rgrs fuift:r< )o-&fr-{ n$il csqi IAq 6Ec{ qrls-(Tfili' .fl?
qFtr'fr&-{ q}{ (octad, rFm {Rqri eRdr sI< qrs, q'ris, IE-cfi {(sl €l1II
,4T c{ifr, ),oo,oo,ooo, etlgrn ,4i5 6+lE 6dE
-,!ElI<
sE EIiGr-rl aEtrn
n(rmar{rcF {lG-rrcEr 4Bl q-f(E )o-GGf (fis ,Frfrft-{) qfi$ s$qrl
,thGi € (qFs, !.,1.s, 1q{, ..., cot, ro c6]fi, ... i-sifi)r .1 s{fir 4rr
<nfterir 1.-{fu e 6l-s {&E$ )o-lBits (tryT{) c"i1n,llq{ Em{ ffi.ll ElE
TTiI qFFF
'iIGFI L
t{Tq {fr{ q(s"nE4 r6Gi sEfi lr{t qF qfti fi{ {tr r cft {cfl
efics:rFll{ sll llfl {sFE (ssT{ cTT{ cqr$ cltqF boo &$rq 4{s) I
Il]rEr to-1Bft-{ € T{ q(ifiE q$ cqrF "|q&r q!4{ rcdF qr< ot
{nffirlEi rFl fiF fu il r qii iI{ lii' ft(<Ei} T1" q fiEts cffi .{
Tifr4ft'{ ,ifi nhiG< nl.q qRGs irG<'f TIfl rs,]st.r L! {fi nhGi qFfi
.Irffuri (fii <{r$T io-Gft-{ 5r.l.{l 1s&< {.{ 'lGGs
qrE"{, Eli so-.4i <5'F
- 12. io-ri! Gft-{rn q<q Trifurr{)r rlftqi i!frG.q qfl, !s.-Ti' rrGr 8oo-n <FFt
eso-6{ {atr II{ frinli aTt efi qs (E1rqi clIt-r qT{l< aG s(al afi-a a6 1"
qq i5li 1G c"l-e) |
rtrET{ tfiq ro-F&{ q{{{E{ .iqG
0
e l 2 3
5 6 8 9
t0 12 t3 14
t5 t6 17 t8 19
20
I
21 27 23 24
25 26 27 2A
m',m= 1+r+r t"-leC+ qlFs qrF{-r "l5fu I €iir jt"r ( I Fn ) (r1T& a{at ( )
I]<r o r<r<"fril tE .<( {m< rtqnqj ,!i (e,r{ tfti 1{s rEir 1s | -t<,f< Ei !r<5 Trl
Its. qq6< r{Tn .!rr, Tr1 Ft qa< I]$rin q$ 61T{ {ail sn fu Er . qftfi
,o., ,ooo rTlFr J.X)o, !ox)ox)o. !Tqr< EC{ qln Joo < q$1 11.r toxto,.ln
<n6lE e,go ,!l( 59dlr< <1 )ooo (r q{61{an q. osoxt,. ).ooo,€< qi{1arn
F osoxtoxto... lE)fi l
6c sa6i jd t1 Gm l" mrrFr €c{E. {r{< m a0 G.ri tN .<tar(al <rrE
(.!.lP ro G64 +rnr rEG) n]r]trl c"3n F,rE fl-r"nFr .i. T<( Bfi r.rrd fi.r ,
flr or6f.rs b. )8. a, ). tt EtaT anRlE ,
)tx)+rxlo+ex(e9o)+)3x(euoxto)+rx(osoxloxto)=5to!b)t
sE fiys se[ 6iT< qat]i +Tiq q{r< IE s, rl+.s< iirn .{oit qliftn
ltar Elan Fr.t< s inli{1" {qN {6.ln ip r.l lllni-- nJQE € aii.Fn .!
,arF -faf." r {f!a !r<r?,{,63tc, ., FrFr., f .n? r<1: .rT" qF:
ql-tiG.{< "rci' ,i{i Effil q€$ rsi {.rEd qni5ftfu.Tr flIqfun5 3
qtfuo qftsET< 15fi Atffic. FEnd. q@tir Fdr.i €isrfi- -Iie {€-
tl
- 13. i,rFffrfucTr qqzr ft-t< <nfi+cm I{qJfoE Etd € {rFl qqa€r 6,tqi qsrlio
Z{Eiii qa,rfu {€< ?a< ,-r4rE Tu-] nfrelll { ffilri qiisR €a{
lf'"{tlfi kfl1 <jr{€ {<. .Bq q{61 q<r q'fi fina-{ff
er'la-ioti fu.i< € <nii{..rr ,lf#l a! 'rjetia6 $€tii- -a<EE E,ln {lrr
"ra<T!:
qmq aq€-{l rrc etin- TJfidrn ailrn e "xfi,rl,tE< (6"n Asrlfiior) E6r
sl{]4 rnrnfui ft.]I< Eltffi< Efrl a<Fr Emlq i!'trrr e]g1i:<t q1fii ft(l
Flriii-< Eil et!]al fls 6c< '.llri-c. ft<rc'l1{lc oT'r "ilsE'1l li']< c {r1I?ia
te]arrii -]{fi er{aE4 ,!<( qriili € 'rf4o'nd
qllr:rn .I<aqi li'L{<
t.d]ft9<r EFrE" a:l .e. 8- 4 (€c ?86 Ftrr, <rr Ga{ tr98 'r'F c<cq c}rfr
fl.flft liw !] .{ ri15rdER Z<FIB E(8. e +,1 =c ,! {q {nF'riiraF-<
.iltps qqrar 6r iti <<r r5r<l o. 8, ci o. )t, )s q.?f. qrt""l] Eil it1fi fui1"]
nr<fur.rn a!'etil iiar r{r4ifi iiwq ffi rF<r {]lr .l rrnrfi m i{"lllt?n (rrn
li,fitnar EA ri{l (Ptthrgorcnn Triple) <a i'TI 5e <laa< {€<- anfiail
rfr"lfi*i a?tr.? ln"lt.flr|l i"i .m ,rftfuo i1"i;fi r-id,rT<'n q€,'n
-ara
raam,nili a,r G1..]Fffi 6rfnfirsia< ?]!11+6n o q , as a+F ai1drfi fugaq<
q'F,ijq,6. i'r< _srf;*E
<'1 q,ir ll <Er i3*-< -lfEE <,t!,G< n'{ft< 5{F
()) $fri fti.ril{ {!r,TrEni-. faFt- sa. h,i. .... ) ..F1fr ?-is c1"fi< eAo
qn nTqt I ,!4 a4rfi a{rfr r{o csrll EFm]ll F,11 a!E. -r< (Fan rg t",Tls
33:
3t"q93q
tEP
E
;;6;-a
-lste-4,
6
sl+{ tuli}* q(Tq]E{ qsG
_9
I.
T
ai
)
*I: g c)
)8
- 14. (q) ("r)
(r) qliri Fr.rih BFUE e.i4"Ae- ,i616,
(+) iX)oo+cx)o+,rX)=tc9i
(rl) 8X)ooo+sX)o'+lX)o+lX)=89tt
@lt@t
@_ll %t, l
I : ll--]
(c) elfir 1i-lrj EXI('] a.i"[< "lhfr
Ii.lr{< f'r3ti'r,!, (<( a6l"r. *-T-ti< "iz{t< .11-r< nnet .1<nr 6t- ,iGi EBrr
6renr < >rsq 6rfi1ia qrlnfu< Frr .lr{Fa<1 ol<1id !r"?r+ oiftior.e rs
'r,-F te ..5r,cr: .,a- r .n ?r", rr+{rd !t r.rx: :F jo
-r-. ig'r, ar<c=. "r"+t. .m. .?, .rr_ ,r ^-r l,<n,fi j <,rF. F,E
,"1.!c 6.< s.1n. .
T,. l:d e ft .< ! .8. I - ,-i"r
lTgl $rl a4.-str< EXli-T l-rLtE n -fi {llo lrje _.r1 q*
"[""S"r-
4
<:-_5i: d.<1, ".-. ::-'<': r'- d.Fa.: 1 .r>: - .. <]t:<??tj "- j
; ;-5, e-l{a!r <l qta.il6 tfr"r<tr fua r{c+ )o) ?rio anffil E:I(tz4
i:I.tirn EXI..I-i er6]1 6ir {crq r"lt.
i)):).)=r_++
iir 18 C, !18 lel
e))!,r) = r-+l)l cg gcii 1c,9
.d{:a< )r.. {.t4, a- 6., : rs--.. 13?.: :.. ! er".E Te" {n
rt n. 6ritn .ilM<Ii fii5{fi 1eu3ebauer) r;n Afir,r a-xrrfu Frr 1i.t?t-
sX'i'i (llglprirr) Frrclioni)-{< -"]l ,rT<3.n <i,fl !-1< a6ln 'lrii,.i €ii
<=.
99,tflflry
m!t[1]
:_
)o
- 15. q1i {r{ ffi e]a-ffirq< ql{rA! sF[ dr1l ,eR slaa ffin nBr53
EFqcqFd q1<Fi sir{ r q< sld qrdt <nffin iliE r-trd sFrs clr<Q r
't],6t-si 'l-crFr{ir,
fi{l {1{8, rffirqi i(FT<lEl Tri ,irir lBrl.n c.(-l.{ 6rF{
q({r+t EIs rralFr <{{q <n 9i iGErr (rcfi I
li,lai{ E$(fi EsqG c{{r <cd {q c$l itr{rr5n Fdli E["ir.!i qrTil ,!s
oen <ir q+ell r m{ nftsi rEri cR{ fi, ), I (Q!s <Bt.:Fr< qE q*
xrlu-< ftnAi. sflrrr.li ElG"sj EPRq €{l qr.q ((s{{ r.-,9i ftqAE I , s ,!i
ft"i*s : , qnffiro sFrB eo-fofu.5
'r.rfl
qqf,Ei ar<rq Fns r-o'a h'tit'
eo, s-qi li'laE )o, tqfi r ,!El Qs <rfiq+cfi< Erc.fir 1lrer, s{R )a fi-c{
Elst {!lts Erq ERt I fiIn Q"l pa" Ler.rd {Tr-li otG"oe strr< Eq rqr{ft5
<nffiT EIt<.t ci&< qo snrm< srsE Erfr'r Eflin <lr{r ris, {&€
qIE< F{frT &6r )o-qi 1fr<16 so-Efr-si c4o, Elfi-{ Efllg,l c{T{ E{6-a
E-{r i'r{firfi c€ral.6l rqtqrc {,i{T$t, rtot(,i, TaIR.l, q{slr1
(;.*-.*--.;= ) ffi, <ltftqftq'Fd vo-Gfr-s s$ql'r co:l-{ Ei, rql6r{
;.*.* * tsnii I
--
ffid ftra$ eflteR qa-{] etrf cerd"tl mr fulaffi {ft r'ftq3 ,i
q'mq E r<.1:{ qT6 +(i qt{, Er6s lrFrF Esria frR (d I q1fr sr6{s q{ffil{
sI<sff-q r{FiTqdr r {nfi, qR
1e+co
qj, cat frla{ €flr(I,ri $sc frcn
EsT-El{il srrcEr {(is qrrl qI{ (it i {Etoi 1ftg<l {rEr< qBe rqrd <9i
qr El.6r f4s i1ft@ti qii ?rari q{ 3'ifu< rG ft erst< c{6rrs "ir< c$l
6{Rrc n &q'eftr bnr{< a$em im Ft r cfiq, qffi&n {fi G-{€E $Ii
wlqfr xr*ftto-e al c<re q<r Emdc{d ql qrFrsqlfu'fi EaI frfi ci-6"1
il c{1ro;r sr={cE sra-{ fr.B rEftqi ffi ficn rtf ifi FEn e fift&+
qG[lr{< ft{ €I{ "G6ir SE it qii c{cs@ e{ qGsli er.t ffi ou ry Ectft
EF 'Ii1€14 ftmi lffis fift.k Fil C{ Tfa rGdfi frEn iI{ds € sl
cnr,E srffi6-{ q qr{i ec-oE $m <fu rcq<, !.n, rc-Ir[ (Lever),
qlftft'qr { (Archimedean Screw), chfi-o <Freq (Compund pulley), ftfl
(Catapulr) elgB Es]q{ F{ro ns'r F qar {fi-Qtrftqi Gydrostatics),
fiGfiir< a{ Ef iir, 1rsr € qd, qsfi {6ri{ (3eE q,]]fi&-{ 6@r FqsE
fift, ffiqr43 rr,rq fifi ey.ft flliGii vq qfisR +Gr
qffifu cflrTq {I(t< ffi fi.fu e<m ,rE c{d FiE 6EA Firs i;Ic{
ft-srci {fi&GftirR qft$R sr"Qrdi, sv a$Bf'l&m EE figs ft-{dq qrq L
rctIq lt{fi ,4T<'{- qsfr-n qffiG-c cnlcq fill ts(1
'n
qfo:r cEs$ {lq frfi
eFi a-{c"i{ c! 1+.fi €qI ftra <|"$l {ra c{E q< i({n 'rfi {F|afi 6"iIE
.l.gcq r E1"E €t< {c{ {n fi flfti qrl] cilF qEi4c{ qft[] ftrq Elr ail q,rfifis
tfr< eqr d 1qllah tsq4 cer6 EII {Ri r qAi Fl.-@.T qiifr&-c{i IE {r{
.:fE{(srE.
- 16. -r,fffifurT< :r.n liEs snrni {._sl ( 6eB Ef- irrr :rtE ffi i< rq.o E ,'-t1il+t I iErFr a {ai,!+ dry llqrs ?i?< iir,qrqn d flffi {1]i< f<<r6._l
144"1a"1< E"ta "]l€rII a,llE (+I<.1. Il;tri flr ,3qa;l< (i1s mT{tr$ *ttras 9{sq.rir! lretGi qtr
1!t -11< {1;I- .!Ti tft]] tFir., gi-a r<a .l,rr <F,a5i
ri . .r. ji .. 5.? .! !3.1- .n . . - ._* ...r, ;
?tr !n . nF. ,a.re
':,,
n :. 19F .,an 4in_I
" 1 :a-" r.+, "{ 4-F, .-ia +,a.
=..n".. "_,_,,.*_:r,ni sn ;I f-€ r'ih? E"r,< efii-E
-"rFlir
q-Ig gtil {,3 ..12 .trrr -rTfl {tm
&in t!,i ni Fail 'r,-ii nar a'l,qr o,!i. Err.i.L.it i q-ftrl
"-:! +F a! ,nit< Fn_E
a+r-r ,]lf'..{ sfi )r1ii qr !tFi; qzs, fr€ niFir t,|l t:rrrl "r<
csn r.+_s
.!-,11 #+ an -nfffi? ti rqr qr.r+ Ga <r< c,ran Tarli ir_,rT fna{:" rdE:m: , . q--, !. .-.. "?id.ar...al -.
F<
"irt1g 'tr itarr?fi -iir "tf.i s?.. -fri ajr.tn ,+l- ii-! rni €I qfuq €
faisrfgr <ar qffifoi -i ,F 5ilns-i c<.aE ,ilra!.- T-_"i n-. qr:n .F{ln1< jt;l<
-l.rj.B I,ri6c ,:,r+ .+-" fjE. -_-,j ,-i?rl {r:r q qf-s ,Ffsr.+ qG; ..F
'i+; ..r rc"a qrlt .a. a-qei<: ni r.tr a.f ia",:< oEi- lxnlicra
5rlig..lri d. .!<rFd {if6< nlr-rn er+trrile.-_<: (rnQ nr<t qfaq nF1 .nrf
- "|.:5 -'4a a.< i <F-a. .-f. , 5:. .r?.r. -.t " " ,:.f
ra-'. 5at,-. nr-: .n 49 6. .4 4c<t,a..., a,4n..ftrl fl..Eai :r, efla4i q,.l6rF e<< i€13 'r<+T<
l- nil
ertn fiEni <"-< 1i9' irinTr q;I .anl!
<q r.i1-. I | ..jL n ar nrelhodt -,r.n
'c- 'n_ -st t <: . ji=a<.,. , 6tr-._ a,"
T-T lttr [6,r ...,5 --.'R !rr- tn{i i:'rEfi Eri qa! o<r r-5
{1, !t-?l rn€:rin fi Tall fi>ritri qferr (l1gl..r] le i.-n< anil _rln ,,16
.!.,. E! -i1 .{<:n.n. :?.n-{,:,.
?.ri. r, !nu:,4r51l G'1i ru ,r-"
"-, .* aF'.# X1gi;:.g
:.::
.
1. *r-"_.T"T 6n. (i1-R ,na<r .- {e .{i! -{1.<
r-r e,I$j
l.lz< :rT{rifla- .:fi<"'fn'ftn :n$IqG A "
.p-
ryr o-+rr trrdir+;
:]ln las6i f-f.r q<.ln "itftaE gai ltl-] i;,,-.ratrin dtrr< :t-!< iE1 !<( !.126
JTai {q 'uftr_i anl:,a- fi-ar
"ti-Fl
alatr$r raa.r-p4+tr iri..r" fui; #_.,-?-l o..,a-.< .r.
'ff6,r.Ei ifu={a r
- 17. .{tlift'T!- qrn rrd !l4a-n ? fsfi ra' Ta'l fFsr +'Fn
'{E
<'l 'lsiirE' :r'r
-" qi ron u rt6 oq, e ,sG. qan fu'r "ns]
tE'l'+l qal-< _41FFft3
'3E'?
