Inception bangla (preliminary + written) [www.chakritips.com]

Bb‡mckb evsjv mvwnZ¨ wcÖwjwgbvwi + wjwLZ Ͽ 5
K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q Lbvi
eP‡bi gva¨‡g| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`k©x
Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, Lbvi eP‡bi
welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK g½j‡eva cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
07. Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ I Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ Kvi iPbv?
K. †MvjKbv_ kg©v L. ivgivg emy DËi : M
M. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq N. g„ZzÄq we`¨vj¼vi
e¨vL¨v : Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ I Ô‡e`všÍ mviÕ MÖš’ `yBwU iPbv K‡ib
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’
Ô‡e`všÍ MÖš’Õ (1815), ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cÖ_g iPbv|
GQvovI wZwb ÔmngiY welqK cÖeZ©K I wbeZ©‡Ki
m¤^v`Õ (1818) Ges Ô†Mv¯^vgxi iwPZ wePviÕ (1818)
bvgK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ Ô†MŠoxq e¨vKiY evsjv
fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g evOjv e¨vKiY MÖš’| wZwb cÖ_g evOvwj
whwb 1830 mv‡j ZrKvjxb gyNj ev`kv wØZxq AvKei
KZ…©K ÔivRvÕ Dcvwa wb‡q Bsj¨vÛ hvb|
08. Ôevab nvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv?
K. Dcb¨vm L. bvUK
M. KweZv N. ågY Kvwnbx DËi−K
e¨vL¨v : we‡`ªvnx Kwe ÔKvRx bRiæj BmjvgÕ †gvU wZbwU
Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| Dcb¨vm wZbwUi bvg Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav
(1930), ÔKz‡nwjKvÕ (1931), ÔevuabnvivÕ (1927)|
ÔevuabnvivÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm|
GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwUi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ : byiæj û`v, iweDj, gby, iv‡eqv,
gvneyev, †mvwdqv| Ôg„Zz¨ÿzav Dcb¨v‡m gqgbwms‡ni
wÎkvj GjvKvi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebwPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
09. ¯^vaxbZv c`K cÖvß e¨w³Z¡ n‡jb−
K. ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb
L. ˆmq` kvgmyj nK
M. kvgmyi ingvb
N. hZxb miKvi DËi − e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb
e¨vL¨v : Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb 1991 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ AmvaviY
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| 1991 mv‡j Kwe
kvgmyi ivngvb QvovI giûg bv‡qe my‡e`vi kvn Avjg
(gi‡YvËi weRqx), µxov‡Z Ges cÖ‡dmi †gv. Bbœvm Avjx,
weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z ¯^vaxbZv c`K jvf K‡ib| 2000 mv‡j
10 Rb e¨w³Z¡‡K RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡ì AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi
Rb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv c`KÕ m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nq, hv‡ì g‡a¨
me¨mvPx mvwnwZ¨K ˆmq` kvgmyj nK mvwn‡Z¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv c`KÕ
jvf K‡ib| 2010 mv‡j 10 Rb e¨w³Z¡ Ges 1wU cÖwZôvb‡K
RvZxq Rxe‡b Zv‡ì we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ
m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ Kiv nqg hv‡ì g‡a¨ hZxb miKvi wkÿvq
AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
evOvwj RvwZ
evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq (g‡½vwjq)
cÖvK Avh© ev Abvh© Avh©
Aviwe, ZzwK©, Bivwb, nvewk,
AvdMvb, gyNj evOvwj RvwZ
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evOvwj GKwU msKi RvwZ-cÖgvY Kiæb|
 evOvwj RvwZ- msKi|
 cvuP-Qq nvRvi eQi c~‡e© B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Aw÷ªK Rb‡Mvôx evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i ‡bwMÖ‡Uv‡ì civwRZ K‡i|
 cÖvq Pvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© evsjvq `ªvweoiv Av‡m AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q| mf¨Zvq DbœZZi
`ªvweoiv Aw÷ªK RvwZi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
 wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ã LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q K‡Kkxq AÂ‡ji Avh©‡Mvôx fviZe‡l© cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wLª÷c~e© cÖ_g
kZ‡K evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖvq 5000 eQi c~‡e© †fvUPxbxqiv Av‡m g‡½vwjqv †_‡K|
 Avh©‡ì evsjvq AvMg‡bi mgq evsjvq evm KiZ Aw÷ªKiv (Abvh©)| Aw÷ªKiv Avh©‡ì †P‡q mf¨Zvq wcwQ‡q
_vKvq Avh©iv Abvh©‡ì Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i evsjvq AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i|
Gfv‡eB bvbvb †`‡ki bvbv b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi mswgkÖ‡Y M‡o D‡V GK msKi RvwZ hvi bvg evOvwj RvwZ|

Abvh© Avh©
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq
cÖvPxb evsjvi
cÖ_g Rb‡Mvôxi
bvg|
evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb
Ask Ges wblv`
RvwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
- evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix
DcRvZxq‡`i (Mv‡iv, ‡KvP,
wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReswk) eo
Ask gs‡Mvj‡qW |
Avh©‡`i Avw` wbevm wQj BDivj
ce©‡Zi `wÿ‡Y (eZ©gvb Bivb)|
Avh©iv me©vwaK weKvk jvf K‡i
cvj kvmbvg‡j|
evsjv fvlv
B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv (cÖvq 5000 eQi c~‡e©)
‡KšÍg kZg (3500 wLª. c~.)
AvjevwbK Avg©vwbK ev‡ëv-¯øvwfK Avh© (2500 wLª. c~.)
`viw`K fviZxq (1500-2000 wLª. c~.)BivwbK
‰ew`K (F‡M¦`) cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©
(AvbygvwbK 1000 wLª. c~.)
cÖvPxb fviZxq K_¨ Avh©
(Avw`g cÖvK…Z: 800 wLª. c~.)
ms¯‹…Z (cvwYwbi e¨vKiY : wLª. c~ 6ô-5g kZvãx)
cÖvPxb D`xP¨ cÖvPxb ‡kŠi‡mbx A‡kvKwjwci fvlv cvwj cÖvPxb cÖvP¨ (400 wLª. c~)
cÖvPxb wmsnjx gnvivóªx cÖvK…Z Aa©gvMwa cÖvK…Z gvMwa cÖvK…Z ‡MŠox cÖvK…Z (Avby. 200 wLª. c~)
‡MŠox Acåsk (Avby. 400-600 wLª. c~)
ms¯‹…Z (cvwYwbi e¨vKiY : wLª. c~ 6ô-5g kZvãx)
wenvix cÖvPxb Dwoqv e½-Kvgiƒcx (Avby. 500 wLª. c~)
Amwgqv evsjv (650 wLª.)
Z_¨m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv
 B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvi kvLv- 02wU| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvRKj¨vY msMVK: 05] h_v- †KšÍg I kZg|
 cÖvK…Z kãwUi A_©- ¯^vfvweK| [KjKviLvbv I cÖwZôvb cwi`k©K cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwi`k©K: 05]
 cÖvK…Z k‡ãi fvlvMZ A_©- RbM‡Yi fvlv| [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb (K‡jR) : 19]
 evsjv fvlvi g~j Drm/ c~e©eZx© ¯Í‡ii bvg- cÖvK…Z| [17Zg wewmGm. cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. 8g †emiKvwi
wkÿK wbeÜb: 11. cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16]