>g cc-. coi " . +ztt? 4- :9.r' ): ad'F r" "'i-t _rF rtr1 '4< ai*
t-{ir 1-.{d -o ada -1
aJ") 'G -A a<-5a a<) 15a <'4ll'
qt'll-&t-. t.rr'tli;" >s+lc=ge ffi Fi"g ii'"flq 16'"1{'< cef i q{q 8)
,.nir.';q o -t o* ,oltr i draa'qfll;< !+'r 'r_e.qI.i
'<furi "r'rE
'lr{'
a:t'I:t< o a{f5 s6d i ffi . ?lFr< <Tq a2L+ iG tt'E
' -
*fa"l* *.,- < r<r+< r+r; liXl fist +4a'dn ';li T''"- efiq< {x
{E aEar rir a.it,r.ifri linr nr (l], lofi ir.i ra" {fi," g{in ;]3 1?r'{r .111<
'16 ;;Fft- 1.l. tf, nr .{." .{< rrir uz-- lis "'F
gftr" ?-l} 1-rr13i'
u1n f;.ln {ih -l tn{r;!= sF< 1l+,1 fi.< "jrq
:r'r<n -r<r' i 'lrft< €c' {<'ry'
.
"*" "; "#"
-. .*t-.€ n alP!{ "lf; -l"ln1"! {rifqi !-i !E1n FtFid
srF 1rf:r fil:l T.1nn.l. l<|{l'l ,lr<t flrl aar +rr +!r- '.;rl Er< s]n ni; --fiiftiin
, a.rl ?1. 3:n' "co
<- io '?< ,''ird )s '< *_ 4G 4r! r1n j
.t *.* .. .{< 4'3 * 'l
"'F "4 3
'd3
e __16 ' T',
rl.rrl: -.:1<. .a q-- ..: !
""'-t ' ' "' <1
a*,.n r, rtl 1<1 .'1"r' " '.-3 ''1 ' aE'', a"-t "{'''',
g"r"e.,a*"rr"
"f"* "rFir. 1cltt 'rf iig -rq t:rr E<q "r?'fu
n'nti !.i<
!-,<.lT ot ..,11?s sila- tl otoEl o.-< rloil o6nl +a r1rg h{ 11n11
.flffif!- rx]n;:rfr q afl fic 'ilr iE Z'-- ndF ETe or-i 1raF "r:7T
<4i
nF '+rEi.i.F o,_i-l5q (hou!ht epeljmcrrr)
"lr:a3
Enr'n ('lLrnrcl 'll<"
,tt,=* a**-- lsu'frce rrcr) :ry-" ffi e r'na< +e{;a "ilrflqi F qIrn'
.;; --fu." ir< c ,r<.orlmd"l lqtu ',-r<i4t- fli-dd€ ql.il,-ltn qlr
iA.6r+<- {r<c]< Tl3fu.ii qi-filtrr< a s<'61 <ie -r4qF
qrliilt. .'r elrbl< rf']" r offfili li.il1r i''! 'Ji1i- fi--"r El n{cr t€€
li+t< o<rs r:n.r. ft.d qltr q{'-TF r.< r l<3m l<'F el'rq
t,TI 5;
,fioDtT'. ,1:. .'a.te' -.',1<
-' ""-P ".:-'tL l ':i:- :
a...-. ".:"
,..ra
''r, &< o ,,
'< ' 4i-1 ,'
q>r.. ? "+a ''"^
uit ,n< c+nl,r-tsti<e a.ie-.!< .rB. .!-il !F .j€ "fcfs[fiI;< oLe , 'n 1i-'
otrl or a <a eliiiit' ol <ll?I]] ar:< <"ft$l
.rift i-<.; o']nnE.1i o"-:li rq ali. -''e':r qi T!II<
'Ei!rri!
-t))Js =)+-+-
-
g gC a.C/C)
- 18. xi nln, qr5rG-oEtrr, 6s f o +ft ofdfifur* arc T(il jr..rn< (Ffr
,, iE, <ltffi .?,r+l FG qrliftftn ('tr{fi{in, .ik.t pi,n.n? ..! FiT.{ odte,
<'fut 1ift r<r r<<*,..-' rcatZ .Tr<rqt <'{F.
qr<r< qlififur
" ai {.,nF,fiaiifu-ql, "..-l l.rr+:qfu.} r.tui
ar.-.3q nl ffd:nc .) ) ,! n-.r6 1- ,a^,,atr-aa:a
Iifi sa+< ,sitr iitT< o13 gm rroir rr- E<< r+rr ...1;3 a4r +-ira,Tn? T€-o
qdiffii-5 ar 5i1 ('tIiIfi,ain q {4 naEi <irTr !q=;riir lllo<&ifl.E b.! s.-si ffiE
.,,.4-< " d;'rr,.? ( a. -.r -="1. 11" . -* ",.
,.:1J:. ra .8"
nF ii.{,< ,l.I ofi- "r.-,e,t ?s ffi ,r1li jirr,r.r , r
:
!n qd 1r. ,i (<
-rra4
Eql 1B<
,,Er:t € <iz-< o.l1- .l rqm q._+ o,
{,r.r9, tzs< nftk <iiFif-{a rag-s< lkfirE ,5tr .n ( .rri erri .nr4r rnl
r,r q16f,rr1_,r .I g {r.iii ,t1c{r t,.n <hli{ii {a-rii.ain .6< ol<.i qg<- ..l ,:l
qria ii-t< ,c <llk"rri , {ti :rli ii4tri .' , ",; ,.i;, €r..:rE il"trr.:r! TI.{t<
ai'z. ,,..1 ttl ! a.4 - , r!p. .nb ql-atL7 fr 1,r
,,"." ;..- ,<). --.<.:. ?-: ! 0 , {- . ^F,R :,:? ,
sr'<friiq c .rE q5rT{- qrsn a,
,! qa{< F{<F odi a,_=,q< .{aTn orffi. ir- a- sraqfiai aal,
,riq.Ecfll. s;Fiii o{ qlnrnr nia2r <a:rE Aaa. !-t:aifili{r-
"r.ion+<
C1t
'f"roiin iia,.< 1.]l +.d.F .!i n1j.1 iibt- +F"l q ;lifu-,r<: qlrfl !!
sq.lfi 'E+Il. ,rs €li a4.znn s.Er- qfi.cTI] 1i"t-r.r.< I?rci,a1 1.[ nii
m r>i q(d sl"|a4ftaF€ s.F qnrfi"i q-set fi-rn FE q1ffii,i fi-r
lEio -r_ouF l:r<Gr."F q-]lia+ .lan€ .il qrffiln !r q:q< c.rq a- iFr.
.]Iir :rT< :n q]dEqtr ,lf"tE ..t _tllLfifiTf,j € ffirrF +jlt-ra"< qiiF.m
EE{ani a+1E irEr-a r =r:<f;F .!r ni,i <iiera< eEft- 1F] {ra F{ie
qtiil--lii r.?t+l .it (i iE< -q<r qliff{fo:.ni eqr<- .i i.r3nra< .ai.6 q.i-
[ "-.r I
l<"-;
| **rl
(.:
- 19. {i-c { I?.iafi
'ta{:r"n
o<m qfi+ q|olIi f't;n dr iaeii FII49-1{.iE q:]<l
(,]r!lq er ,! $aq re{sl i e?il.l
",?
qa'Taq
n -i-.F . < 4rd ? a 6{a- . <? 'rE rf r a9{?. f{aF 4a '"8-5a ca
ff. *iaE <rg.< S'le, € {1]f $ "EYfu< ITrq r.idEt< llit 4vr{l Rtal
r,*,j€R 'n1- aiFfid (iFEn si]Rr E(o 1r{ri :x {iaE< JTni-IF <l 6nrrF
er-< FiirrF <iflq3 fustr<< i] ?l ,e.nl ?.{l !l1l ft'6 dfl9 :r?R ,!ntl Ts
+tEl E1< E< Fan Et<'tTa.l 'n,,1
eFlri J<st< Ftro ,lTa. o.F F,fir- 'n{ €rll.,1
l?[+ Tanr 1E aa(n <i<{n r*a ir< n]fr< ctal rq5 a"Tn 41< <lu< aar+ 6{
r4r ,iIie; f.s ,r rtr'"i ifi €1ftli f'le$il
"r'r-..
qr.-$ oKl-, stir<i v
odEln 6r1-F ?r,!rq r<z< qfiffi,tr 5rlftsB
'. ']Iirq]
e51i Tdfi:r rF{ai
r<j.{ T]{. <6r-<i q]I,] {irsi q-r+ iI< ,t-a<rfli di-Tn= ac }6fi4 <.di q'5fi's
'lFlz-< rFaEe iirr lhfiia+ {ir,n -i'< }lr<l'l .a!rc
eiihft.r nr< ,sirrfif-n E"fiiEr4l arl 15fa1! !ln'i az<iqzen -lle f<.a
jt'a 6lfii;6 €t:j.r l6fii xi"n.l Fa.IirE! fu€ <d(+ t'= ffi i eE]]ts<l
_ , t=.1 dT _ 4,?-V-a 7 a-4 , ',l ,', !-1-? :" '
iaft "rl-1a{.n
qrTfu ? in'g6 irTfu. g,'irirft+ aFEl+ ri.; {aa ilfo."j:jri] ,:[r
,r<i f.rp iinF aar -tt< ,F4{pr;< i:-q efi6e .E1r-- u Et<i ea.(n fiili;
.l:L<r4n (Prrabolal rtl a.iF +6 o'.1'r ofe fi4. +r<fu+a "r-< iira ft+
trfi,f..n 'r;lire lri qq.t e-i<EJ<.F,,an ttrrTc 1F4i-r- e]n''l ri< qs i8i:
inlrFFj <.l1qn <adqi ,!<i e.dtI"l< <<q fi< 11+; 1!i "i5i; rR.duc(io !d
Absurdunr) sdlq ffi eqa.r <a- ann a:l "Tl-,<la<l-T
z{-ar1ff< ,a a+F o34a<'r
E<t f(i qlrF F eri. .i ,<iTair gf! !<! ,ilt<t'<l'ir -iri1iT4 i!g-q< ri-i1+"1
. o . -.i* qu ,,ro ,
" ' ,"' -.t' " '' -a4 n .'6a1-
I fr'a6i_ a+i{Fi),
"mto
q$o
"-,
cj .!r i.+Eer.it .ii qdF. {QE
;r-;,<rat< aFi,lr qEf<- +fi aqr., r<i'te'rr- o'lc;l i-!rr aqli-
,Eq4- (E,j] 1r ftg6) rltra i'r€ n ft<6 ffi g,ar fri,-.< .-lfiE-n.,1
aX ari -rr-dh. o i{o. qI:l,i a"r-l iiTil,,3i 1-€r !ri6 rlflir <l <€'rE
"f1fir"r ""1i1E
s,f-ffii {E x!- 1rm -r €Llq aai6,r r<i i e:nl Te=E? Il"i
<rfu+ 15fEi ffi qE .r<i.l <1- 5ll1 q.rl .rzE r-E ,In[-P1IF a!]Io
=f{fi6r,,r
.q.fu+
"iriiia- ,if,Ir ,mr{F ln4i (Nlclhoils lr.rting 01
lechrnic.rl Problcnis) {r. ez{< nT]a 'llelll a'llQ ( 55 Oarl {i-Tn
dt'ta6l1+< RlaLii .'IEzt< ce<+q. sirFr q!fu il;a:r3 15fu qllj: n-]{l]raq
! l]f4-n:nt << qllni.i3 Fa-l llr<l 9,!E 5F.1. ?Ir"iqr .I. qft€ .r'li4 6
'r'riEl< (on Lln' sphere xnd (l)lind..)ir+ q'9 !1'r 'i<
j'i esfr j3"l1ihl
rrfeia q',iiFift- ir,ilo iiag ,ran "]5f; I fTsaf'rt .!1T; Jl{4ilrl' 'l5iil-
!51.ifa<r fi ar'l4afr 1ro.fi Ffi a fil-i:ir5< 1i-r 1a3r (grerr.ir.lcr 8e'l
:< .../.r.rr-.! .1^,,=.6T:a. , "_:-. i'". "-F,. i
- 20. .i rtrqr-l {aEn <ag< c5]]l a<r E6El ctT'irfi {fi4r,4 nfin tqdi< rurr.fs =
: : ).:td.,qri. . TEnrrr .ff7!'g:, aan r'Ea ?rr+r r+l* r
., ra _-tr
T,i^! 3:sl" 6aaq1m -0 e1 5a<aae F? ,rirEr .,:4f6tiirn .,IlT,]r<
oA fl< os+r@ EEF-.iis qnlifai 16fu.o E!].r +a<fu-{n
qiififqr< .nf{i fiw<< thii <'.iqra.rcq qnlir.i s?t1d Enlq flsn< rJa.s
!3 qa4r4 5rl4(i T6ar;r an. -l< i zllfuo r{ffi 15fo'(<1 q(rFl1 nrcthod)
;ilris nifi q,mr sra,l stfi9E {.. s]E 1e (€ "[98ffi Bft.i -ro.iF< (fi fr.o
stftyir la{E{, fu )boq itafi q]l1 q< n]dt5rl fir ng< {{fi) EI< q'Ern
fi.fl.Ii{an st1i5- i€{Il] {n €+y qE<t ,IlIq 91!1<n 6<aE fl1i , qffifuc
fi c1.r€ $Emft q{fis qi..i,-- ,t-€i<
"tfifiq +]rqra.lEl,;1r { €E r,n6i .{rx
.ii+ qnftfrfti,l"t (ri&r. <r,nroF+n. wffii;r cqal m{< fiiifus
i1fl.i q-tr.i {.a !n qaEr qr{n,sliri E?ll qa{r6t sdlq {q< qI{,1 nfiE <ci
fi'ililE <rEr iic {{{6-nrc qrEi qara {a< En..]]fier enft. <-rraq
€Hrdrf+{ri iltF q'[a]6.. ..fl{$ rqF (conic se.rion) rfi{ {i6o T$13.x
nltr3 "r"ri e1 66r. tdj i<fuo {c-l€ €rgii< E{3 11 .qRF. .i"rdri qiR{cn
1ii'i"l fiftTr (5il 6(< FzE tr+a n "JJi]? € qnnlj cli Tirr art ?a<
n'i.{<IsI< lellipse) "]Ia nr{{_rq 6r< q.{s fla?Fgt n]]<tr<l4t (parabola)
q<F qffifui r:l a€d s( r-.saftFt, !n{€ (senri re eular lnids,VEAir
,fii]< fl -rirg) q1i'$:1< o(lfuqr sm <<fi qrq, r..reo to s )t aro;rffiE
iF-s (T incared lcovrhed.on. toft n9.99 € )tE "11199 llrl qr.<E): oli
i"eji i qrTii,< +t,ii ql qf.irsF sr< funqi Ml .ntr<.t tfii< ('tzlr.ql
1)55s {rr. Ti]lln liEtr) ,l qt< 4E aq€$ {cnq <sFra$tn Tritcin <t n]1h-
ir. +1<.l q a,.r.E iB.<lfi-.r "fdr< Ti{a<l {a€1s <d ut<t< qtfta q1fu c
<Effiq <T+lir;r*F {-rrr .Vo tri. Iqe. .flrar.Fii< a1E]{nii q_affi<FE€
id (G€.sfta,isE i{Fr {ifii-.! qr"rEr+:ifi )b,!i mIEn ii.q.:rd1n eiFl€
<fir) fto ']Ftr<q.[i
qfi1- qfift< q].<r qc{s €r.]I]'i oftllre.3 !".g
',fiar <rvl{i ntal q T<'d .n qG6- qrart'il lal.ga+ q fu !<i <1o< fi''o<
ritqa €fA qtr--l'[ ra <Fr. qsr E,!$fi Ii{{ qr.fan UGr] +3Ic fil
qrlq$qfu<ln ffi '. qft6rTi q{4 (Heron) qiF6r EE {1I-< ']itr5lii
hr.la , c<". re<E sr &Srrq i!r<<j sl<iirin (Er-rd 1ii< € q.-Tqftlt
""rq
q< ffirr-< .q*ai 6.i "1 <nt tr]rri iEta6i< EIBris <_.rfi4) aa{r
ftE rF .Er.- nqfu fir$.s, fi"l],]"- Ee"jlffi qm.r
-(<Efi, .nF fuC.q< lir
<lal firn a.b.c rti.
- 21. a e]'Ei E1"firffi +<q 1ii-lfw_ qtolzn !3q€ eEta Tt<nE <i zl?"li-
fugr_qi aFa+a A =
a+b+c b+t-a c+d b d+b c
2222
a+b+c
.qrff,], :1 =
-"f-rt.l cl_1zrr (4{ rfqr.Er {i{|i ftlro cr ann <-ar fi.ii 'fl+si?FaEn
a4t q-6ri6i-w< q{6 {ro -lrl'TnqqF lfiqa r...a1-< <r.qFrs nfa"nri
qfiFIo qqra lF<l ir aa<a:F xfi.l if,!,lli ad"rf,,t3 rt{ast :fi1 fisrlil .s
aitsliE.r< 9!o e .:awr+< .r:?.' llfl< f<r Rll oirE. nl?fl ii-aE aul"Ja ,El
<"IIE <r!]l 1caaTi rs tra<r iinq]nro f-gF +z<rq tNlcr ha. hijxcked his-
rory). {< s,1 ac Tara ifuain nD-r'li orrd {oi-F rtirror< }F,-qi}<
oqn-td gFdraF nr< qiF,-r {,rl..,r .t!r]a ir< '{'r-d , fa{st< fiot <iia
.r1l :fr. I+{ah= ( ffi. rqs< c< i}-rc'm s a-;ifu+ aiiEri it{l 15Ji
gqr lt6ftsrlrFF (hlsrorlogrlfh) ) ii,Jli (+E Ts @fr. -l q-lq
"i{s a+F 1?"s
!,lir.iin <r rfiE -rir.o -fl- ta<rf:r
,rifzE< tfu{,Tr ,Ta!e 3rln'<l aqirr. PrL rg -."4 lir-r 'rld-j<t[n e?]l
.!.,T,{ tr6.l -a <. fu €<-91"1{iio 'ijffiIF< r,.x sa3- llri:a
qlfi+ol1+< .aiqn {k{ 1li.rftr {ir1Fm 1< iE"d'.m) F]€Ii< {{r
iinnnn rEfrE aaqaqr-. qsb i rr{in 'liiEro-i T.ln erfiro ,iifl q{qtil
{rt'Jirrl s6 <l]l-t ,;l< hsl< .fin€ '-f{6
e.JT"itr diof<.h 1fur- <-,lE(-i
il€n J:ici€ q+Ean {s ,rfd<r fir-{ <<1aL..FBi i.!(o n !c" 8)0 SSF,)
En Piq< nrai dff<,r fu-f..-n q fa-r d9-e ,sn1-1iEn q<l
'f4.6
.trEff Firdjn ffi (r"flFiitr]1ai a.FF<-,!i e- (co jc secron) i1+rc B"J"j1El
TTrd aTetErt fr.n r. . .". o r< r"F-l qs i:4 {::<r 1 1 {0. < &:.3
.!rqrn{}c.r,ri t1flqriT{ ff-iflr fi,.< Fi.< "r<<+mr .E=td Fiia e
-t-<Gq q< nDnF t"r< ar6 a1lE.an
.-a;i oafi rfr.l 'IFtrfi ffi Fifi' silF:in (lIarie sophie cemain)
()cq9-)b-s) 3=i61q) -rrr+ q1i*r ${{r< f{<.aq ii€r'! 6r< 'if.6Fl Sii
aa{&a-n {<i t6 "r-it{i l'.n-or ']IT.]fiil ei;!14 .rl!i tfl-,,te-n dr'td
"f{r<.r {4ao $-drr- #a5qr@< iirah a< ,1tliri94 EfuTa-€i 6 ,51
_--,'-o sw o(r n-tnn.i, a-"rn ffi T{..{..1 ," aln ate. .d,-=
nffa FtF+rFn a4+lt< a.ni 1!{{ dr{d .!<i @{n BFo< ,lila" !*-l .r6n iarn
;t< lr<!ql1q "itt nI< o.,To'< et* ,ii-ftlrFr .r.l araqEr<. rttr <1a< EF
,-6{c 6d:: lTn .a cg ltr"r<
.as, .{-a. ,l . .r i i + nn [.,
-idEutq€ e{:rlE {i.ll <I4 ,:rft qci+c+'g<q oz<rqa rit< Eri<}. FII'F
!1<I;r< dFr+ ii15to a{r1t slrii ciFi4 cr.,Br' (sofh,. (i.rmain Prinrcs) nnE
sGii9 .rfl q{ (.s<it +):vnP{ft d1-+ I]i -T<E s,!o1iallfu6tain
d1-lni ,nri )). at<q )) i<i tlr ltx))+)=tsl:!=ra? crlF+: tl.g qrnn
!]Ta4r {nfr dfr4. Tr<q ti. as Esr-sl dii+) tF1trrl'i l?n-:r raq. <9 rg
rG-a)(r r)G c)
- 22. d6+ ci"nri rfF F{r.i I'lIr f;Lrf<!-4I r"F€ et1iftr aff} 6nni dFo
,("rll {aE 'a1Fd ,!<?F{ 4ail ),)8,1lir qiln.i l1q d1.1. q3]]] {'l:
n = lo8o08))r,CXl))!.i' 5: <)ill'i.
tr+5 = ic8oo8))rdxt))""' - ) € dl6i r
irnli m1<iitr (Mary somerville , )qto )Ect $il-) I'i'l5Ir< '!65i
clt 'lFr!li,i €ll (TE T€lo Iifi <arn ,!, arr{ ,ldfr q-5Fn €Lq" q+r(a'r< rrc-
itF{r oIs< rfut,l FiEfn rrirP { ..{< Tq <I<? (.51i-ii6 qsrll (Ad.n]s)
L;"F ar'. 5fO ? fl<6'3 +.{n
qb "J..Lr! ,ir4 f.FId t, ! F ^ .-ez a 1.." f.<rii ",
" fi.
/-...a c -4a a a'q_:-< .- ,, -,!-, f -a-.a- a--3 -.-r- -i-2 <e]t i:lF<
ilrrr,_-a.?ii fu{arl , cii an?l]< (llmmt, ,mrlie
^_octher,
)tbt Sbeo Strn_Fr)
F.iritE 'F{!1.1 oa<n. {3i acnradl 'irlrjr-ifnl -,fi qf{+ <r9'frzEr EEt,:r
al{Fr !'rr er<}ln fr+< d4.i<"1r< 1il5- 6a{.E ..<!. d13 <{l<nr'r n! Elq
.ir<nfi ..< nlils.llca< nftii JG irirF
lEI fi&in (Hrnna Neunrlnn) )b)s Si'r.ri ffir:l[.E c"!l'r{iTF.fi '!n1
)i!t) qiF:ilrli'3r :fgl{rcT a1<n f-i EFE< 'rlqFr 5tr1fal.il J4{,il '14-{'ll
ilrn.!<i "Jlao a+r'l(T<rF ir.rF iiF F?n ie]I<aiE qrr IF1 ()b.!q) <?1i
uJiqzE-< Elr.i qriiig{ Iia 6a<ar
ofuEim .q<r
=:r& qrsr.{< 1l.ift.i erqd n|.+ fr-irl].qi .G€ 4ffiirr
o{ft.< li+rl 4trcr nf-4: 1fiaft"< ra e+g14 o<na t<I1Iq, cq ii{ar if-{Pi
F.r! ad'n Er {rc1z]1larir ( da Loehcc, )b-)a oi) 5]+4 {ilrTrE-r fifiE
qfi of-iEirlTr l]r,l i3T<r1 .fi[i- E"fi !r<.. fih {i]14qa+ fir €F:]< ,l]f.lisr
c +rft5rfr nkrr.n firn ntqll az{n <€E r;F 6',r r.E flf4ft+ "1ft6{dlr<.
's'-l]I aflEilr aqlq:i'sl? 1.ro<-, E! .il< -fi.! )bcb rr- (+fr nEn Fffiil<
-]nl < qn <l{ la{rE 'A.lr'
qf+r <r1i. as:rnF {i6 rlBifi ,lliffi, q&i .,rEBd (AIi.e I rks.
Klv McNulrv Mruchly Anrcnclli. Edile GoldsriDe) s:.1":i-n ,]fLiiEa qaFi
ffi.:l"i offi]< '!ft-at l tiNlAC t-,!n A€I{i <<i Fi?'l nlird q<qF a{r{q{
/En {(< Ifi (Gra.e Murful ltoppcr. )h.s br) n-'Fi,ni TFlni]i E]{I'
6Er<rr nI5? Efi +ffir< e>fe'te ii- ]ffi1 (r)Bol q{ EEK..- Gin
,!+!14 lFq 'il.i oa.rPi
d ozq a{_a,:F qq-1F. .4xrer. iifi. ']rt=., <rdfi .ji<ra<n f<[5i 'dff{6.
99G ,ead q<", qT4sil<r. fil4lgfiG. q'rii".n. fii€i lrr i]!n, (nfnfuq.
teir.r c9.
=rra-rm
s+ .11<rrr eL€fu ft-lm qaaF{ .r< "n5ra<
gln:&Ln
'si< +]A fi].E]Rl< a<E{n rrE@.in a {4rnF rifr< Tnfur.n &5nt fti
q+fi q{fflItfi rt6 Teit sFiPi
)al 'EaE. toos flnE4 erF{
- 23. elcl-{ q(6{c6Et qrl{ Tall
.e fu r-r i<F! Tlnra .F<F, At-er, .! r ErtrrcCFT., rl-,a 6-F-Taa
dag rcr qrl-< lBotr<'r< "jrT3fu6 rt{ -E <z< aolqt 1g. E1!i -l
tGqq <{ €d 'rfiE its< iGq-ari r{{r€ Er? EI<. 'ltt(e< !}{!Iqr
($[{l ao]Int (F(c er-:rlqd (?lI+ eqs {cE€, lll]ES El6s1-41zq,Ri nnffi I
q< s? frsr< xc, Tdtq qfr6q, srlqlG s c6;rrn .q"li rrir sE, Ttrq
+rE lE({n Etn ctfi € fi< eimnl itc< ilc< r,r r1.tfup d< 'rcv BdqE.
oI< Cii TEII{II+ IrFiE <qc ,or< ii{ # c'ftp ,ir:]n ,!T qqfur lq]r+.
-g* cqqrr tr sln* iqt s$q +Ll qii:q< qrrgt aqr"r ftt<q <r-s
EE q{<.i <iEii "fi:rr-r< E"l(.itil 4liiE-ft{r cpiFt 1rfi<l <lrqr
ifBqc 1q{ et"trll. rirfi <l qr<t i qfi|< sR rq€il 1n Et< $]6
r!]Elqt< (qtr{ad< E"in q1s ;T< nlig.{l"Iit atE4l {F[si]-i E<rr cql+
4rEn 6fl {a@ qrir $tr. !=.r{ .!i 'dafi I6a< ?f'"A.T' <ET]l{ m.+
{a'r" slrql {'t{F! "nbocn<ro li"m dCE dtr<r +r{d8r nnfuo +re
fiI{ fi({ FG'm I1aBr Tll rqJiz:r
"tR<
tmw e<r, {Tr<. ti"<l +t<l
fi-ar e rdpuo B&s o<ru ,Jr<r<. {ltE ilc<t <l ,tfieoG t< fi< f{@lld<
sl qfi Eraifn srT<fu 6{tE "frn,
qrn Ii 4tr{l Fti liEh fllili4 {fur
tea$ri {fi sI< ane Mrr 4(T{.lT< (E(q
'r([< ieErri o{aE nt< q
jr< qlm (r {]r< 1qt
il]r< { (1 q{]i 1i
Ttu6fu4
{<!tq+ s q€ql €{Tr6ii
[)beol
i8
- 24. eFlrq(5{rtdvtsl
ftsiF .
[q <q 131{ ft-",e- qfl<< T(E m{(q ftE ]lB dqo s{&- eftn
ft-T(] qqFEs oIffi --n er;id <1iqli ,! ERi.<ai a{l.iE: aa,ilffi
a{RltE s$-[i in etufu "i4 nlrTj'i 1fi c3Tr (dri o.< q]rs qrs
?r6i{a]IE fiEE ir,!T< ?F*{l E€i- fn, qie]T a{rn ar< qT(n< liFi:Jtq
fu(Tr.iftI-, cata. furoqiiG q<r 4.1 q(r,!1, eXli"i, l]n]. qis Ei1i.o.
d"r.!-n dlItrll ,tn.o r rr, -.,r. ,rnT. xrir+-a, < Eire llr,t.ordl,
;.r. <5;-i4 ,lTni,rJ,), <j F;a ...r.{ ,.rf r -{r. ?{- {d. c,
ilialq qf- rnsFti {<( mATn fisflfun r+{fln ri- flFllo< c+E 1?nE
lr ttl <kIT< T(!l nFlfia{ qE? eEfiE {t.rl(q Fr r6qza. 6En acqii
oilq'fi-ir+qs iTq ?i,s]l .m< a, fiFr (< ru!-r ,i13 {r, c{ri nkE(r]<
FRI ir{ai' ,l]lfi TI[6i <6{r Tqrs ft<q {{EI<I!I q(rif< qfii
qta4"Finte q{<Tn oat +'il ?;<
-qre
dqle q(<, q6.IE ,:4rd or< fO{. <tcqm 4!rql, FJIaEfu,
ThT{qn, Arcl, q.in-rTg,
"r6R1t<nn,
(qffu{.jtB etsfu Etil elrfao ql tET
.?r9 ({ F6d [.-n+ "ra,-:?
.<-
E m 6a61 .,]Ed. :Td ? dTC{C-r
Ttri irrrqn, ITfl{i-s wtqn Tcc dtni r-t{ CT{r E4, {T< 1Elts ,.{
fijerod+, eag cdErcct, qt<]< artl€ <i iistElTs
q? ft68 {'.{<n !i{<"tn qii q{n-s qmes {.1< TE
.Makers
of
Mrlhemati.s q<( ffi. Gr:EFIF TE
.A Concise Hjr(r) ot N1lthemarics.
s< ,llirrl f(]]Ei fu oiBl a "tz+ ryqr+ q{f,{ f{rrl TET <}:{ o(<aq{.
Et< {'fi :te-rt4
"I('Ior .,1}s l1.nsTr Et- (T1 ?,tf-:ii 1tr{] ia{(q r Eri
ftE slq, fig <6{, qF ftE jAlri El s"i|s<.i 6fio ar-Taq q-E-!< ,!l
Tss q{<L,3 a-I, qiqnqB {{ 6r< q{Ti.t <i6 q{.8 E,qIn< -r{rr<q
6<l c{q r4l <Tsfu+"t F 6"tri t 3f{ <iL-T< (T} rFri-n? fiEq omt
efi 'o@ wgg'lq31 1a6q {<({.rd aqtdi {j.4 T"<,i o}r +r-<8. q aFA
rrE <-Ta 1i { aq ft6t< {trdi ci.<q
u:*r1i, )bvt
5lol
+tQ r{eRl-d c{rq{
- 25. EEiT 1R[EC
q$i(q{
,tq-R (a,r+l <i:rF {t-_!.1 ErrJ qfu qrtld qq< 3l.r -rfir :rEI rii
eEr<:ii An, Erris {€i-B 4T F ,ris flq{ erts- E{ E-!- F $r
1l{<fi+ € 4:iriq4 6<il Eti n.3 q3€ Ellij s<-.Elej< {'1:f{G {<"ii
(,] ffi f-. Er< 6r-r^' e|€lrT a'tcE eXlF 'ini <f,5 r iEi -Irri4]3 rln
s i':Ta{i eElflre q]tE 6E q<i ?E{ 1]1n <iT- E<t n]rlil-'} qR lfi [?rlo
irJr- eq< {r'1 nEl lrqi q]l.<q' (?1o B<fl11?', ..lr€ in.i tc ali qa
lttiri <Ei slrrr]3.all 4i {(,r< Is fl6, a, ftir : <ir,. lizr< sr+o
iln ?'t:e.?4 | ?-A'-. !. +ra::a:5 1re . 6+
'a{:u
!7<
,?]1o tqrll {'fr-. i'lni,fl!] -nrq tli! T(< (r'rE. {r.d< ll 115< alli4l, {6
r+e<t< tIiI, x(qtri E:al. ,JE< 5l-1. aifl {ni.-".it."q lit:iiq e+ {rlrE
ftE Gr< &- ?fd+ ffaR q4 ?ri;{ ffi{e 1ig ff<e <tc ra nr:nt
q<rq qno ciqre {3- 4l tEli.fts1 {41 {R. Etqfitf! qJE{
'q-iri<rit{ iBIi1ftfi {r,al -iEft aE"]irr -.it'] (na.]€ l6n r-rigti 51Tr. mr",,i
El etfin esa {a't< (F(i nln eiqr T('r< rflo qf,ni a-rfur d,f;< .r?l
sL'Fr {aTfE< qnir-c qt:t3l4li Ii<l nafi .qqln eqrn s]!E <{ 'ttTEdi
T--. ^cn< rr-{.-n. r ffi,nr,5?-ei" i.,, .ca:.l "ri-"
f! .r!1.? .f..,. .L1 ;tt-tvt),- ! 1T?3 n7-3 -! %,j ?]3-a:n
<rrq", aC .,. " "'a
. " <* .+- : -_E i;. , . -'-. r<F-; <E< yrj
I1B? ercE rs{n 4ait. <+rslq 6:rdrm, sr irfu {E, 5rir {..,
nllne({l. sI{+ 'lE. rl+l Ell1l ?e-G qs.er ecEf{!r, qirnftfi r
qt&q< qrr+ ct<? n Z-u <p- qtr6T€ ci qca= Ga . ai o ei.r!; {.1
cqir?fi. {c 631"tF iiea n(1j*lr llriqt rTlr: 1ai q]?rp cir.T]
fii6.1$ q{ FLT+ii n= Eq qt<s
lEq alc,I ftrF.i q?In cI r.Tfi
- 26. 4q-r1]l. Er<fi E(n 6r{ €.1 € C$I']< Atatrl] riif l9 L rcnr siE+q c{rFi
i,_-T{<q f,-€{t ({aE ntr< ,
qr< 1i.s13 c'fE : ,!FRl (-!$), ,:'l(Es]s (F) ('fFer;l-qfi]n (Gn),
(,iI5ElS a1lrsl4 (51<)
arftq] m? ('fi-q , fln (,!T), ffii (E), e];;{' (fin), T{rn-tqrr (Er<).