 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv- ‰ew`K fvlv| [cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]
 ‡e‡ì fvlv‡K ejv nq- êw`K fvlv| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii cwieviKj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13]
 cvwYwb e¨vKiY‡K k„•Ljve× K‡ib- ms¯‹…Z fvlvq|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË mßg kZvãx‡Z (650 wLª÷v‡ã) †MŠox cÖvK…Z †_‡K| [13Zg
†emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 16. iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 18. 10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14. †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi (K¨vk): 13.
cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi: 06. ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]
 W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË `kg kZvãx‡Z (950 wLª÷v‡ã) gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
[9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wb. 13]
 ÔAcåskÕ K_vwUi A_©- weK…Z| [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii cwieviKj¨vY cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13] cÖvK…Z fvlv weZwK©Z n‡q me©‡kl
†h ¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq, Zvi bvg Acåsk|
 evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- W. mybxwZKzgvi PÆcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx| [14Zg wewmGm] W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj- mßg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx|
 beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv e¨vKiY g‡Z, we‡kî me©vwaK eëüZ fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb- PZz_©| GKB
m~‡Î c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRvi fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
 AvaywbK hy‡M c‡`ï `ywU fvlv ixwZ i‡q‡QÑ mvay I PwjZ ixwZ|
 mvayixwZ bvgKiY K‡ibÑ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (Ô†e`všÍÕ MÖ‡š’)| GwU AwfRvZ/m¤£všÍ‡ì fvlv |
 PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K : cÖg_ †PŠayix [‡lvok wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿv: 2019 (K‡jR ch©vq)]
 evOvwj RvwZ †hgb msKi Rbmgwó †Zgwb evsjv fvlvI msKi fvlv|
 fviZxq Avh© fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq- cÖvPxb MÖš’ F‡M¦‡ì gš¿¸‡jv‡Z|
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm- Abvh© fvlv| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 06]
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’
fvlv weÁvbx MÖš’
bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW A Grammar of the Bengali Language
ivg‡gvnb ivq †MŠoxq e¨vKiY [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq: 2019 + cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK (Gw·wKDwUf
Awdmvi)]
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn ev½vjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë [24Zg wewmGm. 21Zg wewmGm], evsjv mvwn‡Zï
K_v [37Zg wewmGm]
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB fvlv I mvwnZ¨, aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
myKzgvi †mb fvlvi BwZe„Ë
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e¨vKiY gÄyix, gbxlv gÄylv
gwbiæ¾vgvb fvlvZË¡ Abykxjb
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi kãZË¡, evsjv fvlv cwiPq
gyivix‡gvnb †mb fvlvi K_v
RM`xk P›`ª †Nvl AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY
gn¤§` `vbxDj nK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i bvbv cÖm½, fvlvi K_v
b‡ib wek^vm evsjv D”PviY Awfavb
AvwRRyj nK AvaywbK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i ¯îƒc I cÖhyw³
Aveyj Kvjvg gÄyi †gv‡k©` AvaywbK fvlvZË¡
gybxi †PŠayix evsjv M`ïxwZ
ûgvqyb AvRv` Zzjbvg~jK HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb
iv‡g›`ª my›ì wÎ‡e`x kã K_v
kvRvnvb gwbi ev½vjv e¨vKiY
RM`xk P›`Ö †Nvl AvazwbK evsjv e¨vKiY
Rvwgj †PŠazix evbvb I D”PviY

 cÖvPxb I AvaywbKKv‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g BwZnvm MÖš’ Ôevsjv fvlv I ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯ÍveÕ (1873)
iPbv K‡ib cwÛZ ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ| Òe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1896) iPbv K‡ib W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb|
wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : c„w_exi PviwU cÖavb fvlv‡Mvôx m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi: we‡kî PviwU cÖavb fvlv‡Mvôx (Language family) m¤ú‡K© weeiY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
 B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv‡Mvôx : GB fvlv cwieviwUi PviwU cÖavb kvLv i‡q‡Q| h_v- B‡›`v-Bivbxq, †ivgvÝ,
Rvg©vbxq I ev‡ëv-¯øvfxq| GB fvlv cwievifz³ fvlvq gvbyl me©vwaK K_v ejvq G fvlv‡Mvôxi DciB
me©vwaK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q| G cwiev‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fvlv¸‡jv- Bs‡iwR, ¯ú¨vwbk, cZz©wMR, divwm, BZvwjq,
Rvg©vb, iæk, wMÖK, dvwm©, ckZz, D`©y, wnw›`, evsjv BZ¨vw`| GQvov cÖvPxb aªæc`x fvlv ms¯‹…Z, j¨vwUbI GB
cwiev‡ii AšÍf©y³|
 Pxbv-wZeŸZx : we‡kî me‡P‡q †ewk Kw_Z fvlv gv›`vwib Pxbv GB Gkxq fvlv cwiev‡ii AšÍM©Z| GB
fvlv¸‡jv GKvÿwiK I myicÖavb|
 gvjq-cwj‡bkxq : fviZ I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii eyK Ry‡o Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Ry‡o we¯Í…Z fvlv cwievi| G
†Mvôxi gv‡S Av‡Q B‡›`v‡bkxq, gvIwi I nvIqvB fvlv|
 Av‡d«v-Gkxq : GB fvlv cwiev‡ii fvlv¸‡jv ga¨cÖvP¨ I DËi Avwd«Kv Ry‡o we¯Í…Z| Aviwe, wneªæ G‡ì
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
evsjv Awfavb
Awfavb m¤úv`K
evOjv cZz©wMR Awfavb (1743 wLª.) cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvD
Vocabulary (evsjv- Bs‡iwR kã‡Kvl) di÷vi
evsjv fvlvi Awfavb (1815 wLª.) DBwjqvg †Kix
kãgÄyix (ev½vjv Awfavb) CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
e½xq kã‡Kvl (1932-1951) nwiPiY e‡›`vcva¨vq
cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev mgv_©K kã Awfavb A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq [23Zg wewmGm]
e½fvlvwfavb (1817) ivgP›`Ö kg©v we`¨vevMxk
e½fvlvwfavb (1839) iv‡gk¦i ZK©vj¼vi
evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Awfavb
evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn (evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm)
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv Awfavb Avng` kixd [22Zg wewmGm]
evsjv GKv‡Wwg Bs‡iwR-evsjv Awfavb wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx
cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb Awfavb Rvwgj †PŠayix
mgKvjxb evsjv fvlvi Awfavb Avey BmnvK
HwZnvwmK Awfavb gbRyiæi ingvb
kxNªB Avm‡Q (wewmGm wcÖwj I wjwLZ †hŠ_ cÖ¯‘wZ †KŠkj)
Bb‡mckb wmwi‡Ri byZb eB mg~n
evsjv‡`k welqvewj MvwYwZK hyw³ mvaviY weÁvb I cÖhyw³

01. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm
Kx? [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 06]
K. g~j Avh©fvlv L. êw`K fvlv
M. Abvh© fvlv N. ms¯‹…Z fvlv
02. evsjv fvlvi D™¢e nq- [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY
ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 01]
K. mßg wLª÷v‡ã
L. mßg wLª÷c~e©v‡ã
M. wLª÷xq Î‡qv`k kZ‡K
N. wLª÷xq Øv`k kZ‡K
03. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z fvlv †KvbwU?
[Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb
AvwaKvwiK: 06]
K. evsjv L. Bs‡iwR
M. divwm N. D`©y
04. ‡Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q? [9g †emiKvwi
wkÿK wbeÜb: 13. 6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10]
K. fviZxq Avh© L. ms¯‹…Z
M. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq N. e½-Kvgiƒcx
05. evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Kvi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e FYx?
[AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04]
K. cvwj L. Acåsk
M. AenÆ N. ms¯‹Z
06. evsjv fvlvi eqm KZ? [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv
Awa`ß‡ii cÖ`k©K: 04. Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 01]
K. 1000 eQi L. 2000 eQi
M. 2500 eQi N. 2700 eQi
07. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv wPwýZ Kiæb| [wcGmwmi mnKvix
cwiPvjK: 06. cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK : 06]
K. cvwj L. cÖvK…Z
M. êw`K N. †fvRcyix
08. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi D™¢e nq KZ
mv‡j?
K. 750 wLª÷v‡ã L. 650 wLª÷v‡ã
M. 950 wLª÷v‡ã N. 850 wLª÷v‡ã
09. ÔmvayixwZiÕ bvgKiY K‡ib †K?
K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
L. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
M. myKzgvi †mb
N. ivg‡gvnb ivq
10. myKzgvi †mb iwPZ evsjv fvlv welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg-
K. fvlvi BwZe„Ë
L. ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë
M. e¨vKiY gÄyix
N. AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiY
11. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ evsjv fvlv welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg-
K. fvlvi K_v L. evsjv M`ïxwZ
M. kã K_v N. evsjv fvlv cwiPq
12. Ôgbxlv gÄylvÕ evsjv welqK MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
K. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK
L. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
M. ûgvqb AvRv`
N. Rvwgj †PŠayix
13. ÔkãgÄyixÕ evsjv welqK Awfav‡bi †jLK †K?
K. di÷vi
L. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
M. Avey BmnvK
N. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
14. DBwjqvg †Kwi iwPZ evsjv Awfavb †KvbwU?
K. e½xq kã‡Kvl
L. HwZnvwmK Awfavb
M. evsjv fvlvi Awfavb
N. e½fvlvwfavb
15. evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ evsjv Awfavb ÔcÖwgZ
evsjv evbvb AwfavbÕ Gi †jLK †K?
K. wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx
L. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
M. Avng` kixd
N. Rvwgj †PŠayix
‡mjd †U÷ (evsjv mvwnZ¨)
wm‡jevm t evOvwj RvwZ, evsjv fvlv, evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’, evsjv Awfavb
c~Y©gvb t 15g mgq t 7 wgwbU
we. `ª. ï× DË‡ii Rb¨ 01 b¤î cv‡eb, cÖwZwU fzj DË‡ii Rb¨ 0.50 b¤î KvuUv hv‡e
01 (M) 02 (K) 03 (K) 04 (N) 05 (L) 06 (K) 07 (M) 08 (L)
09 (N) 10 (K) 11 (N) 12 (K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 15 (N)DËigvjv

evsjv wjwc
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evsjv wjwci DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : 1800 wLª÷v‡ã kÖxivgcyi wgk‡b QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nIqvi gva¨‡g evsjv wjwc ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i| evsjv wjwci
Aÿi ev e‡Y©i AvaywbK iƒc †`b- cÂvbb Kg©Kvi| QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nevi c~‡e© evsjv wjwc nv‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q e‡j
bvbv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi cÖPwjZ wPÎwjwc †_‡K fviZxq wjwci DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
fviZxq wjwc → o eªvþx wjwc
o L‡ivôx wjwc
eªvþx wjwc
[14Zg wewmGm]
→ o cwðgv wjwc
o ga¨ fviZxq wjwc
o c~e©x wjwc
c~e©x wjwc → o evsjv wjwc I eY©gvjv
o mKj fviZxq wjwc eªvþx wjwc n‡Z m„wó|
o mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j Gi cÖPjb N‡U|
o GKv`k-Øv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c~e©x wjwc †_‡K evsjv
wjwci D™¢e| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv
wjwci D™¢e- mßg kZvãx‡Z|
o evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj `kg n‡Z PZz©`k
kZvãx|
o c„w_exi cÖvq mKj wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q wdwbwkq wjwc †_‡K|
o m¤ªvU A‡kvK Zvui AwaKvsk Kg© †j‡Lb- eªvþx wjwc‡Z|
o evsjv wjwci Drm/ D™¢e n‡q‡Q- eªvþx wjwc †_‡K| [14Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. 16Zg wkÿK wbeÜb: 19]
o L‡ivôx wjwcgvjv †jLv nq- Wvbw`K †_‡K| [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi: 11]
o †mb hy‡M evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ n‡jI cvVvb hy‡M Zv †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi aviY K‡i| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨
cwi`k©K: 11]
evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyMwefvM
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm ïiæ nq- Ph©vc` iPbvi Kvj †_‡K|
 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi e½weR‡qi gva¨‡g ga¨hyM Ges 1800 mv‡j KjKvZvq
†dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g evsjvq M`¨ PP©v Z_v AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖvPxb, ga¨ I AvaybwK hy‡Mi êwkó¨ wK?
 cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mwn‡Zï êwkó¨- e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZv I ag©wbf©iZv|
 ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï êwkó¨- ag©wbf©iZv|
 eZ©gvb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï êwkó¨- AvZ¥‡PZbv, RvZxqZv‡eva I gvbeZvi RqRqKvi| hyw³kxjZv, ¯^RvZ¨‡eva,
¯^‡`k‡cÖg, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡kl K‡i bvix ¯^vaxbZv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyM‡K 3 (wZb) fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06. miKvix gva¨wgK mn. wkÿK: 04]
evsjv mvwnZ¨
cÖvPxb hyM ga¨hyM AvaywbK hyM
(650-1200)[34Zg wewmGm] (1201-1800) (1801ÑeZ©gvb)
* W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Gi g‡Z (1200-1350) AÜKvi hyM (1760-1860)
hyM mwÜÿY/Aeÿq hyM
†eŠ× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡MŠZg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi eëav‡b
gnvhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB mnwRqv bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| GB mnwRqvcš’xivB iPbv K‡ib evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`|
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
Gi g‡Z, 950-1200 wLª.

evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ ev Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl| [17Zg, 21Zg
I 27Zg wewmGm wjwLZ, wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 18, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19> miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
2019]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ev Avw` MÖš’ / Avw` wb`k©b|
[gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb Rywbqi AwWUi : 14, miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
mnKvix wkÿK : 19> Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi: 10> cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc): 13> Z_¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY) : 01]
 Phv©c` cÖvPxb hy‡Mi evsjvfvlvi †kÖô wb`k©b| [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16]
 ÔPh©vc`Õ GKwU Mv‡bi msKjb| [¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 17]
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq mvab m½xZ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi : 18. 20Zg I 24Zg wjwLZ]
 Ph©vc‡ì iPbv ïiæ nq- cvj ivRes‡ki Avg‡j| [Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi : 10]
 Ph©vc‡` ‡eŠ× ag©g‡Zi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| [40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] ZvB Ph©vc`‡K mnwRqv †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x‡ì
mvwnZ¨ ejv nq| [cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK: 13> mnKvix mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U (Rwic Awa`ßi): 05> _¨ I †hvMv‡hv cÖhyw³
wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17]
 Ph©vc‡ì Q›` : GwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| [33Zg wewmGm] Ph©vc‡` ms¯‹…Z cR&SwUKv Q‡›ì cÖfve Av‡Q| Gi
fvlvixwZ K_¨|
 GB MÖš’wU cÖ_g KweZv msKjb bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Ph©v k‡ãi A_© ÔAvPiYÕ|
cyuw_ Avwe®‹vi
cÖkœ : Ph©vc` KZ mv‡j Ges †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K D×vi Kiv nq? [27Zg I 34Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
→ 1882 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔSanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepal’ MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ me©cÖ_g
†bcv‡ji †eŠ×Zvwš¿K mvwn‡Zï K_v cÖKvk K‡ib|
→ iv‡R›`ªjvj wg‡Îi ci ZviB c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i †bcv‡j cuyw_ msMÖ‡ni †Póvq hvb gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
wZbevi wZwb †bcv‡j hvb, 1887-98 wLª÷v‡ã 2 (`yB) evi Ges †klevi 1907 wLª÷v‡ã|
→ evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb Ph©vc‡ì Avwe®‹viK : gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv`
kv¯¿x| [17Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
→ Avwe®‹…Z nq : †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi (i‡qj jvB‡eªix) †_‡K| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi>
mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16> mve †iwR÷ªvi: 16> cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiKíbv
Kg©KZv© : 12> ciivóª gšÍYvj‡qi mvBdvi Awdmvi:12 ]
→ 1907 mv‡j Ph©vc` Avwe®‹…Z nq| [30Zg I 34Zg wewmGm]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb wZeŸZ I †bcv‡j| [kÖg
cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09]
→ m¤úªwZ bZzb Ph©c` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` kv‡n`| [cyevjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Rywbqi Awdmvi : 19]
Ph©vc` evsjvi evB‡i cvIqvi KviY
evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv wQ‡jb ‡eŠ× a‡g©i| Zv‡ì Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| cvj es‡ki ciciB
evsjv‡`‡k evsjvq †cŠivwYK wn›`yag© I eªþvY¨ms¯‹vi ivRag© wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq, d‡j †eŠ× wm×vPv‡h©iv G †`k †_‡K
weZvwoZ nq| GgbwK †mb ivRv‡ì cÖZv‡ci Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i wM‡q Zv‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
bvgKiY I cÖKvk
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Avwe®‹…Z cuyw_i bvg ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ| ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ A_© Ô†KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bqÕ|
[37Zg wewmGm]
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n

→ Ph©vc‡ì cÖvß cuyw_‡Z D‡jøLK…Z ms¯‹…Z UxKvKvi gywb`‡Ëi gZvbymv‡i GB c`msMÖ‡ni bvgÑ Avðh©Ph©vPq|
→ W. cÖ‡eva P›`ª evMPx ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ bv‡gi cwiKíbv K‡ib|
→ KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi UxKvi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb ÒPh©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wËÓ bv‡g|
→ AvaywbK cwÐZM‡Yi Abygvb †h cuyw_wUi bvg wQj Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl Ges Gi ms¯‹…Z UxKvi bvg ÔPh©¨vðh©¨wewbðqÕ|
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi aviYv wQj wZwb Ph©vMxwZ msMÖ‡ni g~j cuyw_B (UxKv mn) Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mKj cwÐZB
cieZ©xKv‡j G wel‡q GKgZ †h, kv¯¿x gnvkq KZ©„K msM„nxZ cyuw_wU Avm‡j e„wË ev UxKvi|
→ 1916 wLª÷v‡ã (1323 evsjv) KjKvZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ
Ph©vc` cÖKvk K‡ib- nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi : 13g 7g
we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 12]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi KZ©„K m¤úv`bvq eBwU ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq
†eŠ×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR msMVK: 05]
→ cwÐZ gywb`Ë Ph©vc‡ì c`¸‡jv‡K ms¯‹…Z UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib| [cwimsL¨vb
ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi: 14> †mvbvwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10]
→ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv I ms¯‹…Z wefv‡Mi (18 Ryb 1921) cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb|
Phv©c‡ì iPbvKvj
→ evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv †eŠ× wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb Gi
g‡Z, cvj ivRv ag©cv‡ji mg‡q jyBcv` Ges mincv` eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
→ W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi iPbvKvj 650-1200 (mßg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx) wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aax‡b Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10]
→ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi g‡Z, `kg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx| (950-1200 wLª.)
Ph©vc‡ì fvlv weZK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡ì fvlv wb‡q we`¨gvb weZK© m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wjLyb| (35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
 1920 mv‡j weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi cÖ_g Ph©vc‡ì fvlv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Ph©vc‡ì fvlvq cÖfve i‡q‡Q wnw›`,
Amwgqv, Dwoqv, Acåsk (‰gw_jx) cÖf…wZ fvlvi| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi fvlvweìvI Zv‡ì fvlvi mvwnZ¨ e‡j
`vex K‡ib|
 fvlv weZK© †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ 1926 mv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq ÔOrigin
and Development of Bengali Language (ODBL)’ [33Zg wewmGm]
bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’ Gi fvlvZvwË¡K êwkó¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| [Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii
Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
 wZwb aŸwbZË¡, e¨vKiY I Q›` wePvi gZ w`‡q‡Qb- Ph©vi c`msKjbwU Avw`gZg
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ hvi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ nq Ph©vc` evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg
wb`k©b|
 1920 mv‡j W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc` evsjvq iwPZ e‡j AwfgZ †`b|
 1938 mv‡j W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vi wZeŸwZ Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq|
 1946 mv‡j W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß Ph©vMxwZi AšÍ©wbwnZ Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖKvk K‡ib|
Ph©vc‡ì fvlv
1907 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K †h cyuw_ msMÖn K‡ib Zv n‡jv Ph©vPh©¨wewbðq, mincv‡ì (kin
eRª kv¯¿x) ‡`vnv‡Kvl [35Zg wewmGm] I K…òvPv‡h©i (Kvýcv‡ì) †`vnv‡Kvl Ges WvKvY©e GB PviwU MÖ‡š’i mgš^q| G‡ì
g‡a¨ GKgvÎ Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðqB cÖvPxb evsjvq †jLv, Ab¨ wZbwU evsjvq bq ms¯‹…Z Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ|
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n