1-rd-ets<] (iTD). elim ef"ri (cn)
]:"lTo 6{q € d.lqJ ei{rrd< TIq cslrK <t<qi r;{.ls BE {.{ ed
r _!1F< <1{',F 6flrd 1€Ti rc'd1'-.t c,1 tr, !<. ,.rr<, F. dli"i
qtn]Iq<
{r n($t di {r5t <T.sit {i1i cql,l 6|< 1.s< {i1F< ma il?u
<T.q qr<t< ,-tr6 4+T lr.< El ql (1i-l), fu. F3 (fuD, 5r< q.i ('f.nr)
?-sffi eli-$ rFnE <-T.q c{:]a, u+tTi (F.l 5IE ,!T). <l+l (F q<
a ),ffi1 (fr.rqR 'ir6) W qi<<
1{ q.,1ii6 r.r-i< (,Lo,!:E$irGft
Tnrlrc ti'Tr<qi {it {-{,p I cIT{ B{EG1 (q- s{ Eh.l), ffi (ar
'{n rfi?) tetii I .+F s a4j4€ ffi1q, 1?r|! 6ai flc ,l.fnTn il ir-{ili .l.fd]lr
T&,F qq6 {.< las qiliT.<
'lqik ilfuc m1l rE cs{d. 1in Tf;9 n<
(ddt) i1$r, r< T& qd (snfi) <E{ ffi
r-rt6< rJrrr : r<i_;ri :],.itr t-;I s€ 'Tr1- ffl . r{4. T?,
nrD. E l, {& eryfu< 1BfuE ,lq4< 6riiq 'fl€{r r5r1p fu(.ri Tri. (qful-ni
nt]li5i q<i laailr"l< r6+tE< ft,i-Gfus 1q4l B(Er,rIn,ll {flik c
?,Iffi|{ {"8 e's+ 'tfie (t)oo ilrt f:<) qfu,n izd<tr-,llt q:l{l ({
?i c,rr+ts ca fiFfi qr< qE ftfi6 .!T rta' {I{arr< qsrc arl clfi. ,!ETe
erfir flfit"]idiln (Infii+aliqir) {slERt *-<nF
sTqM. {st, ,lsl. , srn, T'fu er.o.fu-o vlqst g. :s, :t. ro elE6a eE
<r-{{li a13 {r1} ilrc.tfi+ r$rq fficl< qt"t <l 5tfi ctTfi.ti E?rl nlirg
j,rm rq.rlt. infi Fiie <r atd mt fisa, irfr i{ ryF{ st{n lea
uE.] "iq?ri<a<
q]I'le q-E,rh3 cll-i (TETtfi !tii3 lrl<; {< si] e]&]
+1.r< q<rr< fii ri Efifl -rr9] Ffia (:E< Fci qrrffJ {isr t"R q<n s16
jil! ql'j stB 19 . E.F'|< (E;-i q< li(E:q Ei q."-i Tr.qt s< (+ qo q(,1
2itrE. qre {Tq{ si-ii.9 F1,1 aqd s"lTcs }otia 4 "trcs sr" s<-
cntT'K kq]j <T6E. il.T5 cq<. q1 (Rr<<e qqirr, fu" 1rsG qi ersB ?G
Cr qfii e$inTTi aerr$i (Tnii,. iTq et€:< I('tc €irfrE 1E-. -t< cj'Nlq "fl€{l
a'rF )be q {F ffiflf.i*< qe'f.= rq$fir qftlq i an .n". rr<
,df,r6< {]ni1< "r1[.1I<
"To
lf'& e{t .!T1e qrs (R,rdius) 'll€s ('iaQ, {re
- 27. 'ifiifi 'r€1<
q,'srqrG 6,r F.tn 3-,np qsln i6|F 6'i 4D qrs fi fi
fls]{, ol<fi Eril <s {s flis tr1l q{ft! G-]fr ?'I(T "1","f -I< fii1]trEr
qnfi 1,lfu ft.r'Rl El'l€ i$ {ffi 4Ii Eq 31I$ I]5t;r 4B[E qi ..2r- {.i
<4. q]Io< q]{{ ed(s e:rri .r €j{r 'JqnE Fflo arlraE, El fhi :iT-e atrg
'ia< $1<s atr's {aE. i]Isi sT{ erd {i"r5I< 1iRr. aaF,€ iir.tr 4{]jks
q{{m q3E <-riliS E.l Jr<i ilIE< e"l € cn,l i?Cilrailr nT?X.[ {i:,!I f.idli
4tlE{ i?Ig TiI:i aqB <p< ?..< qrfin ft{i l]<t FE d(Er q{{E{l
T(1lspizrl-"e EE E{
.Etriii r]11rr". iri ("r) <iil, q{i, nz] (c?rrl. a. (F. {!r) elJii
nlz ffi{ri{, ,F 5;ii.,. <r <<r+< -.*6 eE 6{t llt sv6n itrri e]n
(aE-a), i-q. <ft 61Er !6n) ,.1r1lqlr]); qnr5r.r. I1l ,{r ('li! l?a,t!),
:fli (4E fu--ra). dfr C--fi q'3 lroi€r]ql Tr <lfr) er.s-si ,r.t
nl-<itlnn iiT TcraE ,r- "rii{"teF iiliri {i,Erltr etltr IE'[- {'alE-;
-fuT.it le i"ia r<,. fi iir+ &,8.1 -fl <"T.E. 4< (a[$ fi{ ri.].
qi-n{. {Fl.ll- € iiirr'or< Trrl riq?ia ;-trfi T?r ft- qfirtl &jt;r<
{(n j3}l {"lrp q'irrr 3I'r rrrtl Esrr< € ffisqrft ai,m< drn+t. 81ft,5;
p rotcl ise< lir =,?+
qll. ftAlr. D!iq. ':+:1-1a !<i :. s. c. it. s
qyi,j n]rlm r",rfiE etu€ {r"{!r i-E
qe {rf-
.iI,ir e,-B't-$tq crZ+i:t. :r.1. -t{itfq< 'ti'i ",..i
q< rq fi(mCq<
au?l t;EEq r crF5 ({t4t i<( <j{n]tl-<f+tql qqiati .tj tl.j -aert1
?TtrhT +ia<F(fi f<ili zu '.qj lt{Ffi-qt']3 -}r+ rtrer< liir€ uI
ffii "fssR e'4n fiit >rm qtjt:l {afi ;:.tTr€ o=jfirq. qfufl{n €
reiineF< qtfur< Iln -ir qr< <q?f,{< ntr Erh -4aE ,iti- riF€
rsle ahr.F r,rir ;,;<r.lil 4rr- 6fi {j& . el fi- fi"1aj q-51 q-sin
?F."rE-r u?r< arc1i.n niF*q ."*F .'r'lq'r.l €"Fr+F t-iiit+ I<9 (l(
T5 1.s c 1qq1re3
qiq]3 A1T 6s{ {il
- 28. frq{ ffiruEh
{RJIfrfi
lqfi s Qo, iw ql&! <4raai lt(,a q(rfil Frn .rg
f<E I qiiE qiTl (cr)-
.$ ,e$, ft (p)-m E?,
qwr (r-.$ q-i qn( FTal (K)-(o T& TCa fir
qfl <p I ,!n qc? qRii 'qt<ql' qqtiti 84fi .ffii crcE "tt< ,
ifrr
G! .< (ftjr) qGT (qr4r)
ei)
Tl+ (flar) trll (q-rED
.r .o +i (r nrs
too J.o
'.qr4€ ar{r q<-[ i n-i,u< qd fffi- <E!]fu <fi!'i FKq, q<
-t. aar4g ni1qrF .!T:1 ari'i fip! qrg lTt :ir..rao q1<B o.ftil nn
i :?,?, .rt[r .".,....t. < irn r r. 1.r ., -'..3 :-n= R "- ,a
{]l [il;e]a. Etm's, {iT 4EiirrE rl] Iia1. [.163 !lr]r <t< ( )t) {l|n e-r
lce a;{ri Ir1i6 "alt< q,q .rp EFt )i 1?-< jr E-11 t) {<.|4< fuT{
e-r i , ? . . . ! '-'- !. t, .i " . "'f..,, a r,.:.=1r qa
..r8. ) 6]I1E ). )o. ).o. ).oo ier-iq $F .r, i+E Grrni-; liT 1fo'
5itr, ) i e 4I< 7 . ,r;i: : a- )L : : <.r )
taa )oa o.a -i(?1 ta.o 'l:18; ... qis]I< ?i6i rrlg lr-1to tnE trrRt. I-l
.aj--4n,-"'6. < '--. "+" Ci-b:.. E.r. "a" Ca- aAl .<",2
Fii fi-lrs (aE !8i q-r < 'ra'flEF
eic{rs- ri -ttl firl rtrE. nB
tt<ri.li.hEll] idn .ti .tp-a. !,-!. (r.l fil=al :trE- )rrn a.r[1
"rt,]
k{TI'j
el El,l i?€ n-6 -?l
- 29. (<|:IF ft1ri 15fucE (hlitlI. Lrl4, i]E. r,'1. "ls3B, 'J'. +lEcll ql<
icitl<3
"-E
6= StrP.- I?:AdI l. , X. L. (1. D 'ql< Mr eFlI a?ll E<
..'-{ t,Lllll ,*e46?'i (4i > tl. -In t_'eafr'3 5 ''Ib.
ijp< qrt .!TF q,ifi r<t{+ 4r+3 ii= lil]I EF Fd*, :r{ <e eislr<
1ffrfi q]I't q]iG F1 <ftatr (xl-t DAi.t, ,!T(""<
=(,1 stifu qr <Iii:-{
rct +<i; ;llFr.n,s< o:rl qifu qcot <ftc-.t rt Dl rrru q< qtor+<
qr1 qEfu ,!F1-; <Fr(]] lat ) {{-,.1 (irl a ?f- $t1'1! <i ,!$ aqR
,art tn"is-l ().8E-) €,o-n {Ft< T[a]il ,i.i.l (o.hi9),to !l"g.an
l! DILI. ': 'll('l I ,a< r?r 2l-! '1- ''4-- 5(a. 3' 'ql-'
f."Jr r.. f+'i{l FI<Frqi ti"Jr tc F1l< afu ."a, tl-{E qll xl. (<( xc
qt< Ix a< linr< irFtrr Fr! <9 'r<r,!l
Frll gr<s <1lar':ti< < fir:l
_rtll <r(!+ ,!. t, 4<t .{n,rtn 4-,.l] a,-< 2--<<7..' )(! t
ie.{i a+{i -fi € qt-rq {an {"it< Ifo{ <'- ,t]1< q+'it ,!+- F. iii{.
Ft< qt.c< EE :ri.,!+ rnt <, irr qr,'< "tro
q1.4< ("irsli)i ql< E i.
idl flgR {ri- 1'.1r.ift{rE (. t-antT. El 1< r't< faqrr< qqlF<
,1. . 44, a<. C' C!< *./a- ,4T:- cJ< d'nr
' " . . r'FFrn r a:
-
,t' < n-(<I-. :.. tr-! i3.ca t: ldt".,riJ:m tno, t-r,
"u
1p1 r..je.,1 c'< 114 +a< .'uEqfu a1.:t 1 r" .ft"ro 6rq <!otz<
q$ {Elti{< -lt&r viltc ,!< -.ri]'r'i -Fr5- .,a< fi1zE (6rJl rl[i o .!<
{c,1. (€ fia',{ l) (i rr-l r6"Itir {Gl itE{-u1i< gii+. ql< 1fl4 M !l<
rla. a.tt !] {aq {5Tl<. "'l-. 4:<} ar_4< r. :': r <. :i. q
"
4
ltqE E1'l-. (r[n {< atlsr ri]ir { (_<
4, {.i51. ,!l:l .lt4+il D srl rlcal {(4
it'-ornl< ! fra. st< r:j"r'trr N1-q< trq <r4 aidai< liF {c"J <ifi-
aI,". .I- i { -'.< .a{B ?r<i. :X(n.-..'r' r-:2F:3 r- " '("
rr< -h1 t:Itr'- Fll. ,fr. qn. .'w 1[tf7. t', ' .l]? a-- -17< -aLt3.
.il'rnr .!cr4l fi1<]< a<"ilrc 6t= r+..< f* eni+,.1'E nFn- ltr:r(s
<ai<tpal. 6-.n aqni =ft- r'rairo qrs< Grr tiifiro< .-re
'F.t?' )r1:r.t. -.1
. P r":r1." 1.rD. craTn.a.;"
xi41 irj. 1I4i< Eit qflal iD? (0) <Fal< -{<'.< aF{o a{'. .i-rr. a{]{rn.
q<<i i,-]ii.rs,s --$i r"-il+ S"r'tA< q,re-, q--tEs [ii{C 4< (?,T< i-1]
-tig nrA 6" qr .J1"]< fua, ,!i q1i qmE nrr-a c] af]ff taliB i- -i<'!
qJ{s Ri,,!l a.J?I GlIs .4tr<.!--6d elB {5'< [E-e 1Tei3 <Ea{< traS 4ilMl
:u€,1{ qrr.fi q<-tl. di .. rE<. ir <r<fi T[il :rF Et] {r+
ia. sl.rr ,*i +{tt:l ,:+Fs aorn.s q-n r- gr-4rl
"l
ii4< oEl
4rfae E-:l qll5l L!T+1i .€"eT JT,]l, e--<,O. Itfrl. ,<_r nBIa, {<i q-13€ -lniil
- 30. aF"rl€ ffin fiI4< liil]r< s<!E fr- T{.{l >tT{ a ggl< Gfi TEFeIqr
;;IIqi 4ik Tit Fl1 .nir etf{E €r?ir Etit4 5,{i "t!{q ,!s, ,q€tl mTai
) ei ?ftn,q
'i.1,
yaT {rl.n q4r{ e<( rE?l 4irn ElEl< fiF ocR
€lt< 4lt4 ;i -ra q3 Efi fo +r< >t{d Fi- . -lanp,. ({rot ai:lr.E
leEE Ttfli Ftci Trr{
T.n TFT JNE XZAr (qrd .. ).
t, ... b rii tslrs 'x13, -; "6.
e.llE ,fI<, qT< L!F.I]'1. Ea.I, iz< h-aJ
-r"al qqr< r:r -t€ Ftr",raq r: q<,s
Er(4, i E1i,i frTir rr6lr{i, !t<
'r(r< ,ltrl<. !-< 'trn<fi EI.t<, EiTl
siirdj ei s< 1i:' stro Flt<
E1iitIT tit4 A-F,3 )l-r,tt qtffi< dr+
<lrlIe <41 adt tF alqtTr fuaT f,ir:rft
qm drctr fiq. -f,ii i-n aroF I][('1;I {isTI< -t{n Frrs {Eh qrir
"f{cr n]r5rfl "r,R Ft:i yn}i qFl
dirs qi .,-ri ,!.r.Fn Fri]5 s]til Fii,
ni?B si a<.rn {i Jri Eiii<
q-rr,2lql aril q(<i aEri n ?E qfi-ItirT ,l(r,!j iirn rEir fiel.r E-{ F.l qt<
ql] <r lon qi5R I]..z{ qffi ,!Q TeIrF-i t rzc} Fr_r< ,rn o*+t
- 'kcr <g ".< * lc-a -_. ) 4,_!, j *--r-2 ,- j -. e j ae[. .'.,
-. :- .-t: '>-:. ,:-.',.< rt(a , fn {2. rF=-a .J:7 ,3 c n a 1d:a<
aFEflq {[ ]iilrr r]1] (ort nqe q q<.o, or{rq rit- 1<Frr Fil i qti.-
q4f 1T {0) ({"n 1E q-irh. {l 1 F aFa<i ,.- .tira{ ,J5fon cJfi
.!"1. e< !T{] litFsriTn ,iEt l-s q<qn <i fufaF, cqet+a qtrfuo iF
,:.r!1,,-tiit"j .qFi :]I{ i !,<.rl Jrt qq]il-,i, Et6,t< E]rs;..3 sllE -E. Fl-
,o:]f lqli au as qqlTl rqta ,rl< F.aaci,q("1 c..a rrl]]: qtd grE !$ (?.ra?F
+< ";i= i{ rir-: vr -51 {l 6.Dt T(6! qt--trI rF , ,r< c<il 6t ti:<r<
<l TF {t",qR F{+_ri etag:n -TqgiT (+Fe ;,1",T ja4i clt- aI lIF.c a]
E.fi.r el"fiL- e-aT,] -{t {E _Qffi Efu.e- il ,!l i11:i ?EfiI- ,+tn€
lrr a,t fte ,ilaai z[n< :r[{< q-icq! o.< f_i- fl.3 qai< qtzill
E-.!_,1'Ji .!T 9'l T-{i; ql{[4q- qa1 F.iFr+ lt].r 3r.n .a[:]IE ,!Is
aa'r ,<-rl,t c.i-e]l,TT $16 -"ti
:lix,r.-rT l;i]Mrot X< ,qaql n-_l {t ,!rla
- 31. )oc "Ercm ) il+l! qlhll-eTlld< S] 4- 'i{{t. Ei 'r"r:fl,
,i]E
'rT{1.
I;3
':rr, "i1r.i "HI] s "i?Ftn 'Enri Sr rE cl]r(q ftq< li1<m ln:l l+rr<
EF ?(T 1.il4]i rri. utsn< F1 €q qiaE c{(E @r-aai .l' Brcl. et6r< BrTl
tsii ?"l! o{(o za irri E{ qr5r< {rrr.r fun -ar i6{ ?rm fi1"r<
qtqr'ti nLl
qal< {ai R{ q1 eiTql<
<l T<liEr
q$fr e:q16l]Er fi ijrfa{ E a.I q{ Fir{r. qA
ig.n ,!4oo tc L:a {-1rtan
t3<. .!o.ooro f irTr
ig.iir ,!-orst? 1t€nr Elrll
ig!r- sarsr ? q1
'rirfl
iq 6fl :rr"p (n qrrlrrs {(q qTr6i 9l.i Erlis ?t FiI.i] qTs
tffi]i. rmre , q Fi,n< cr qlfin Als, fo,, r<mnr< <iqs flm,(E,n
'j-.fu< crn ]1q q Itr rtEi a<,3,1 {re ({Ia ["i i].T< {an 1ll <fuar
66 frl ql ,i]Ii< .qvli aari:i {]t(qi {< r[it tr] < qar+1ag qq <ft(-.1
.roc r(-q fiTfi 6fl c'lTs
rnn (F,,t rrT6. q? -la{< srr4n T?ti (olatr olT€ rF &c6< s1{< Eqr
Ea'il <ql ql,l ql-ln e-lTao< T$i qr-lT qcrs g(E ("..81? 3'rl E.Z[{ <r
=r{1TTr ar1ll ('jrF. Eri atr fi-Et lilr a,,!.-o .!F. !l. ']i
€ EaTri fi€ fi1n
Tm iia"i
9{
/l/ + bOne Two
q+ EE
fi.jEma.< EG{c-o
- 32. q6{lr4n <lqg q{{lrd< aR .!T -lETfi "r(i fl 1+ii ii+} rqq'E
+irq< qr6 ee]< ufim cq{ "fis{] !T{
+ 1 ,
I
qt<l< qr.rT.+< elq Etafft <kr< 't(<.4fT+ 11rtri eqIrc C!,Tfi- arl"flr
rq{ {l{
4
?lZ5
qqlFi cql? {f,n' <, qfl <J<18 lilli]eF" s'l qlirn B-116lll ni",i
fi"ri? ffi{ qq .6ls AT< c11l!" 6f4(,5 Tfo. 5'fi evt r(,sF€ ft.'li
iilfi s'i ,r{"I {(-.r(E ,!i c..t-,+
qi-zi c<t<.l .'ir. -fi "i-fu ?in rl]a T]3aF
T.< I(m ftlti-"]Efu rE r.{ft, or< q+?,1 f-r F(1 Tal m a:1. ll$l-rl n<n
-roTft< q',I'tQ ,gRe{r{ -6{F qqtil< e}-i <ITfua qlq 'ils { !r.ei
a<t- wdq qq1q 1fi-F, qrE-{r11{3 qqjfl[<< i<JF {i{ro fqEft.
)rr _r3,Fftr. b t0 3 d1+ _a'a
: . ..?G r '. eJn-A7 .:3. ., :llt
lqn]3 3rc13;(En Fa< u-ro sr=fu Cet ra +ra. iF aq5rl<crrE qt<Ti
v .g lllfnq 6"rft- <,"Tffi sT{}l FiaGf"i leir c'lzE. qzE ,trir:lrTfi
T]1 <-r(E 1iq]' qr<.n;rr e+! Fsm qfifli <d- <-arE 1r1 <] 'rir4' (<
"rTitr fr}r. ji+- crno 1ffi -]q ?lT[< Lcifhe]r (I>r(q 'ii-a<t'
(Zerul -t<ie "iafl!.st< iil ce[+i ,914{Er i"i.t Eriii fu-{r< 1q ii]ii<
e-{]lr ?-mq ?r'r"iz<l'. -r< rlrr4 qmq iirrG -T f:L{f
rr<F< F<. rri !'Ta 5-r {.I} 1.6, ,< 5-aa. c 5A 99) ffi:+
!< !:rtr.r <qarl {.<rt i'R r,firfl'1q osro< fm ei]3 aqz+ edf,it<
- 33. rnrrpm +ie ,9<r Bsi Elft-.F] (qI4 lm-q ,r-io rie ft8.f qfi< E,i<
,l]{n sfub qc<fu{i q:: $$nq qtr<{q (al{rEK. T<,i.t) E.€i qE Tl
(1r$ c'i{ qtsrq rc< cr"m ee qelil}v rgro ?l"n +rra Ocfut€}
'lTfi']I.R (pilgrim farherzvi<) qI{furrir q{s<r.B
"R
qtq "r{s ls <ow<
qs'l- {(fla. 's.Iinms q1toTTa aian {{lin qfrffii IT-A EITE-4
qr4G's x'it3 {a4r :
qrrKr q.{s ffi {{rqtr Ftlp "tft q<t 6fi5sci F!-f{ {gr
f,jgl{lit € Elrff e|{& al.<Iqnt ltg € r6i< E1< Flromii EAs
E"lll Ectqd FLrlpIi (nn ft"i ,jtF< iE (w.tcr workr, gfr;t
lls (canals) q<i iA3 qlg F{dq-$fi ffi{s € f]ir-i-qrTA<
Slu(e, trm 6r{aEn !6 6?m ffi-" arro c+< c :
q€r.rl5dll< rqd qrqj <fi "i'qFd, cci ]']l ;l{ll {{rqE €
etsq-jr en-Fler ?A-TII i q&iF Tfi Rsllt< qtI4l qr{
r<rrEcq{ r qtra{<r ,ils 'tfiserr< r41rl< qt-< ,rFtc c-tT<
T(q lqfrtiE fisn . ftr-, TI< r;rfl sI{AnrF{ TtE ca,fs T(?,yt-
1i?,rr< r< ?<d{6 "rE Fm +mQra. El s cnr{ er<fu
r'lifuqa {6 r 6'tE fu6t:]. ifsfqi,i., q<s qmiir cqrs<
aqr< Eif; <T(q. eR &li <6E <r6q ui ?<?fus frsr ffiai
e|gn< ,rf"IFls:6r{i v,Ei l
!Ec<t1 Tnr n]TlTi Tr<FrE {sftR"o- Tsf,fi ,rl:T< ft6fi qtE. ET<
i:<l q]ti+el Erq rt,9 S6lrq ffif"- c-rF< qo"f--t
"fl-e1aa
qT< clrl
q{,I .!i {fl{r qo< e]Ero< 1t$ajii }r{14 .jt€:n c'lIp qqrq eFB
cefl tg"t fil efa$q4 lgf,flz,j ata{rqn n? ,!i Bi-5 ft",q eiqrit q<Fio
a<r< ,i.<€ nq "iErA {<< sf!rcr"'l 6r+? tfua c<mn rqfut ir+rV q<
ifl1.; Ft<cl -t3i q? "i5fuao .{Fr'fi E (ffir .&f; Tad qa< 4< r..X<
.,T<. t1." .r_d: C"! xln dr{Ep rErT! .1TF .--F i'"1 l}aal-a
+K+fr mr.J ql ?hG Ea F{i i{ <s]{rear qi qrt "jid <6{]In
q]{rrs<
"fl,1Tqm ,{ >rq6 fiTFr !'q Et1 qflr;n aL q s ng< E{ q
:i]<sFlE riElqli
'k :tslil ?ni (]lTtn <T vr{<i-l:afl ,r5fi;aE lcr6 eq-s]'l
-<<R 1?x aD? E'{E{ .!n mfb lry]r< sftft- ars ml.l ,!<., {sF"i
.t-til "trrs
q4iq qr. qti .:r .Id[4] qr{ 4'raal q1E -|al&? ir.e -
r{< (i1ias {.n li] Etr. qr6{ a]I't c sitq !ra< e:Frh-< 1iflD
efuq.fiAl {4-sr<r€ ({n ,!l laq il]]nil i.gr"i -.r<te tmnfr qt{{r
,lf.lre< iGqr sTr<.i q{aE {rrc nr<i<t< (EiI- eul, .!-nnl5r,<fK
- 34. frot<la c <F{fuo afuql , fu{! q"fl? e T6n a,E {ar e{. -F{q T(o1
Eri 'otq v.lls<' T(l, {{6 s li-sriIT{,i <T "irg rnE asF.3 qftq<'E
rit <ils o+it 1oa 5ftofrro ,i {n'rr<a rqnts .ir. ErrE? qn't { ?rilc
a qn? Fi{ sl-i rr{q qr 'fiist< <{ ,rT{ l
,lrrian VaBl F<l alr(o 'itt< c{ q?z$ft ta1q"qhG q]igile eflfi;Flrd
uS.rir$n i-{fu fu4fi-, i.rr< srm cTE n<q E{. ,n {iE ElrF r{r eqT?
st'i6 c Et"tTlliti t€t<n E-{ft .9q{F{. .9ir.tr <Ei Efli5ts il'16 Firi f.iqr
+r<q -o"ns rldi iTq c t a a?tz?F Td+1i3 qef[ ir'.'is Eq"l]rin s+. E{fi
omro otef";iqrt cigt ai!*t a,,rs {ro (d<ER $1'!o aEli q<e ;hra rsr
Sfr< ogd,iolfi <t ot<€ thg q[l (,[ol +1qq <arc e+ +-r<Eq, Fila
?iz<nq qE rgi.i -rE]tri& (nF9r< TrJq iEfii €rfirrr. q-]i sr<€ (4fril
{qn "iI3
ql"ll{l{i 4lE q<E {{ ,!l 'q[,1
"]--31 Ts{]fi< m1fi Ea
qt, q< {{J Eq qks le<t., lfrrq {il ,s {grs <ifu ErlI ql{r< "rrq'
TlrFfi c!c q<lrs,i!] li- Erlnflr t€:flft 'Jnf1{]I <l "flftTd< G.k
Etri5 Frll @
liT{ F-c|i etalF ,n1 <t ll]|fi]I{< {r<qt< qr€ {a nl1 qq{6r d{
o = "9. ;'. .!t!< --C! < r'.-n FflJ:( i Fl <-I<fF ,-}. irB)
qqm 1n "l{t<c+ 3q-qFl'-(< ,EqEl or< *, qfu,i]T-Ij liilI1l at'5r
5:IE TF .r,4 ,4 f]-* d .{s :-r9a x€< . . 11 <- in j4= . 1
,,r'tsT<i qt< qF 4n << Gire]Fn+ qstqfi cad *t-qT liT zg1i Tir Ee j
"lr< rircrfl 'UI]I 'rt{ mc{ "iBl <l osfi 0"R T-.lt {E I qj 3"R qa{sn
qn L!4 ,,TiF !fi ffi1 4f4('E G'rqLT rtrli 19 sfltn +<T ri:r ,r,
r]]fqer4]TE fsE qThtqr. *]d ilimn E{, TR"i em,e(.iI$ fi.i lTcar
'<]raefuT.l1i'Ft Cqrn ('IE. lezer ri:t (q..sr aatfl r€q dtiq< {r-l {c{ (tIE
'ilr -ll{r{< :rfq (?,lzii. { 'lqr.e-
fii(.;l -r(n ']lf;T]n(s 41-1 F{' 1-3
(-{sr qcr+ Et aie e- etrq. "r< s,eret coIgiT fi(l lra E51 rr1fi a.II4 aE
flF i -i,fa{ ($ €frs 4Ffr qel c<< fia-{ C{1--n arlzT qEsfi lzi1te ,4*
<tr< . t& (-! 56a ,6a ?'-<3 +go a6<
-, i .-re <Ffi. .: /: !f,d
"V t'ttA.Cin {I< a{C" ,-Tct 16n:a{-t(R.41: y..T r: .< ,"ra.?
Gi<,1r]r, qs"rT{ <i 6nZE T- 1!5 1sE, ql< q r?r'tra E-er-'jl E{
"[]l"]3]rrj G"E (4.,1 (< e]fi;rca ili-s 1sr+< rm "rsr rtE
"r
a+q
<r-<Ecqa ,9qqn 6Ealr [d"ra]< qRli6 <r qra]i:Irs' fi qts iqlq-ir'f
<En <l Etis qt'll T,n i?rnit ,!iR 1tr i ftCG{rG <I+io q]IE .!<
i..Iiii qflq of,irpn €i(4>l< fr.i. Ai <ac{r fl erTf-r c"ri
- 35. qflqF EftLT. 'qrfra { qtE. fi{< ci_tn3]3 -ri'Tn 6E4', ({ ql{4 r?
.qTi lEfuE' {fd ?Eii i:.11k4{ Er q{qrr gi6i? oo {i(E ilql 9Ai
E]I{(lnai,4< <lqsdl1qr qels t!1E (qf+ etB lrr qq13 <!f qlri <?6
{68 <{tr{ ffiq'-q< Jr6fr AlFnr rFi"I Etf i :
.flrIa qn4 cl r? il,rr ("16q, (nt) tI' ii{< € fin iic({<
ofri.fu .qtr<e < ql[.tcn 6FoE la,f. u<lfif4rtr .qIlFr6
ri dra fur",tqn
,!i Ei]lfucj "l]]li:Fr ,,"1+ qm {.rl] (] E< 1163 <ai 1tA fiqiiifi{r
al"(l <F113 T<fa ql<E <j?"3ii2Iqd. ql< 4{n +€+3141 T.T}-_ili }r${]4
-,{q rilfl q{'to F-".r -l qr66ra itqlftrs< {]IFn licr ?idl{.{ ?|14
.ilfl q'r<c qwgd a{ c+n€ 4$6 {aE< lGft r: .1la< $tqr6< !-6q. qal
qR qFE $s< 'rffio o; <;mri EEeq, ii; tF +-cq q qrtar{:
sqls (FFe 1q'ri1!T< eXl$ l;ct eTl.t r{ :lr d
-1d : *. i<Z- .ucr," 1"1', ]p :rn f4:?? E) (r{f4
' l't.'< [r- ] CTa ..---6a --aS .<f<i, e Ffi.l .l : r.
jn. j,-,r
ln) <rE(Ti EFrg c?i.o (n "ilffiffi f], eTir <re (E4r (eEi:l E
ilfi"i ,filTi a'.]IrF€ rlfi.:r.rFrn {Enl lt[IJa,] a.r<-o3? flffi Grrrl
3"Inr <."I< Triii iIaT :il"i -K e.k qal (T
--en
il i. Etr ;Ioq (4{ts
- sn< "l1gfffi an tFrl"rcri' (p.rtinrp.esr) (1+flff-) r{"rl
1p"1;n=1a3, p,xEi1=mrs { {ti{t Erfl :l1.i q{1) i,i"r']I< lin'lr-, +rrurrr
q,i4 :tdifi1iiE aa{ Ir-aa< 1ft4 a{:lT si{t3 +e.it 5Ei'rir< 1.1r 4lr<
li:irino- ,q{l iwa.rj nRtja.i qq<t q]fra stro< ,q:a+ E:tt q!r, c,i,i&
ifr.i iiBGfi{ {<rl ,iil<l T.:l rci€16s 6r* {crlil {i{qi .l1iGB
Tsr ql,"E (rln] rE -r'erirc' ;]F{ }iJ q$1"{ rnfrr {rtFirqi it"r-
,flfift .4rlj i <lFrqe sT]i "rqa:
.fstir(- ;-r o{l {F1Fl iFi(TI
.3a4< €.J< t{:filti3 a{{r i liqT<< ffi'{ -t-rrrF ,i-.t EI]< qTri{ :I?.]]
.E"I rtl:l q< q..s}l Fr.tr <rrcq !t -r.oiiro i+i --"rl raf{tr.< ifirasa
..d 5ra +a{,i b.'r--:, .<= 6< ,rl {.: }-v.ft Ca< j+<. n-<
<i:dt riq z<rq qsT -t-];ta" To.t afl lBfuTjai rr?a!I+< E-<
raTn Tglilla:i
'l{ll {l<i i5-T 'o,l1,Te. (el: 1r,nt 4 i<+: qq fiq<:r-<t
F <r.l Efl ?I1q3 B"R .irrT{ ftI]] it<a <;rft< lr:- qr'fi fiBt Ect< cr
aail csrj3 ql<t< {.1Eair TE< qlfl {(E iITn 6lr {E€il le laFs q<(.
-ri1iaj
'J1iEsi.! iTsr <lzli siqt< Gfi snj;rfe< .rE; ii<rirn da]Zl n
.--i . -raa {)../?3-.6-1 t. /F< nlt. <tFL.rp _r"r1<a
ra!