 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`k©b †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. wbiÄ‡bi D®§v L. †`vnv‡Kvl
M. †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm N. gqbvgZxi Mvb DËi : L
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv wKsev cÖvPxb e½Kvgiƒcx
fvlv ejvB m½Z| [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 12]
ʘ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib|
cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g wb`k©b Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K †Kb ÔmÜ¨v fvlvÕ ejv nq? [38Zg I 40Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
A_ev, cÖkœ : mÜ¨v fvlv Kx? G fvlvq †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iPbv n‡q‡Q, ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| [32Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
A_ev, cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡ì fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avwe®‹vi‡Ki AwfgZ wjLyb| [29Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K †KD †KD mÜ¨vfvlv ev mvÜ¨ fvlv e‡j‡Qb| Gi KviY G fvlv mywbw`©ó iƒc cvqwb, G fvlvq
KwZcq k‡ãi GKvwaK A_© cvIqv hvq| Ph©vc` m¤ú‡K© W. gnv‡gvncva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔAv‡jv
Avuavwi fvlv KZK Av‡jv, KZK AÜKvi, LvwbK eySv hvq, LvwbK eySv hvq bv| hvnviv mvab fRb K‡ib, ZvnvivB
†m K_v eywS‡eb, Avgv‡ì eywSqv KvR bvB|Õ G Kvi‡Y Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K mÜ¨v fvlv ejv nq| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi.
evsjv †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK:06 ]
Ph©v iPwqZvMY
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡ì c`KZ©v‡ì m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| (31Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
 W. knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡ì msL¨v 50wU| [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi:
10]
 Ph©vc‡` †gvU 23 Rb c`KZ©vi bvg cvIqv hvq| [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (wmwbqi
Awdmvi) : 10> _vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99]
 AviI GKRb c`KZ©vi bvg Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c`wU †bB| †mwU ai‡j Ph©vi
msL¨v 51wU Ges c`KZ©v 24 Rb| [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 15]
 W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z Ph©vc‡ì c`msL¨v 24 Rb|
 c`KZ©vMY c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡ì m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv n‡Zv| cv`  cv| D‡jøL‡hvM¨
c`KZ©vMY n‡jb- jyBcv, Kvýcv, keicv (mei), kvwšÍcv, fzmyKzcv, ‡X¸bcv, †Wv¤^xcv, Kz°yixcv (gwnjv
c`KZ©v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq), mincv, Zš¿xcv, gnxaicv, K¼bcv, jvox‡Wv¤^xcv|
 Ab¨ Av‡iKwU g‡Z Rvbv hvq, †MŠoxq gV, AvšÍR©vwZK K…ò febvg„Z ms‡Ni cÖwZôvZv AvPvh©‡ì bv‡gi †k‡l
Ôcv`Õ eëüZ nZ|
 DwjøwLZ‡ì g‡a¨ †K cÖvPxb hy‡Mi Kwe bb? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. Kvýcv` L. jyBcv` M. kvwšÍcv` N. igbxcv` DËi : N
 W. nicÖmv`kv¯¿x I AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì Avw` KweÑ jyBcv| [29Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi. wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 19. †mvbvjx I RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Awdmvi AvBwU: 19. mnKvix
ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15. Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] (1, 29 bs c` 2 wU iPbv
K‡ib)| KviY wZwb cÖ_g c`wUi iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
 jyBcv iwPZ Ph©vc‡ì cÖ_g c`wU nj- ÔKvAv Ziæei cvÂ we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ‰cVv
Kvj|Õ [ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq (MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv): 09-10]
 W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Avw` KweÑ keicv (28, 50 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib) (cÖvPxb Kwe)
 W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z ÔkeicvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb|
 Ph©vc‡ì c`KZ©v n‡jI jvox‡Wv¤^xcvi GKwU c‡ì K_v D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi c`wU †bB|
 †klc` iPwqZv wn‡m‡e mincv`‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
weMZ eQ‡i cixÿvq
Avmv Z_¨mg~n
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq Avmv
Z_¨mg~n

Ph©vc‡ì c`msL¨v
→ Ph©vc‡ì cÖvß cuyw_‡Z 51 wU c` wQj| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU (11 msL¨K) c` UxKvKvi e¨vLv K‡ib wb|
→ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡ì msL¨v 50wU| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Phv©c‡` c‡ì msL¨v 51wU|
c`KZ©v c‡ì msL¨v c`KZ©v c‡ì msL¨v
Kvýcv 13wU keicv 2wU
fzmyKzcv 8wU kvwšÍcv 2wU
mincv 4wU Avh©‡è, K¼bcv, K¤^jv¤î, ¸Ðwicv, PvwUjcv, Rqb›`x,
†Wv¤^xcv, †XÐYcv, Zš¿xcv, ZviKcv, `vwoKcv, avgcv,
weiæevcv, exYvcv, f`ªcv, gnxaicv
1wU
K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡KKz°ixcv 3wU
jyBcv 2wU
‡gvU c‡ì msL¨v 50wU
→ Avevi cuyw_‡Z K‡qKwU cvZv bó nIqvq wZbwU m¤ú~Y© (24, 25 I 48 bs) c` Ges GKwU (23) c‡ì †klvsk
cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB cuyw_‡Z me©m‡gZ mv‡o †QPwjøkwU c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
 Ph©vc‡ì 1g c` iPwqZvÑ jyBcv
 24 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kvýcv
 25 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Zš¿xcv
 48 bs c`wUi iPwqZvÑ Kz°yixcv (2, 20, 48)
cÖkœ : Kvýcvi cwiPq `vI| (10Zg I 13Zg wjwLZ)
→ Kvýcv wZwb ‡gvU 13wU c` iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K 12wU c` msM„nxZ nq| c`¸‡jv 7, 9, 10,
11, 13, 18, 19, 36, 40, 42, 45, 24| Kvýcv wQ‡jb mnwRqv Zvwš¿K †eŠ×‡hvMx| wZwb ag©kv¯¿ I msMxZ
Dfq wel‡qB cUz wQ‡jb|
→ Ph©vc‡ì Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K c` iPbv K‡ib Kvýcv [35Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi]|
→ fzmyKzcv-Gi c`msL¨v 8wU| msL¨vi w`K †_‡K wØZxq c`KZ©v| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM): 03] fzmyKzcv wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq †`b [30Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi. iƒcvwj e¨vs‡Ki wmwbqi Awdmvi: 19]| wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb- ÔAvwg fzmyKz evOvjx
njvg e‡jÕ| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì AvaywbK ev me©‡kl c`KZ©v-
ÔfzmyKzcvÕ|
→ Ph©vc‡ì c`¸‡jv‡K UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib gxbbv_ ev gr‡m›`ªbv_| [cwimsL¨vb
ey¨‡ivi cwimsL¨vb A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi : 14/ †mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. (wmwbqi Awdmvi) : 10]
wjwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡ì ewY©Z cÖev` evK¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
DËi : †gvU 6wU cÖev` evK¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖev`mg~‡ni c`KZ©vi bvgmn ewY©Z nj-
c` bs c`KZ©vi bvg cÖevèvK¨ I A_©
6 fzmyKzcv AvcYv gvs‡mu nwiYv êix (nwi‡Yi gvsmB Zvi kÎæ) [ÎvY I cybev©mb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖKí ev¯Íevqb
Kg©KZ©v : 06> RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡qi mnKvix M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v: 05]
32 kincv nv‡Zi Kv¼b gv †jvD `vcb (nv‡Zi KvuKb †`Lvi Rb¨ `c©Y cÖ‡qvRb nq bv)
33 ‡XÐYcv nvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i|)
33 ‡XÐYcv `ywnj `ya wK †e‡È mvgvq (‡`vnb Kiv `ya wK ev‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq?)
39 kincv ei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›ù (`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvj)
44 K¼Ycv Avb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webav (Ab¨ Pvwn‡Z Ab¨ webó)
23 bs c‡ì 6wU cO&w³ cvIqv †M‡Q|
evwK 4wU cO&w³ cvIqv hvqwb| Gi iPwqZv fzmyKzcv|
ZvB A‡b‡K e‡j _v‡Kb 46.60wU c` cvIqv hvq|
weMZ eQ‡i
cixÿvq
Avmv
Z_¨mg~n

→ ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn ci‡ekxÕ, ÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ GB cO&w³ `ywU Øviv `vwi`ª¨wK¬ô Rxe‡bi wPÎ
A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q| [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi WvK Awa`ß‡ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16]
Ph©vc‡ì cO&w³
 ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv|
Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjvÕ (Kvýcv) [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
 ÔKgj gay wcwZwe †avKBb †fvgiv|Õ (gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_)
gxbbv‡_i Ph©vc‡` †Kvb c` bvB| Z‡e 21 bs c‡ì UxKvq PviwU cO&w³i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
 wèmwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/
ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA| (Kz°zixcv)
ïay wjwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ Ph©vc` welqK Z_¨
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` wb¤œeM©xq gvby‡li †h cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zvi weeiY w`b| (36Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b ÔPh©¨vPh©¨wewbðqÕ ev ÔPh©vMxwZ‡KvlÕ ev ÔPh©vMxwZÕ ev
ÔPh©vc`Õ| ‡eŠ× mnwRqv‡ì ag©PP©vi D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ G MÖ‡š’i A‡bK c‡` bxP I AšÍ¨R †kÖwYi gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b
RxebhvÎv I `wi`ª Rxe‡bi Mí D‡V G‡m‡Q| Gi m‡½ c‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi hy³ Kiæb|
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` wPwÎZ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi cwiPq w`b| (31Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : Ph©vc` †eŠ× wm×vPvh©‡ì mvab fR‡bi wbwg‡Ë iwPZ m½xZ n‡jI Gi gv‡S wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri
bvbv w`K| D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv w`K, mgv‡Ri A¯ú„k¨ I AšÍ¨R †kÖwYi gvby‡li `xbZv GLv‡b wbLyuZfv‡e Aw¼Z
n‡q‡Q| Ph©vc‡ì AmsL¨ c‡` wb¤œweË gvby‡li `ytL-`y`©kvi Qvc Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| Ph©vMxwZ‡Z wb¤œ eY© (KvcvwjK,
†hvMx, †Wv¤^x) Ges wb¤œ †ckv (kei, ZvuwZ, gvwS, aybywi, KzVz‡i, †R‡j, cwZZv) cÖf…wZ gvby‡li D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
‡XÐYcv Zvi 33 bs c‡ì gva¨‡g `vwi‡`ªï ZxeªZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb-
ÔÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn co‡elx (‡jvKk~b¨ ¯’v‡b Avgvi Ni, †Kvb Ni ch©šÍ †bB)|ÕÕ
ÔÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i)|ÕÕ
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡ì ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| (29Zg I 30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
DËi : 1927 mv‡j W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc‡ì ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi Ph©vc` m¤úwK©Z
M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔBuddhist Mystic songs’ [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| Ph©vc‡ì ZË¡ n‡jv Ph©vc` †eŠ× mnwRqv
m¤úª`v‡qi mvab m½xZ| mnwRqv‡ì cÖavb jÿ¨ gnvmyL| fzmyKzcv e‡jb- ÔÔmnRvb›` gnvmyn jx‡j|ÕÕ gnvmyL ej‡Z
†evSvq e¯‘RM‡Zi mv‡_ ms¯úk©nxb GK me©k~b¨ Ae¯’v hvi Ab¨ bvg mnRvb›`| GwU n‡jv Zvwš¿K †eŠ×gZ|
mnwRqvMY Zvwš¿K wPšÍvavivq cÖfvweZ n‡q ag©mvabvq †`n‡K ev` †`bwb, eis Zviv g‡b K‡ib KvwqK, gvbweK I
Ava¨vwZ¥K mKj c_B a‡g©i AšÍf©y³| Ph©vc‡` mnwRqv ag©gZ QvovI †hvM I bv_ a‡g©i cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
 Ph©vc‡ì m‡½ †h ag©gZ mswkøó- †eŠ×/ mnwRqv ‡eŠ×| (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi/ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hv cÖhyw³ wefv‡Mi
Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17/ cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb) : 13]
cÖkœ : Ph©vc‡` bvix‡ì ¯’vb I f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ph©vc‡` bvix‡ì ¯^vaxb †ckv I m½x wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcvi¸‡jv D‡V G‡m‡Q|
Ph©vc‡ì 2 bs c‡` Kz°ixcv e‡jb M„neaywU †ek Qj Rv‡b| †m w`‡bi †ejvq Kv‡Ki WvK ï‡bB fq cvq, wKš‘ iv‡Z
†cÖwg‡Ki m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z hvq| A_©vr GLv‡b M„neayi Qjbvi w`K D‡V G‡m‡Q|
ÔÔwèmwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/
ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA|ÕÕ

 17 bs c‡` GK Kvýcv e‡jb- GK †Wvwgwb bM‡i ZvuZ I ‡P½vwi wewµ KiZ| GLv‡b Ph©vc‡` †mmg‡qi
Rb‡Mvôxi eëmvi w`KwU D‡V G‡m‡Q|
 18 bs c‡` Kvýcv GK †Wvwgwbi †ek¨ve„wËi (wQbvwj) K_v Zz‡j a‡ib|
 14 bs c‡` †Wv¤^xcv bvix‡ì †bŠKv Pvjbv, †bŠKvi RjwmÂb, †jvK cvivcvi BZ¨vw` †ckvi K_v Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
 GQvovI bvixiv ¸iæi ¯’vbI AwaKvi K‡iwQj|
cÖkœ : fvlv, mvwnZ¨, BwZnv‡mi w`K †_‡K Ph©vc‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxbiƒc Ph©vc`| evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I µgweKv‡k Gi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| †ek wKQz evsjv
weeZ©‡bi avivc_ Rvbv hvq Ph©vc‡ì gva¨‡g| evsjv KweZvi Q‡›ì BwZnvm AbymÜv‡b Ges evsjv Q‡›ì MV‡b Gi
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Gi Q‡›` ms¯‹…Z cRSwUKv Q‡›ì cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| MÖš’wU‡Z cÖPzi AbycÖv‡mi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ph©vc‡ì wKQz cÖev` I iƒcKí cieZ©x‡Z evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb cvq| keicvi GKwU c‡` bvix-cyiæ‡li †cÖ‡gi GK Ac~e©
wPÎY| cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvm PP©vq Ph©vc‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cÖvPxb evsjvi GKgvÎ GB wb`k©b nvRvi
eQ‡ii c~ivY ag©xq BwZnvm Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
cÖkœ : mnwRqv ej‡Z Kx ‡evSvq?
DËi : †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡MŠZg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi
eëav‡b gnvhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB
mnwRqv bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| mnwRqviv ¯^‡`n †Kw›`ªK mnR cš’vq mvabv KiZ| Zvu‡ì g‡Z, mnR mZ¨ n‡jv,
mg¯Í mZ¨ ‡`‡ni g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
cÖkœ : Ph©vc` evOvwj mgv‡Ri wek^¯Í `wjj- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ph©vc‡` bvbv eY©, bvbv c` I bvbv †ckvi gvby‡li cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
 bvbv eY© : KvcvwjK (Kvcvwj), eªvþY (evgnb), †hvMx (‡RvB), †Wv¤^x cÖf…wZ|
 bvbv c` : gš¿x, cwÐZ AvPvh© (cwÐZvPvh©), wkl¨ cÖf…wZ|
 bvbv †ckv : gvwS, wkKvwi, †ek¨v, †b‡q (‡bŠevnx)|
 GQvovI c`¸‡jv‡Z AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi m¤úK© : gv-evev,cyÎea~, kvïwo cÖf…wZ|
01. W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vc‡ì wZeŸwZ Abyev`
cÖKvwkZ nq-
K. 1916 mv‡j L. 1926 mv‡j
M. 1927 mv‡j N. 1938 mv‡j DËi- N
02. ÔPhv©c`Õ †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
K. Aÿie„‡Ë L. gvÎve„‡Ë
M. ¯îe„‡Ë N. †KvbwU bq DËi- L
03. Kvi g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì fvlv Ôe½KvgiƒcxÕ?
K. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
L. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi
M. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
N. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß DËi- M
04. Ph©vc‡ì fvlv wb‡q 1920 mv‡j cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv
K‡ib †K?
K. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi
L. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
M. A‡kvK gy‡Lvc¨va¨vq
N. ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb DËi- K
05. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Ph©vc‡ì ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib KZ mv‡j?
K. 1926 mv‡j L. 1927 mv‡j
M. 1946 mv‡j N. 1935 mv‡j DËi- L
wm‡jevm t Ph©vc`