+nt <4f- Troa i,=t. .f"ifu a aGli,ii. -ti (sr<tq) ,r1",, qt< En:
r--a4]3 a]rEri nta 64 (-rr<j$-n) lbicus r ,!i q|ita:I4i 3'ia< f-l< efu
{fl q.l-cq
- 36. YftffirqE
stfiG s E-s 'tffrs<firt
qnl]al etqr< {re1 {1I({<€ df{+ em|Eq ecw 1fi1ft c<r efl.r'fu+
rfffi cqn+ srq<er qe'r o6, +rm. os< "rld er.vfu eqfu+ r-lt
<l{qr< fii a<., aEfu+ fiffi qITs qc< furq< +:ro ef iL{t ,9 6<"1
n-T{i "m< {qlg c'l(4. rrql{lnq, q]-g{ € fi-{]"lsl <I{{l< 1i+]-1l ffi{
Tsrq< iGEM q{< fim qTq {Irq< cFrq (-F qsfrl {L--rcs ta, (1r.r
"r<
ccnq-$A ql< eran6A +qer Eori etn o"|E6in ,!rE EE 'dt{r-{R"l
qffs {aq q'K li 'Fi Ec--raE {gi lie I,l ,l]fu a<-X {crIE {an ri<l< aP
olr
en ora +r]Ilqc+< ofaIq Fr+m, qq<q sm oti "flqr{< U"r< Flq
:|jiT< qiJ {rr {it4t qs {]-t]Is Firntq; .i(q c,1", fi "iiiseqR sT<h {
{c4 ijltqcn{ ".TFt
.. --ricf. {E{ a-ca PrrrcnS:a cit< <t.r<tc --;<
,!rtq cc I{< 'l.sF< tt&-"iTfui ql< q{]FI f.firE€ <lnto 1-r(,l ('raP L
urrs el cl ilT <tgl< <Fql T{q <TrE, ol-i nn. eli'{'is Efii,ad{ Tql @t<
-iry1i rqq FI< <rn1<€ {fr{ {(T(E r
ftrftq<l qrE qrg< {tr firc< cqra fr.rBII E oa on fuc< wo
( I(- n ,t6ir {!-.r{axd {"".- 6r<c. rrfs "rro
s_i d-? .c?< o'rt:
eiii {a{Iq; o]iqdl m-s ofr ef€-5 F{F {c.ra. 5l< fu, qrgtr
"r.se
65t13 q.q"r6i q{e-E< qrfi {T<t< Flllq1 FFSE aarq, qaw< ela'fm
eqn nE ,{<i Esia{< rg$ a qrg{r} fsfi qfltq
q{.i], qi.st< ra g1i-< moro F4{ 6a trr El-< q{"i cc {r'f<
.4rrrm qlm { qr€c{s. i;rfl <lr{fr+ aml'l (qro €< 'rolr'l G'i{G
+'c<lzml ci !Kr.K €qa-{3 "flelr c'rcq qf,la fir?lq 6{n{lnla, qr{R
e< 6e qls$ cufcq c?Fta€ rora's qtfin afi{{ ffitot{< ryfi ff-r< 4a
(?n:$ fi"ll {rp cq fqliq jn<rf{s e ilft< fi:ftq<r s<i aq "rfl6 {a't<
<-ra rn fu?a: 3l Q
m 6{+< 5 !5 ,_< .6 16 Tg? 'rcr? trI3
a'f.Ea l
- 37. efiqfiIo s4{ {d
T{fi<rq 6*ci< {,q furlr'i +t orq ceirgr r"c!r... Js_6n .JlRr :t,ri?- sr-6
F'1 6(n 6fiE 6<1, fitn <lq Edl< ,6'9 .ara {d} -* nft 1flr'n, 5rR -R
rlfi ,e6E cEn il<l lac:r <rq gFI< i"i1< (<1 ,r!F !i d-l E rfficn airal
rh<Er {fi €ainl fi{ {rRrai< Eta'f< i"i< {<l.< rrL rur. EFri a<tit 'Il! c,r
gffi mda <!1E
x-srcr< ffi rrr wr <tw< al:nql;lr -filq qt<e iIq rln tiET{{
firl] fi.j ,!tqr{ ar*{ {rfi {r$ qs4o{t<t {!;nF rFE-irE qr< erffo
Fictrli ffi"rs{ Ec c'[k-i .!tsr< @rq cII srf<-TE <qap, qFF
fterE< 16r <re! {i{q .i?fclT s- 8 € c qq+ <zr, TEl3 <ra Edr<
{',Isf iI'.q G cfi Eq"ri a{, oT ,!c ryf,f]q r 1as <'rtF@< O,r3 f+<rf{s
M< o++< rur ftnah qfi"rfl ffi <q1 i1to r{f,+rrq< r<{l,mo
rrrdq q{fii Tq
- 38. qift E{] Tfi.tr5 {ifl {6El 6a1R< )t (6.sEE i1< al<G. flG
s<q -€]lI e qfi iiaFi {f,4 4TE T1" ft.< rFsrr Es oElr< itrier4]<
{ct|i fu4. El< s +tr s66 "fi "i <fi 1elT F{l Ee EIneF rlllr ?le;tn
{fi {ai. ET< etl;eF qtr6 ,!sE qn
"16 'rg - "tz< T'61 1fi Eir<
3l-a-Ti X??n ftr li',{.n
"irflF
-iF ,!+ir
"JE ie- qiet1<. rs tgf
M lg. vk cEt: a'<tr< qc<l4t< ralqro .!a riFt.t rt<l Ie -l<.[ qlr
q]{fl el €t'!]qs :mrs 'itfi: iic l;q la'J "j" T€< ( fua qafi T{{rs'd$
4iifu- fint , .!rF ft;iiinae< fuii'< sn] {i Ta..fiqr 4ift- r(il <19 !-
<i9 q{i:< E-r1- "Fio
"rfull,
llir q(!. aFrlF;r-s- ?St ifr (,trg. ffi
r:Irdilr ftn lea ('rq: qF q? 1a96ik J?3;: <-1 soli srorrre<
qs,6 o.1 q?r; s? F."f< -q..,r?- ftr+ at <E E "i,<
=n 5- <ftra lr
{TE fifrc{ qaE ,It.df"]= 1-{< f{ra- fiiz+< ardtlt+ fi{ i rlr:sA
I'slr (tq qfur< f lzn ffi1." + < s c <'i1TeF
'Rd "n€-.r .n
rtar _:r+{(F< -1: i - .Fl,J< '<-s({ :,1 .3.,: <alFZ Tt'.tL ij .a
3ra[< ffi l1.fiErw D]nb' tyEl.nl? :rrEFi ii. i-fi iri f.ri.g i.r."r
r:]-, qr< A Ari kq s. lt (all4 oF16 q--- .](;rc 9fu{ <'ftTGi
aq(t{ fo B'G? errc-
ffil! :latril'.'t.i {a .J'riA lrai etc< <I<?-rfi+ d"i.Ei ft6? <n+ c
i; +<t"t "tiiir" f*-a: iire .i{ {{a{<.c C. ar:. ?f4I- mF. -1-ra<aft
1rr 4q1<i el{lq EldeIFt< f1EfiTn 'r'fuod
e&+"r flTn iii+ n ]flq :i4
arn< ttrl fimil< -r"re,. fFI.j r:i] qcr{ fi>|{(T -irE .r(Fr >rstn'. qt<
nq arla giftin< edE' <fl qi r E];lr fi,.an o6'rEJ e-iiB !f i .!i
s{
=trorri?
iie a.r <i,<n"i q'g{ 3rft.6.r er'n€iil-il .;is (lt{l uj'i
ei'< otzeqff< qlEiq Fifua{ fiai5 ft(E Vn{pr'lai fraa etg qrc aq<
<pr crasr qt- ftfue <.1 {sTlir qir fiqlnt li?r -{4r risr Er1.'i 4l
dl<r.il fi6Al'rt.fi .T+ r ffi € 'Jiif{fui st<.r-+-r aq-.x lFarfz{
6{,nEtr<
.rrF< s.ft,'qii1
"ri<E
r<r< qttrt< qrEi< 4ni .1< f[raiTt n'ra{< ,!F
ft+,r€Erfi f;ffiEm< ar-Etf{o qiffiN s;t-erE.r a4as 1?q EII<q 6ffi<
6al en{f-elT< T(1] {lxl< +3re alrrF r ,.ar G< rl=r< e:i.r r+d gft
-,alrTlirl r -ig,l- Ji.r.rir{ t tqd -a:l.:iAr h? q$fs- .qi3I"ti :<lEa{
T'r-ry.."< . ?rr : daE< q5:.rr .) q ?' .alc... .-T< _rr
lliFr'<t ci r !i-"rr'<fu -r< lo-< Gr:n lri,ltr atqi dto <t+t ;Ialt
q+fi snk { q4qft< E"ii firrt ,qa! Frc tsrE: r'ifl€ Etsti IiF" Ter
q]I'l qifi;r? iiq fu.'iirj .Ra
8o
- 39. Ei;6"5i va. ifiE .alfii (Thtrlesr mro llFE <14+ oi 4']I< q{q"q
E/-TuiIi .1.i"Iflcral qt -r"r-q<? qfi 4ft*r fuqr r iri Er'"Trri<q
-:is!Ef<.rfl4rA Erq6 qg r.c:t i1i-El Er<] eli ilg Ercin Faal q<i qi
ftg'l +r-? <rqilf':; ,!r<i q{Gl; an"m lie rrtt r'p e<m srq,
qqfllr fafi 4rf6 frFDtr s<i ok qtrtflli-t rl. ,Eia"iti ["in] T'l Ea.
']<,o7d,fun
F.{ ,i csm< u+lq..rfdi TF {r.r, fu€ fu6 Tilr.]I{ATi
fila ni nl lFail tlij- rfil s-m.G- rsl fu6i oi;<r iii< (: g trqrl
i.a, rIIl 6arAT qr .{:"? (q?11< mfiEf{s staE.
".ix)
rff rlBl 11
:i' q I fis'nflc e:rlq r31 (tT cllq l:<rE anal ffi rci 5imr. c<
f aitT zltie< ftc+ *r+ t,{i.r , qE i{rli ri: <tsZr,fu<' e:g.r rry,"-
3lrfi.s <--r "tts.
gTifu j?ict lrsq'r 1ie rlfua {<j ioit,s ,!Tqn rF ,rcI
.{! fuE stgti Ere-l< <E< 'trn. -IFrfl (allc1>K rn;rfu< erqi q.qc i,'L<i
. 6t< --a, :-.t .FE : < lE-ai-f:3 { n-:ll]F,. ]T-zT7 !. e fl-ai
:i:j fi:r,+{[.< <t<r'<+ ! .ftfq1- /r,rl (I. -lrr< (F!Ir- 64r k{{
igqmi qair trfEran eE <tll, <tiiq (e[a E<n< €]a"t 6al ffil -:<i<
-n(I r€inFift[J.l e die--r,g< qTf.ad in6r$ ja?:{ir" q-ra ql g
nkqq F(r{afi q1-.-n <E f6cnG'. <r+ q':m olf:rii <q rrft
ffi fu-{a< tn:n "Ffi< .,lF <{i{+u ror'oi?iil<c -.qnfi ln
fP:aFn e7 C,-! ..i -1r, .rL.iFt= F., : 4t--. ;'."3 ,be
r-= Tra-... r:? .<.
:!_
.
: . ? o2a !-4rrai 11.. .:e !<r.C, (r
r:Iq{c {a-a ,r"ir: -1-< rr.rn f.l r_F n <qr tEr.l a:r ef<"]< Iirltq ah"n
.*r E{n q]] (4[+< i-,{(.< q<fi <aF 1 r 6ra }ii<fT+ far<r6sriJq'
tizltqn. ,i rrrr <+fi {a ri{ii-5 1fua, rerq Tielq qre av11{E (?tr:l
rm. st<1l <+- {]<s ,lrig q.ll,Fg fE4 1< r€<. <f{+in Iq (?..a.1
.!*n Tfu]a."lj .f.ir]ll ciFE r.I<ii(;|i: FT3q a ah.i..ii Gmam Llri {q
rr5la qtl (ami arl< l<r3 -rEErz<t q<EE 1t1;6 fi {] (ttr. .?"f4(Ta
r-9rq ,!5nld:ihn riI1f il-in3 fuel< cl iqxr5 r!3ri <-rif-, -Ta Ff,4
l]ro ,fi-G.( q]Im.- cf<cr,ie, {TaT !;]q {< -"J -rri4hTa {f,ifi(4{. {13
i-t-l aiIF 3!'k '$d f+XTra Ti "i-fu r4tr{ ni< i.retr< d{qt<l n3-(E
(16.T< fufita qrn i;T. qrffiryr.n. ,rf"ir3, i-E liilin G"l< efoi,-
r<roi iE affi f.e i il,rilr< <i<afr+ qrfti.sa -qlglq 1a-{<
?:ilq -<l:ri. .;l< {(i si dp-{a elra {r ri.g[< ioia 3r 5fu ffi]t<
"q;4
4rr;. Eli q'q id{o in T;rF {fu. frh 6,I[1i-.er ,t1g. "rs,i
+r<rp !r ',hlqE aszn c/-?.ffi {€ <l r.iil_-+. i<3ir f!7-"r i:ii;{. cli"t<
8)
- 40. lil]I<i 1I lr.< qrlT< <E {.- @{rdrI lihl.g (tqF rr{ fl11tr{ cr{i
irys li]lrercr, vm ur< ."Jri fiEh lirr4ll Ee."rd q{Fqlselari {fu.E
TFaE r! r TFis qJiilia smfi a?,Trl rlq ]I{ 1l1:]Tfi fir:trz"R {q1
?Trs ql fo?{q <l Anatysi' crrr,iio.tc. ,tnotu.is (qtT- q< qd fiIq
Fai fr,€it' <ffids rtlrn .+,]n€ (ttFtr fild lia:Ir.j Frr{. E,,n 1if,i i
"piT[d<
qtrflE] fili.El aI< {l qn qfuT, Et< df4-o Bt;nem 1"..o +zr
F',ry fi?e1ri. 'tFjoc .t,li asti€ l{ry iir:rq q(Tn. Efi ffi
ftwsfrz+ +rr+ [or-< +r< loeftr a ror aca i].+-s fus{Erar-< {at
I-51fu <itr<l< (6ll {a< ?I](€i r -F"ri ffi i"-A--G-.a sEsFh €
EEfihrs (anr fi5]"-"15f;r rust fth]i]rs B{A- {{ ql Fd.3]er{ir+
'tsnvl 4l'lI{R'qfiF]I]I{ ffir 1:l Sr'nrhesis ]I qiIltq
arB a{o iiietrl] €r{n ,! qt< c{rii'r firg:rf,d alcs <<. q nl
ar? 5fnT ,l1' II]I+ r'-:-r! .ff,c er's. a-n 5;lj 1e fi rr< !4 )rei1an
<"t:rT{ fieri*1f6fi{lEi( <.q fugi qF15 nr {+(ei cT!l(!ll qri.l
"Iir+< afu fr:qr rr< Ed-,eqf,i. sri fllBFt er€- <ri aTfo. q a ele :tit
€f{E fiT,.rqR Itr € q(Fi q]llr!'li {qlt ,3 qr4i {]11d< {ir. iirq
s-aq e {t{A d.l'aq]< E-if,!' {aE et]ie= nt q< qtqr{il q.-<q€.rnf<[nt 1s.
-<8.
ga<"nv s csmm-6Br q{]E 1T< lt(- flI{i ,!< cJalcll4ltcr<l
"i"rt{ ru5. q3 "rfilF{l q{fu {figF Us<.r q{(o "r]rit '.iFlrE< r]aFi]
E]igl q]I]1r< r,,-{q rrgor< s@ <l-ss *r g,,1i, A'q-ffi. ftb-s
litr<q. c<Its ergrotco !<i-qti3 qanrg a{41< ?-{ flsrsn; qtrtrE3
ftffi, dE-Gnn, 61iar+ r<fii'i, ,rs-f,<, {<ir fta, fqo&o qTrat,
?@ Sa- ?5 , rr I .Jr€-$T
{: r e 6a : "r6.n <r<1-- rn.
Telqfisi qiw ts"]{<q IE< 6'u .sEI {c{(E 'nfqfie ltr'<qn oto
T]IEI- (1hq rlr{E Fts ltcl ngr< qET< mr:r< ruFq].< $1Tii{4d. Er-<
s,dt q{.6 iitri qtmr!3 3,.-cpg {e
']T{q-sn4< <9 &T 'f.j-o6 sif:iif-+ enro <rqlli+ +ri jir:l'r
+<ro 16o qc"a; ft-e c<Frr-< qr{q EE q{ ert< fufi ff+ ,!s<'t<
qF6 ffirqr qt:! (T(n ei EFsr F"f{ +13 final"{'t.JIa rngT- q(<
fiaQr{d {}ii (pliny) <c{d. (.r flr rT{r.R Ef-m fts ER rrF r!. cl?
l.r< rqlic BG lffi(g< qm flc.ErEqr 1as (I- Finik{ E{s3's <<.
qa?q fu4TTfrli'l1 {u, Ft<.i E3t E ffi< orq< 'lT{r.f <qi q'iI,t€ Etrl
d'!r< ]1, "iffr.g Fiq, e,< arE "]r<, Er{l Inli lsg/-qi 'llq nff-- il€
?f4-aE
"it< otrq 4tcii ?ry (piur.rrch) q< <4{i ifirs rqE {a.i rcn
- 41. q{ ffi {C{r. (",ftrT< fffis Tre]I< {[5 1t{aT< rqrT< .otd€ cl3.< E-i
-.5a. e3'rsrf< rF* 14?IFi ri*. .I-< ,n_1* e .f.{.- 61 5aIt.
ftft,ttd|c : (q6(,ri {p]r 'q=!IF Efu1 <z< "1-i. 5I<1s $-sf cu"
a;a3 apffi aq6q, ffila (am aclf {'Eq EI< Yn:r' aFro qFB 5E
iit'l qK €Tqn fiqtE "ifficm ua q (i a1li -q<{An aft-TrF<
T.',fi. q. ,1Th+ 3.;6-a : "o
Trqi 'Ern cr,r= eair drrs fl4
o'c+l r"-fin tr] a{ns qnftfui 3@ liarl'Jr<rzr< iln rqr,Ts 'llerl
{].ir i;F bFta e dfi srn r{ffi (-{i .sln€ EqT 'fl€in m 4 tI s*T
ci:;r'. <t-11 as. ffi cr,fi-cl-< FlrE strrTd ol-TfifT{, 5t< cn- iil<l O'rTh-i
qflri ftrr< 1,r'Br s.qfiar"E ftr:r rl1a ffirl qrfari;fi slil 'i!6ln <5<
<ffi i=ro AITq ,fl'l d(i F-j'c iiri-i ai|r!? '. L .lt' <;n-- 631 1
{I6n I eI<
'lasrtr? s1<q filq 1i* srir {i'?r ar, ,5r{ Itfi C2] (sdGFI{
qgfic"r< {c<ll LlT T6n eN--{q 'tlq
qqco. qm ,rfifus 6sT !r < Eri-
!ft- qGrc
"iza
o<rs c"n<fEtq-.,"t-< eFt.i "it!{l lIR Fjart'fftilTaln3
qF+ Tgl]E il i m qlalrql a]IE qEE CJr4I E{c ,!$?,1 ltoK q{IE?
<< cr, €r fi"m't.lflI{< Ilfn <q ,rf€ dar.-mT< Ta s Vili nT?tl qt<
.'np= "irR< 6sM? E]] &< rg]q ftr{r evfi- <-rE{ qan eI,
q,*krr:s-tr< * qcoe. iira <e erdi rTil{ ilti ((--onlmunrsnr) (Trd
EaFr qB q{.ij i;lrEi r1@{ {[<ll qn5 E{ | Er{ fi e1 ']Tet;<<
ttl
l-,trr< qk+m ael'1 o+-en, qi q. r6t<t frrsm< 'rtiCfu+ '3
q{Ef-5
rr'i-+ *iat-]<ef4 s F-n 5'tiFr< <rtd E.n 6{a e- Eae. dqT _.rIrF<
a.sq-g< qr5o {t FTfieFj ql< qEB ${[{{ {1. <] !'t{ FlEro c1{r+l
n.l. rri {ci qrfr -]qal .d<q qfl< ffi Eq r Ealrl Fl qi caqi ffi
{r,t{rqE qD]fiE Ioi ataEjII qelal iiliFs q,$m ii+- Ell r {<i a+rlc
"ili rSdE (qrY{rEr{<) q]Io "]rs '!i( dIr.F ft.'l{-r.n eofiG aI<
E{ fi3trlr$c firc:i. thsr iq< rone tr], rrqAl- 'T{{ftT< Fifl
qt1i6t< <L<q FRIE ,!i C{.
.,lE$n ETrin ?q-i cq q{{ro,ql q<t m
.r< ]1.r< tssq ccl q{"arE <l'i"- qn a{]ie fifit .ErI< ita rqc{r '!TE
or< .a.rr{ .{ I< es"rT en. i on<< o611 -t1i.s qro E]< (e,t-r fi'!q fu
1< fi'fe << {{ F?fn. q-14 oK6 fi(q6s ls<li {qE rr<, q{s'i
qEqm ,i :rqci qr,io qll El< fi'r"i eo 9€rmo E{ -r< Geq. .!+
rydt.,,i qrl itl< ,lisq 3fnE << r:illit6 eofi= ii1- wlar< fiea
IisrEt<'nqm l.'",,Ili si{to 6F"t ,
- 42. Tr qf i< 'f, ff 1l !l
-FF c({l< sl'll. 13 rr'r e. e! s.! 30
(r"ll nrE {o a<. il .err+ r: (el$I) fiseq ;t. tsXtF< q fieq fu.
qi tEafrm .r li'{.,q ::gi qfs -rc<s -tr< >- T< r-ri i.. ril< !i
e-€Et(I.r '1'. Errir+ ',e-6-..{]II< ? . s a$ :-i1r'ia. ime q-n< '"fl'
is"ta q{ -Tt o<a< Ii:r:r (I=r lrd qtq- 1tR iir. !]l< <tli-c
",ti<
iizqF -ni {h ril <l
i'ipmtJiiqqr Gi"s iii5Ts :t(1l1l qq+<"t +r<&rq.r im *as
p -,,-a i .z 4a-a)?*rG..-{, <ff,crFaa:^ ! T? !1/Ca<C:j;<
{$rqi Tfl ti{e1i qE-r{ f-t<-si ftrsilli nirlr-e rilH q< cors zi{r.+
tld< <rq at +< iE fis;i.qr< -itq-< '(qlg ni!.Tl' <l ;ii'l ofu qre
(414,3 e i<ih rstmrft see: iiErrv rl"tt l-: trrrg. -r +.Ta dnF i
{.'t< -Gl $mF< t?{l f- ar rqqii<r<< ie.ir=: r? r.,a-i{i ela'..' F1i
.ll lThe Nlerr) wilcs ol ir(len .. tjelstltl-i< igfi- 5r4 I
li,e fiqn:F:ra<t
qft:.n q<ri?+ errsz.l
(tj13 fi"€h i-6 <. 'fq. fffi
orj(a <I"t. ?|+(.d q 9+
fim it:n rr.,iir;r crifir+
Xii< fule vr<c 1p c+<r oi
$1niirraa i?r.,t,i<la1<
k{-! 3"lam' ri f!.
fla$ri', tigrqi 1i er r]F
a"j< -ri+E <4rFE .ir"li E?
<1"< G"Ui Jr-i*E <51T{:.fti::r<
,rr,Ai ratr ffi q.lll
fl'r(sd r{ fuyaGri <-qeId" e.
8 € (. !.r4, cqff ryrati
lEy6 a<! fia aElrl !tr.cl-
SIEZ-'"1.{t'ITntff. i'j'iEr
n'i(i: d3 Ttzal+ {,-q<rg
f-re-rq< t<4tls : E'u.t6l
a 1 n ryrqft Ggasi r T{rrt.l, n1=in
6E rrlri T{aqi a!.I :lLq <rl € }l si E"]?
qi*E <'lisE fLnT? T{E rr'i {n E"R s1}E
88
F,rTrr,n{"fi
!a 3' ?3 g. ga ct
- 43. >]r1sl saiq f<i !]r (ti 1?r: fto); f{E cl c{Tn€ :i'{arlfi ftg.q< .{{m
€ 'e="t"flrEli {f ir. a'ilq f"ieiritrri{{ qrlisR {aal R{F {(. Tr{i
q6.llIg {1<qo <e -1a? qFRl lqqr'fiiv+o= TIE< a?lrF aqr{&
Mrrhemarics lgEls r€<-s i;r<ll ciqfi Tr<?"n q(<Er.F G? rE
rlr,rrr' T4ro Fi@F T<,le ',fi<r.{rE', ?6{i. . ?ilrr(<la {< qa1
:l,t!;Il Tq:t:,1, q"6fi qtn (<ltn {F) € <lsJir':rF (<,, -rfu {lil q{<
qra ,r:lr er{ qrltl. lFljl- qrd ,s14. Eri{< qci o'?rs <l qf-ft-s ,!<1
aq o1d aaq, q{. <qq -'nfi {rrir ( rst$? 6trl-r.ll <P3 "l(i fir,rlE
f.? onli@ ,lTts rdtqldi FGi q?]i m-E ei T.r]ll< 6dt ,rmrr{tql,
lri{ '3 a1'n3nral lq <l-ri qafi -n l.'r<fuco ,!1ti.s Eq ra-:rcq
fl?m,uftllqii l:ie'<! qfi$F $1-T{ fii: oit +r. rur:ercr<
fiq< e"rr "rf,ril< .fllEr-rn EEi &-InE dm .!i fiqrg TI<q ":r<6 AT
'rfq.erc<r cT,X sr<"[ arr++ qt']? nra Fn:*Ep"; fu€ Ct{Eq r4,tcT
"t<3[.J e ({ren :]orqcE Ti Ermrr rTg-{rio E1T€ q€q< qt't 1iE ,!T,r
iJor< +z< orF r
Fiam'tii{Ftr< iT <g ,r1<a"lIi :t{i si }trf li(ii Erd1mrn , ())
:ri",!*Tn --9 s eTi- ft.ftr. iil 'cl rora.: qE irz,ir< {+ff 5fffi $qiq
li-tq$ qTaq fu at , (s) ,,r a?Fin€ >.-{o-c.l< E..n caFc liffi e]Tfi< crq
{i!.<l< {qq qc< & -ffi qrlr e(< (rFat r|,! 1- nt'. (8) 'mtnc ftm
qriii< qTB T{'t, d 1q.. "Jn: qt"i:t 4rj s}it <.B,1<j i+i<l c'I4s
n14 EI< rc4 TEr fu { q{< ii{c: i$tct< r:}?l iITt 'IqIFJ Ff,(s
(DA sl,Tai. a{<q tT]E (T<ql r{rc "l11rn,
..!{< q:l (E1ro l;w{ c4qT
':lF {il. qTllq reTi:r<E;El EhR<.ta-al. <,frs,F<.8 c -r4< qT{<"i
!c-i--2r- ,a r,fl: ,Fq f+.. (!"Ja<n ! ra=+. .a{Fa
qxTfln Farc q<re flrmtfiqq+ ,{-Ei'-t EE e -a ?11
"q
qliCI<
T,,.'"-(Ei E'.Efi 'Cstir.t (.ga <l ,nrn -l<F 'i.r.?F w{ [iE- rr{arFE.
qr< fiffi :sErnT: rag.r' <1 F!! ffi ir{9 fugF qt3] 6<EE rtdzFE
(f-lr Il"]{€ (Prrlr)njc solids) dl]F aii6e,!i-n l:l rrdlsE (rI3
It=eem "tT-]lflfi't E'F Ft< flEq ?In sr< [TE" !rr). {E .15ff qrE
'q-n id qrE fqih'iq sift$ri :rc<Erqa r carm qrp rn,Ti--q
(alube). II-5!,ii4 rTerrrhctjonl € TC qroi tO.rxhe.ljon) ilaln:E
6sli1 (Ss t 8oo) . 'snlirt< Affis 1q !:tn r.]ac (3s 1s sso)
s'tqI(,TRlITn (3i: 1: Cr,ol l'f il< tc q1tr qrT.3s1:i aoo mo<
+rpnrE ctq "fr€iE i tra{ (tpn nr3 alzT {rli 1r(-s E:13 qTfi €Jr&<
8C
- 44. cra {a4<{ Gqmn {c{ {ft.,ne ET.fi{ ,s
'FIq Ep c3dt sl qT.rcr
Fwmn r<r--r tfuTci i atrq< {rlas fuiq 'q<;trsrn' nlq{ qa
6frtll q-ffiT n q{ft< <i,flcn< qN iio uorufr:tl' €t'|g
"iftr.t
<<r? rl.ne irran $i c*a 1r:.5 ? tF rFa lb aa]d ;3
Fffirolf 'carcfi' alrn 1ffi etrg "]I9 EQ qr'a a$]r€ asrac
flFrr€fl$ q3'r6il Tal in
-i $. !Lal.t:'< cF 6roa "c:e
rft 6$-:?i 64ca fiyl a4T
qrr*i <iqn Tcfi ffiemi q{?ri rrst? f!-d lqr€l '!rrn fi-i:ril
'-tdt< rcq 6r<q-:Kq al$rl fts ftq 9rf,r Eq rtrlqJ] +rrcca ir<ffi
(-"1< qAh '!sE qtc rB ,!.]r'st< Trcl o"r-l€ ffi gfun:rrc;+fl
ar{?o1r< 55 rrd-6e1 r<1 qr,fl<q crfirilc[< I1nE]4 d{n.l-6sr<
fu3o or< l:iftw *1'< 6{f,En (l qqm (acit 6st 6trr. Eltr{n,
rq.r -qnn t.{<< clz €ltr f+ I -tl r{F s{< li{cr .iT< ftstfi- lTs j< <.h j
a fiI]I <<., {? frgT € {rA< 'q+ uiii=. sqr elftf.i,< errr< qt<lr-et
'f{a6jr< aG EEE o{l -rrF ffi <rErzr. c< roB craq {- rm. -r<l Elr-
qe-.itr6< Ft,+T qtE 6{l {1lF ffi {r<ri?r rFca qrffirfu< e'rffifi 4er
<+cqa at. ffi qqco :rpa, :r*r< r*q <q cr:6 e liom rlG< ercr,-oa.
or Uel q*ffii <" qr< srlili+ q:iq lqfu qrqlF;n Ffl< !T l r'
{{tra Tlq qfl (1]ro
"t]r< crt{{.a {.,1 (s-zrii. -r5ilae) c67_ii ({tF El
ii rqoi r<tF f!ir< <ooa qfu 1?Ft, ra'or (s<qri F6n) [3ifii qi
Brizql mq4 oc<Ereoi 4Irq liF ft{.fi1fir <- qrt{ g<qft q+mlrqi
rfu.] <e3 Trr{. t1 froffd a ftDrrifF< e!--i cl{Gr< q:t'i Et rie
lEfr?s< < "rr qmE 4zr .Tr4fizqa
rqi cqrorwcq< .trE qrF.i+r-€n< E6 ql qrdlii Er4 tt{ar5 <q q
lrcq carlr te]l o u:n nrie q5f{i <ai {an.< ffi <n-ren ,
'.ifi! Frrr< afu q{l1l't E nr{r< Eii, u]] lI, Eiirim !<i sT{ &-e
{<ql q{r= {f,< q4{or crtqr {t:rrifl ,T{r kfu 1&-1 c]-
flT<H rrR <Br € iTlffri< "rErt{
{-.tE <<. Tifu e lfuirE<
{(q {.,48 l.lrijlfi< ,rm{ta aflc qa< i-flIir {T-<q. .,r,it{< &.ea
6* gfGi fiirsi/_q< Fnq{ ffin- Fi,,T- "tal<.
qt< i,tF-< Bfii.3
615l- qtFa{
cSriF fti{] t(E <E Tii{cFr :n?r; Fnfifu- eF ,.i,Fr< .i"i; &- Er<
sotrsirr r+qtr a{lr f- 'qiftrfu< s.ta .r< cl?. F t rn qtrtr< rrqi
fica< oI- nl '.t"l{t*tf{.'fi:t ft1ij,! iler< ti-ln 4-;r- ("r'trq +{(.n
- 45. c:], s6"[rs< >l(-cTc nfu qfiT{ sI<t q]rftlbs q,Gstr elTlq +Tae <<
qnliftF q4rn ffi ar<q cqt< € TBUI (sdlq {{{ (<rU € Ts) <r<a]<
qfi< (rs<e, Ti afitftE hrII< E'i< flk+ cGrR fi.m&IT.i rIIq, l-
11, a[i {f,i nlja eg (F4 Tq]q fia-{ Gl-mTns liFE ffi.t$ >l{ft{e
{<aE fiEq ,:Dtt TI-T(Q qlEft< .lrffr 13i flF (r4'{F.1s{lql <'fcTq
-r6n o<rE q<r ar6 rFrrq < fi6(<-n lieq IIn qErEn 1iFl} qli qiff
iiicq< <Iq< ?q{J q6{ .i<rEs (DB 6cr(q; fu€ rI t{q-4qfi lE,T{ czl si
ffi< (Tt"iti s:rn sa {E il, qia'rEr qFr Eq .Il; lt-e ,!t{< aid (IAe
qlPio r:rF, sliq (< +Iq qri-6 er914 ,lrflfuT sfu'fi s P qf<I-
{a<rs
tBBv (S$-T{ eoo), 3f*-T< eoo crer r]!r+ft ,Frlrr ,!Ir
q6qd ,lGrqas.< qfu[< E,t, i]rs fiarr'qt? f.rn< l<run qdfE-q dqis
Tc:(6: ?radT dF T-rr '.4 f,nn"ri-- 554fl !<. . r 1VF3 3i l l! r' I ' .
ar dFFEE Ti {qii <"*r{is sfllqrlq ,!l Er--rftl-< <i l€I-Tnfi n<r
qftE {a-a ,lrrrq qrl 1ffl <{< qtl'J
"iris e Ts+ affi{ 'lGFs' fili
rli6! 6d
ad<a o"F a6-d'r iqr". <rG'Erdi. a, :.1 r.alLl :! f,n" rrr<
ro<l ei!1 ffi fl fi{.{< d]ql ffii n]E-qrrla ffi srrloGirfgni
]ns€I{ 3;r< qr6< {r-iln &aar q<-!* si Htr k6rn 9,lIE< Ii<ri-
rs:irfuii'q :;Ig]]]JI ffi +r .' fi Er-r sJFl+qrf..{;r'r.{r eJiitl r{<F
sTr.r+qteir< e6gi{ €t{F fldl,rfi e<1 li.li;r Asft ffi<<I-]< ef,'&t'sl
isB ffi< cnce< -r [1r-, lBff6f+ {ie< qir1.B
'fiarcqmi .!6En
T{l ar ('tcE€. fufi Gt -r(,E t$( Tqfft< E<ii6tn i{qr .qi1ifuF sin-a-lE
nial Tli cqeFit nlfrlq GnEmr< clfu.-iIE(-4n. qnl.lerd', qR-lt4 {ro
nir,t'f!- 6G,fiFi .q<( irn ft, liaq< qlftIE ftE afusns rq,J nf,<r..4.-
fio rraqt d s< rFra q,o6cr4lifiei .?Bri ra3illn -zs!r ?Iq ']1s
tla-i ,.+i1 iq.,se cn.FlTF,"- qfiffir I,n? f5- €i sI{.ql i,ri aa,r]<
,!:]a qct{lsq qE4n {{jF]
6i,< ui B6t in.6J,f - Ts+ a'r< rze e]af.t'j qrrEd {i aqr pt"Nnl
qscstrri Ei Erw< ilr l(3 q4&- qr3fts qifif- Fqrt< TJ<45 {rl
rrrrtP iEfrrq< rqF{ e{4q 6s$arrl ll-.oc qrer t,r< ef-fuE Jr<
r$Fe (aF€ r}?fu aft -.r5fl5 qfl E1l, -i{r4 -{ {s+$r4l 4:rErlqll
@o raa liz;r i?.'- sr-rfnfu 'Jzn
qa c{Cg 1ai -F l 'r-e-ar< E?{'t:i
ilq. .iFi? f.:sfta a{t<rrr-fr € ?Tln qi.ni&Aa tiirFifu e"r;.I
+I<{En qcr4l iirE fiar'rr (Fr! a{.r B"]lqft, ,.i€ 'JlFft <IeIrTr ite! c
rr"na i-,!'fu6e< Erftft ar-o4ii{
- 46. E0F6ri e6riTnr' i {{-{qeu4T asin qcn rqIl'k ifuIfi s,{,Te
ai pl
1rE
qi : 3A{ ,tco cairo Eoo {]zEi:raq sl4iir{ .t1i.,r.r-6< {rrE
Td J.{T slTm f,4?' L!o1e {1--Gri{ ,!tI{ 1Ts <i?Ft "neT 1ifiEq
qrzETq1fulll a1f+ (<.{rn q'Etzq]n t-I{i "i3 rl lZ<fi <irrr= rnr
-,it{E T<I4 1zg nri -.< 6.r]IT.tFt q'Kii s]Iiln -fl {arF<i -.9]i {.<l
i-1rit a{1i <riEE 'rillr.l .,fiTl Et€{ q< itrrFr i-ciq-trq ))to
:t-.ur. :rt-,ar"- , n. I j< rr-.r.-.a l.r .J-ra. tiri-a q.zi
q<fi rp,fo --,ffi* erm {< q,atq srnn .i<t3 ..{l<e
irllia"nt qtFn
q{<]n qfi etr qi !-r]:{ {Jis Eit )sEt jli]I' |-efui 6,.,1a qa*a4
TIE r1"l-', lsari II$ 4lfii qqn qt l&"J E rft.;ft qm tsq
'qf.mtl fq< f+< 6s dror i,- ?Efralri qfi i''I<fu €i{<tE Il )a1.
-ft6trqr s",1iq rlgFnr< rr-.ti q{ <qa{i <lq6 .}rq })iai qre 1r-i {,,
T,i1fi€ Eil; oi qtTor.]i- hri/ l$l (1 efi i,,riq qaftE<
'R cqf+
)-'o mq 'Ffu ?i&rE< rnriift< <?r--r< cq.F +Ef,- {GrIE. -T< {r,
tillri! u$4q {il{r plsl , { a6ln€ <-cri =-.e ct< c.Frr El a',
iEfflgm qadF r;Ir 'F5llu< Effr:l' {f{ ofirEe -A r.ri Fitd .sA g{
{Eql r!rf(1. qnnft n+t rl:=orr<rq,< <e-q+rri€ rrir.F {w ,!ij EE ofl
ls ]rvrit< q]-fl:rf,q< itre 6a iBB-s, i;r< 641F i!rr< qtft+r e rjicg<
r..,i.rx=Idi,f,,Tr".r= c-,i--,a 6'T11- =i:f! F= - ...re -.
ffi fi oumi iths -'n, q livr ft-c .{l
qticTiq .!< lfi{ir idri5 <{(s qt:r<t fiiTn l,J "i-io sra tgfi
sln qt<]< El8id €t(I flr< qc:r {r. Frei6< ql{n tii ,,rr+
fffir<l c'iT(q{ 3"F .",-fi-
1E .r tiqrv< Finl] snr- Eqa. qe.rj
ailn flffiui1ii{n T(,tA {.,tr qlorEfl "]{ii] i iia<rr {.a q]i.o
("ra iiaqn. 81tr t,tFro,{iEl s{5.{ll q,?rerl{+ 1+9 iT arl e$ti Ta,ri
lfi'i] T- {s cj rira 'll<nq' er fr.f.r: fis'trqrl srFrl f'tmaE ct $S
1i EIEr[ft+ e8o irr.]. r]1n- q*ifi-+ s.rs (,,isl,,r.r 6fi- fu+a. r!
illr qfl.+l {ia€i< c<v < 4 1i {l"i<ri aDA flF jI[< nrll ivEst .