06. 1946 mv‡j Ph©vMxwZi AšÍwb©wnZ Z‡Ë¡i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v
K‡ib †K?
K. gywb`Ë L. W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx
M. weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi N. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß D- N
07. KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQjb wK
bv‡g?
K. Ph©vPh©wewbðq L. Ph©vMxwZKv
M. Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq N. Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wË DËi- N
08. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvZv
†Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb-
K. 1921 mv‡ji 17 Ryb
L. 1922 mv‡ji 18 Ryb
M. 1921 mv‡ji 18 Ryb
N. 1922 mv‡ji 17 Ryb DËi- M
09. Ph©vc‡ì fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib-
K. W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß
L. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
M. ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb
N. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x DËi- L
10. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, Ph©vc` iwPZ
n‡qwQj-
K. `kg †_‡K Øv`k
L. mßg †_‡K Øv`k
M. beg †_‡K Øv`k
N. Aóg †_‡K GKv`k DËi- K
11. ODBL evsjv fvlv welqK weL¨vZ MÖš’wU iPbv
K‡ib †K?
K. gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB
L. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
M. myKzgvi ivq
N. iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ DËi- L
12. ÔKvA Ziæei cvÂ we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ˆcVv KvjÕ
Ph©vc‡ì KZ bs c`?
K. 1 bs L. 29 bs
M. 6 bs N. 21 bs DËi- K
13. Avw` Kwe jyBcvi iwPZ c`-
K. 1, 6 bs c` L. 11, 21 bs c`
M. 1, 19 bs c` N. 1, 29 bs c` D- N
14. W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Ph©vc‡ì c`msL¨v KZwU?
K. 50 wU L. 49 wU
M. 51 wU N. 46 wU DËi- M
15. Ôei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›ùÕ Ph©vc‡ì 39 bs
cÖevèvK¨wUi iPwqZv †K?
K. mincv L. †XÛYcv
M. K¼Ycv N. fzmyKzcv DËi- K
16. ÔAvb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webavÕ Ph©vc‡ì c`wUi iPwqZv †K?
K. Kvýcv L. `vwiKcv
M. gnxaicv N. K¼Ycv DËi- N
17. Ph©vc‡ì c` iPbvq Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Qb-
K. fzmyKzcv L. keicv
M. mincv N. Kz°zixcv DËi- M
18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kvýcvi iwPZ c` †KvbwU?
K. 38, 39 bs c`
L. 19, 40 bs c`
M. 1, 29 bs c`
N. 28, 50 bs c` DËi- L
19. ÔnvoxZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ Ph©vc‡ì c`wUi
iPwqZv †K?
K. Kvýcv L. fzmyKzcv
M. †Wv¤^xcv N. †XÐYcv DËi- N
20. Ôwèmwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/ ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ
RvAÕ c`wUi iPwqZv-
K. Kz°zixcv L. ag©cv
M. jyBcv N. jvox‡Wv¤^xcv DËi- K
evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi ïiæ 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g Ges
1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×i gva¨‡g †kl n‡jI Gi e¨vwß aiv nq 1201 †_‡K 1800 mvj ch©šÍ| (Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
cwiPvjK (MY‡hvM‡hvM cÖwkÿY : 01) ga¨hy‡Mi GB mgqUv gymwjg kvmK‡ì kvm‡bi AvIZvq nIqvq wewfbœ kvmKe‡M©i
f~wgKv Av‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ|
evsjvq gymwjg kvmb I mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡ì f~wgKv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z ‡M‡j ga¨hyM‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
01 (N) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (K) 05 (L) 06 (N) 07 (N) 08 (M) 09 (L) 10 (K)
11 (L) 12 (K) 13 (N) 14 (M) 15 (K) 16 (N) 17 (M) 18 (L) 19 (N) 20 (K)mgvavb