(Eudoxusl ,!< nln firrTe]r< 6aE?,t{lelt
t{6lQFq , I:mirtrdq iiBTi lqe orq E€. qfu.* 6,.64ir<+
cex mikn (c),.e,r.) .,rar. 6{qEq rrin qfin Ifi 4i.JE {.r.o1iE
, Cffi ftr.< :a .
"-1F2'6.i1,
, -rF 1< . ... ., -- ',-13' 1-1
r4 fra1 ['[Ei. adnc a+ri$ (.tr,z+< {.9 {?iin lfrfi ]€.r,..-.
ji'Tr-rs adftnn
lsrrdlon) fu+ 1-IJT{tre- {-fa- F.l llsir< {rftr: fu6 [i.i n1<k qil qF]rio
8t/
- 47. c*furrrr EEq{ E{. qC< qFT lll{, L!$ eITtR dliTr <itlTn qt(4< err
Flrlirfi flrq c< (..,2r fi{< 6{c{ dit+i qtri ,irglI{ ft.1 ilqR {ie
)b)o c]I4 {ts3r6< .q-.rr-ri (rrryftrrrl ]fiii< ct:r-d fi.f{ F(<Ef,fi vsqE
ffiirit< I .1< (qr-s ftI]< q{F "lja?R "ifrfi fl€lr {E t8iroc {]tE
qE(] fi"lrs ,r"i, $$"lli qrgrt(-n <{< qt'E qti gc6-d foi rfffiq
E"= oc< .hF,mFiror, {rr?r "rfti lc" qtel< djtT <l ta {qT< {i{ |
arrr lri ccl qefia ac,ts s"A ffi f-{r< q{ r",2. qi li<{.t qi ,
$6 Ti yAn .rErft- "fft Tfied etGa E sr1E{€ fu'{rn efre
cri fmijq <q Hir< ,ilri, {B s1t6E 'tfl-s ara rs.r,oot ot
l .1. . Jri. ./ rfE+ F-in' . . Br 'TTla .s ..!@ ..^IU jTTlITr()T<
q$ T{ ffi]fifi-{ (Emrosrhcncs) fuen qIrEsGrfuT aFE}< qrrrF
a+zT i;ia$ (p) riE; ar<q. f;fi End< x< .ilifTci qrqqflot q€ir ffirn,!.
a.F€ {FEro€ r6m a; qf!+l< c+c" qrrrlF ! qn{<.i lt<l q<.fi
ia- qrm-sTa<
",ftfi 6a rcr& ,!l t{rdrflFql .JflAi qffq fa4n ar{
ta,ooo nliE c,ffr.qaEn si 1iI]I< eE -to6fl 5rrir6<€ Fr q{.U Cc
T(r 9n ("lr$ r+fr 91 er:e va q, c{'1 qq$n iEt<{fi+< r{g'l l?il'<
tr< rsTE 36E Eii fiqra dri ffi a{.i TgITr <p-r{ I1ffi i-i (sol)
1.r< =<r{=< .t. r r.. .qr6 #* fa.* rr?. <FF. cF. FTa
"Iaqi. {i c.ra cqrl iiL.l tsril v,<< fir;r.ns< Fr+ffi z- "nr$ {i 1ft<.,r'd
T{iiao <lqEl '@rfu .!<i i(I<rGr= 565116. 11li'
qs) Tfl q{ lt e< qrr
, fu-t1r? ffi- rr1. .)).J r9tria./. T- *er "r+ 4 r1r.:;6-
En qftrl I <l({m q'ez4trs nli T,,[FC{ {€{s]& e ?r:iBFit v.(1fqafi
€"i Ti .,lt-fl ft9.5 rfi<"x <t kS{Cnrn qFfr 1tq 1e. clsl {fl alr
hiF{s q< Bsa re qfuq oE rirv rc+t fual E< qnsi lE qf*E
6{ai. melEl a{< TE 3<, -r< q1fu"k6 {+3s1 fwr er Solsricc or
llrfic ofCapricorn) ql< ffi {ffi (Sur ner Sotsrice or tiopjc of
54r,A'{r/ Coan-a - 54 t- . 4 tta "n,<a C<.a n .,.'= ,11 ,eJfa;r 5.f,C e
c.IiEei. d+t @fuao ftn<< nft{i (stene) n'[< Eii r+m { #+
!i!rK e{< qrl TF rtig-et1< ,lq T]f< c+rae Erir "irg
-il ffi Frc
ftirrarr 0 ?Fr< acirr-+i Irfi lisi EFI Fri cqtdn cr eF E4t< fu<
a;;;;.,fej@=;rn
su$r,ci Solsri.e=-6 r:crii
inl.r SolJl..=nfr i!G6
Lq u rr(rfa{< .<.r.=fi.'r<-
't'.i5.]lIn.i lf,i,a1r 8 8b
- 48. ,**=1i** --'*"
.{sr tt'ne sl14l
I
I
I
I
t
t
t
t... ,lo,a
q-d I re ,4
_ou
,nF .etT {Gi< 1i{q na4 efft <r for< =r]IJ].
q< 1fi- ifi Afi
F3Tlr4i a{li€ E]lI]*]'g r'ii { , ftiF fii TlaE'+s- e1r3166fu-x:r TisLa
.a-.r Czf.a" zfr< a.f..6 T1. E! cL{ IIn 'a-. .--.,a$r <tr<Ie- r_C{n
srri:+rrqtfu-lr.i fr< Efqq a<r qiFoqitariil rrft< Etr€ fic io<-oifu(q
't(9 q< C?lrs ffi 1i6lts r<rer, itsa.< E"fl-?Ffi. ql-d6rfurrr Ern
<'Ift, 1tift< ccg o'F T,ir lat affi< nfrz sal l:foan q<EE
liris ffi qt<.r 6Frsn qraiF-srfuT ,,Jar tl*rl-B !<q o.ooo dE{i
o "fEa.I Tiq ..1 ., a+ .h c*f,<: 'Ea.< -. ..?- b! n,. 6r,
t'rerar BE<-E1+(fi 1ffir tr"i{ -{a{d ql a4a9< "j'nr-'eq
q!il< ,iD-l
{Gir< {rt{ (i 6(q itcri (i't). smrqfulr t=-r. icqr{r -$]ft (il q)
q1q-rcT.fuT3 <fr 1vt or. ?riir Tin (ql q) c si,:?Ft
fi1fl :tlrp , Flf,.erql E i- sdts
".
ccq< (aI- .fu! Tfctl& d,rG q',-r'.
qr Ti Tqr< q<f.iE ax.r:I -l< <Ftr'5r.fl iatsi, l{]s iia-:r,{n .;lffi >l(q
mrs< srr+r JiT!:li <f q< E1It-elrsn fus. Fm sl q 4t fu9r63 Fl
rstrl? s crif! (ot.t (i 9 qi) 'R-n< T{ta 4 r+lqfr ara'l r.1l ('5
rf"_rs.aa" 7'r,- 1,.?.4a -1'< .<r5: !" ..rs,7zrt"fa
3'aru aqcun itcrl c+m .q'n66fuTF EJqs t'r.iia dijlr .?rri -tl,l<
- 49. qT st'l q.o,!<. {Aa< Ee< EI+Ifi "fi1ir
.ly--rt {]iGR lqe]neq <t
tc,ooo !]?d 16co arft c ii st (tr). BrtEl< ril qfii.m 4fiE T1<
a'-rJta {rrE I
imt'tiqzs< gFllfa <mr +r< (']IF. ii]zn3 n1s a?tr+ q1--an qt:q-<l qt<
ro q? eir< +a hce-a a+< jrr< .!qqn {aEn .lr"flrqfr{tr (Arolonius)
-i3 4{s.n n'rnA qftililb rA,cher)redcs)
qf irqFTlq '
q("l]7"qlf{fl{ iBbl.6j Elcnr.fr( {F{]l qE ??3,.{ aEi
n(< (141 -]{aT Entsiq F,JI{ nr< ofurc fiam .?lT lir.tr ijq 6Fr
r":i qrr ei1 <Qo ffi l;r qtrrFfl,lw]3 G .!1E ?iks FtH firEn.
ri T.aI ffi q<l]la rl,iErqn r.n elr ?Wi.-sr Fi-E q{qrq a13 ffi
?fun Gr.r.F' Tfi6 flotrq {.. 1og qrnt &a. rl fl}r {.qrtt.z< lvqrtr<
e3:t-t +<o< F-rq GTa,J :In iil<q !i ffi nr< nfurE -rjnl. i-r qri
e'.,,fir{ tiU1:rfs(- aBfur6. c.r
.,tf<qq ftq.r qF q[E. FFrn rT4-rn ii]r,:r
, ,"-=r-!q-Cr< .r- m : , ,E? .D-2 ,.f,' $tt <r.a.- Er< a L^ L3-tu
'fii eao ntr< ftcs) fl{rrl4{ln iFkF q6qd
"f4fu+ n ft::: erdr
or<fiaqa. ,=r< rru{ er.-rq-i{trr eg"ft- i'fi+ Uqor; liTrF n:n eqla
!r- ;?i, li{ fl i;Tr qi . f- .r1<A s?rT.i -rorir zmq ,E 6{ ffi
r1?€ >r'.1.1 <6- <6. ,ez< :s.rc 3-tsnq Tflf"r 'rfq-1rcfiq aE6]iu<
a3fuiE (lo ordin e Ccorlrcrt . 'qT Grlifuk +si,li4ai-r {R]1{ str+
a7.:!-1ill1qtzr3 (EBr qa;r+
'RE tci "tgcp. E{ rr"uzi"fi{rl "]l]trar4l.
-
- aa..-<-ne< ,, ,r"!, :i6- ;qgfufn __:racr ,1q.,: {q?li
rlrrln. T{r crll.< i"r-.<i rcFttii fill q3irno- <r[s .r<"
"JrF 6E Er<,,
rtsiiT lrn' ?. (Sotrd figur.) !r<i ETI (E[+ (q"J]rr- {rE
qftfi&{ : -!4n qr'na e:B;]Tlrn<. c:]lfu o'I<l atra )r(s- TiFtI4<
Crt ,rliqt63 +?]] {{< yl(]ntr1<< irFrfi az1 fir]ffi -']1! r.E "Rn
r -ln,e qtp 316 T{ Tt-l-: -r"@ Tlip l;?[T laraoi ,!F !rl]F a1E Ttii
q,F {Cj; .elTr4 $6ni ri,r fta otriiftfufi< o{ l{ rir< fq.ete
rrsi 6fi-i<ri c .snfiin- Ea.r{ ffi qi<rii;aox qar+ir Em:r
(lrie,o)-< qliil-lr ,kfi ,n4rrSrn offiii-q 1iTn I']II qr++glfum
n-'qit'i IC{ iitTt-rs 6a{a C!"nri il-ii:i ittss q6-i-.a qlrn"]nl
.;<re{ i"riFl (-lr q[] qf5fu qi<ifttaT fi(n {r, 5.fi-i]] Err-et< nrr?l
rfto. "j.,ndfrry .!Ti ri-!- ,fe:tx EFstsr< qse nFqgt< ,i4 6{Frn
TEFiF rT$ iT< "ia<
q tTa.fl {aaai {t{j ,1trc,?Errn< Cr.3 -n*<
,o]n€
BEnt Tl,Jr oglfu trfi rl€L-l -riofrlF qtqoRra Frii, -l< q-.i 6Tfi1fu
c)
- 50. LI' ft- l
r--fr nil-r+ ftlF l+{,i) 4r4rr-ri {:'l.-
r!r?.i?s .F rnlr f?r ..r-1 E-6ir T<t' ,1
qn ?i (iLLU..) 6r!- 1i -n -i
{4{iii'Jl-) rarq? ?1 <E ldrn r!
n-r-irF( iedn l{ !ll. -r! T. ='.rq
r.lffi4 -3 lchF (n") (i nE _r7F9
d: Jl.E +!. ,!r rrF i!1 s .-r€'$
tqil€ q- l
.flrsftT qsi (EnqrlrR iEE4
,Eq !'{(r, !fi 'l €! 4n s 6'l_ci
rE! -.r 6.r {i rq6 l1< q€rrji
s{e (Eh n 1clei4 (Elllt$) i
.iir4frc. qrs ,!?! (grPlcr.<
'nEE
.qF
d.F. rF i (!q <G- r$lr5ft- q<li 'r'
fur.o rF 6.n, -c Tdl trra 6'q t"'ri
n r q! .ErEr +n sTE"m3e ret
(Hyrrdbola), E@ q"rJ [dl qf"_e"]"r1Ei
{.6r
.nq ,
I r<la€ .Ec
@"r.ft? sn! d?l .E<!i,5ri< fiEE rE!
rlrE. rfi Jr? .!-q (<!) .i (Eii { <r! E1<
fi.$ airi'i!qn @q {Pa'!boln) |
I sfr"iiqE rsq
cl
- 51. d€]Trri TI{ q{i$ 1,'q--1?qr{ qI{E alr E-dii< {afio et r IE<i.
qtrfifu if.lqlBm ft q{qtr cflI]I&Iir, q< th sratT c<r"t l']Irrfuqd.
E]i 94{ <'irE !;I(rF ,Irr€ri +i!rt 'lFM?{ic TirtE€ qgli+ tir {
ffi+ ftIll< qr6fqlu{ ERq firc,ft Eq fte];] (r.rydrosratics) ,ns
yr4aEl; ffi r-e,Ts (LcveD,qi fr'{.! qli$R TLTi. "llfr 4l-t TI< E'l.n
aer{t< {d qi( ql<€ q(T+ €jp;< {t<qf?-s {i-ad!! qrftfi< +Lqn T-lite
q]Iq, Llory{ Iri<lfoBlq<
"Mr
ft.Cr furc{l (Hied < s$?tiT f?q
ERftffi (lts E]-{1{ {a{ f't.{Eq ffi vffifu5p aq ,!nil lifu firc
sr{(Ti( Trs{ I q6ftfuc q*li{.r (Ffr Ts fi:flq er { I 1i 1t c"n+ e+it
Est 4FEi Ta{j Fr{ c:nm q-c,i< vot c+or+ rq]"iT u"in iFri. i.dtsr< iiCE<
1rr 4Io T13 'flfu T.ll qfu(T a<r1 qTd Er,=d ftc{ g'i $m r+< E'ri
11 1in tfi ({< ari a!3]3 <t<A 4rF]1:I firfi qffifur ffi {€
qlrls<I.ii ql,] Es-{g il.ycr). Es-5@ (Cor-wheel) ,!n( Tltss (purley)-<
aF"fi er<6d +LTr I ffi ct{< Eqm u(qj B€adt Etgl (atr$ ,!ait sl.lq
"l1foE nfiIBrfuT{ emi qnq, ffi Fa-rr.<rra <r4fuq{. qarr$ 1AAli
<rt-< riM<t< €$f 1lr Elc. q]3 fir ,!tii ste (qe) ns. ET{aE qtli
la,ilas Ta'IrE qirE nrr< ,itwr+ ABrii T(aa[d : (T?r Ea{ fia-Ti;<i
ftTllrll? Ecq qffiT(o T{6nd. 51'Et, sl'aI4 TE r< fir< c+n.: gs
',ql T€ aEirr (q{t'. fiil ' e-3! qf+1iG.{ ftr:n<n qc-{a{ rf+E
co"rFt ftn ql€.{s{]st q,Ffili qEM fi1im {4I.I{. .{tEI, ,!? EiEt631{l
asl {q a4rs <1 rji${ ("Ird qIl a{a1tq @rE qre {q clrrE qa c{s.
qt< <p f4s Eqf, q1I ,! q]{5 {F-< Bfi ffi 5]qt< r, tra-TGr< {gal
"rl r* q r qffifriq q*q< fi{ Gra:Is,eFl $i.Fq (compound pul
.. "'13 .rrn Il? <r= <!".ae< * cR ;*.,,6-'t-. -IE Frt
opmqfic ?tr< itr< fia,th Erre EF o{4, {an ?F. r.rn Ei TA a r{6<
Efi ftil{i E{I,
qliliEc F-nrd ,. ir6i ,r"tdtat <r{a]tr G.El,| cltrrux (etsi
fF,qrrg <l furt) Us]{n TLTa fu1i at{rfduri rEe-:rz4< Fer< Gsn
lqa{ <lli $ia"ti l?s BEF; rl_Td. qi c,;,slmili ,tin a{E]l dti€ll41
..(.-<+: -i- F- .lrTJi 1'.- t*? .n<< < a-{?- <FC{. . :Id rq: r e.-r-.
ag. qr<r< dicl (ns'it€ (!- qtt{lf+iq TiIT< ,r€{TL-Et $trE a{ti,g
-lF , T{s qqlEl ql ffil "I{T vft .,,Tet <t glgl rtll {et1l €i{q .T.a
A{i # cilrnq< En. q5e qt.iliE rFr. {<- .ff6ftfitr{< Airr<
[.rTs[,] cnErr<t L!-{< fiffi qrfdftfu{ ,!ir{i ilen Frcr h{< srsi fl6cr
Ga<. qi'64-:I {EE aa{ aqll]n n-<-