ʘ ZzwK© hyM (1201-1350 wLª÷vã)−ZzwK© kvmK‡ì mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM cwijwÿZ nq|
ʘ myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575 wLª÷vã)− evsjv mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZvq cvVvb myjZvb‡ì f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb GB mgq‡K Ô‡MŠoxq hyMÕ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb KviY †MŠo‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv
mvwn‡Zï weKvk cwijwÿZ nq| evsjv Abyev` mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ bvg ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb
kvn| Zvui c„ô‡cvlKZvq wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB ÔgbmvweRqÕ [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10] Ges ˆRbyÏxb
ÔimyjweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
ʘ gyNj kvmbvgj (1576-1757 wLª÷vã)
AÜKvi hyM
 AÜKvi hyM/ Avuavi hy‡Mi e¨vwß : 1201-1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| [34Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
 AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY : ZzwK© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nIqvq gvbyl mvwnZ¨ iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z
e¨_© nq Ges cwÐZ/Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i †bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z AvkÖq †bq| G Kvi‡Y ZzwK© kvmK‡ì
mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM ejv nq| [c~evwj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW wmwbqi Awdmvi : 11]
 AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ : cÖvK…Z‰c½j, k~b¨c~ivY, †mK ï‡fv`qv, wbiÄ‡bi D®§v|
 k~b¨c~ivY iPbv K‡ibÑ ivgvB cwÐZ| [32Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11, ciivóª
gšÍYvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 19 ]
 ‡mK k‡fv`qv iPbv K‡ib- njvqya wgkÖ|
 cÖvK…Z ˆc½j- kÖxnl© KZ©„K cÖvK…Z fvlvq Î‡qv`k kZ‡K iwPZ AÜKvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|
WvK I Lbvi ePb
 ga¨hy‡Mi K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx mvwnZ¨- WvK I Lbvi ePb| [Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10, M„nvqY I
MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi _vbv cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis) : 99]
 W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbv Kvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK|
 WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme
bgybv‡K †jvKmvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 Qov RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q|
 Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨
_vK‡jI Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
 Lbvi eP‡bi g~jfve n‡jv- ï× Rxebhvcb ixwZ| [38Zg wewmGm]
weMZ eQ‡i wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv/ m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ
cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM ejv nq †Kvb hyM‡K? †Kb? [30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : ga¨hy‡Mi 1201-1350 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K fvlvweÁvbxiv ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ev ÔeÜ¨v hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
W. ûgvqyb AvRv` Zvui Ôjvj bxj `xcvejxÕ M«‡š’ (c…ôv− 17) wj‡L‡Qb- Ô1200 †_‡K 1350 ch©šÍ [34Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi] mg‡qi g‡a¨ iwPZ †Kvb mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv e‡j ZzwK© kvmK‡ì G-mgqUv‡K ejv nq
ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ| cwÐ‡Ziv G mgqUv‡K wb‡q A‡bK †f‡e‡Qb, A‡bK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †KD AÜKvi mwi‡q
†dj‡Z cv‡ib wb| G mgqwUi w`‡K ZvKv‡j ZvB †Pv‡L †Kvb Av‡jv Av‡m bv, †Kej Avuavi XvKv Pviw`K|Õ
wKš‘, IqvwKj Avn‡g` Zvui Ôevsjv mvwn‡Zï czive…ËÕ (c…ôv- 105) MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb- Ôevsjv mvwn‡Zï Kw_Z
ÔAÜKvi hzMÕ †gv‡UB mvs¯‹…wZK eÜ¨v‡Z¡i hzM wQj bv| ag©-wk¶v, wkí PP©vi `vwqZ¡ hv‡ì Dci b¨¯Í wQj, Zviv mxwgZ
AvKv‡i n‡jI wk¶v mvwnZ¨ PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e wK wn›`z wK gzmjgvb †KD †jvKfvlv evsjv‡K MÖnY K‡ib
wb| evsjv mvwn‡Zï wb`k©b bv _vKvi GUvB g‚L¨ KviY|Õ

cÖkœ : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY Kx?
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY :
→ 1201 gZvšÍ‡i 1204 mv‡j ZzK©x RvwZi AwabvqK Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x BLwZqvi DwÏb web eLwZqvi LjRx wn›`y
kvmK jÿY †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Îcv‡Z †`‡k ivR‰bwZK
AivRKZvi Abygvb K‡i †Kvb †Kvb cwÐZ G mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G
†òk eQ‡i evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb wb`k©b bv cvIqv †M‡jI ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Zï wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| G‡Z A‡b‡Ki
gZwe‡iva †`Lv hvq| KviY, G mg‡q evsjv mvwn‡Zï e¨vcK wb`k©b cvIqv bv †M‡jI Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq mvwnZ¨
m„wói wb`k©b _vKv‡Z AÜKvi hy‡Mi Acev‡ì AmviZv cÖgvwYZ nq|
→ G mg‡q ZzKx© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nIqvq cwÐZ I Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i ‡bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z hvq| W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, Zvui ÔÔev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (1968)ÕÕ MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb-
ÔÔ1201 mv‡j ev½vjv †`‡k ZzKx© AvµgY nq| mg¯Í ev½vjv AwaKvi Kwi‡Z cÖvq 100 ermi jv‡M|
kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv ¯’vwcZ nB‡Z AviI cÖvq 50 ermi KvwUqv hvq| GB 1200 nB‡Z 1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ
ev½vjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m GK k~b¨ ¯’vb|ÕÕ
myKzgvi †mb Zvui ÔÔev½vjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm (1963)ÕÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb-
ÔÔgymjgvb Avµg‡Yi c‡i ev½vjv †`‡k Ph©vMxwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K bvB|ÕÕ
→ G mg‡qi cÖ_‡gB cÖvK…Z wc½‡ji gZ cÖvK…Z fvlvi MxwZKweZv MÖš’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ
k~b¨cyivY [32Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi], WvK I Lbvi ePb, njvq~a wgkÖ iwPZ †mK ï‡fv`qv-Gi AšÍM©Z cxi
gvnvZ¥¨ÁvcK cÖf…wZ G mg‡qi evsjv mvwnZ¨ m„wói bZzb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï wb`k©b m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [37Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : [wb‡Pi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi `ªóe¨]
cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨Kg© Ôk~b¨c~ivYÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’| ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’Ñ M`¨c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| G MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z ÔwbiÄ‡bi
D®§vÕ ev ÔwbiÄ‡bi iæ®§vÕ KweZvwU †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, Zv ZzwK© gymjgvb KZ©„K e½weR‡qi c‡ii, AšÍZ Î‡qv`k
kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Ki iPbv| G‡Z †eŠ× I wn›`y a‡g©i K_v Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| k~b¨gq †èZv ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rv c×wZ
GB MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvU Aa¨vq 51wU|
 iPbvKvj (myKygvi †m‡bi g‡Z, 16-18 kZvãxi gaëZ©x mgq, †hv‡MbP›`ª we`¨vwbwai g‡Z, 13-18
kZvãxi gaëZ©x mgq)
 Gi g~j bvg cvIqv bv hvIqvq b‡M›`ªbv_ emy ivgvB cwÐ‡Zi f~wgKvq cvIqv k~b¨cyivY ‡gvZv‡eK Gi bvg
iv‡Lb Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ| G‡Z k~b¨gq †èZv ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rv c×wZi eY©bv Av‡Q e‡jB Gi bvg ivLv nq
Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ|
cÖkœ : wbiÄ‡bi D®§vi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ wK?
DËi : eY© wn›`yMY ag©‡meK‡ì cÖwZ bvbv AZ¨vPvi I AeÁv K‡i‡Q| GB AZ¨vPv‡i weiƒc n‡q wbiÄb ag©VvKzi hLb
gymjgvb iƒc aviY K‡i ivóª ÿgZvq AwawôZ nq Ges AZ¨vPvi-AeÁvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY K‡i|
cÖkœ : AÜKvi hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨Kg© Ô‡mK ï‡fv`qvÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ivRv jÿY †m‡bi mfvKwe njvq~a wgkª iwPZ †mK ï‡fv`qv ms¯‹…Z M‡`¨c‡`¨ †jLv P®úyKve¨| GwU 25wU
Aa¨v‡q iPbv Kiv nq| ‡mK ï‡fv`qv A_©vr †k‡Li †MŠie e¨vL¨vB GB cyw¯ÍKvi D‡Ïk¨| MÖš’wU †kL RvjvjyÏxb
Zve‡iwRi A‡jŠwKK Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| RvjvjyÏxb Zve‡iwR A‡jŠwKK ÿgZvai GK gymjgvb ivRv
j²Y‡m‡bi mfvq PgrKvi I wPËvKl©K Mí cwi‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g mevi g‡b GK we¯§‡qi m„wó K‡ib| GLv‡b ewY©Z

†cÖgmsMxZwU‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKgvÎ †cÖgmsMxZ| Aï× evsjv ms¯‹…Z fvlvi eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ôdog sanskrit’ e‡j‡Qb|
cÖkœ : Lbv †K? evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Lbvi eP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
DËi : wewfbœ M‡el‡Ki g‡Z, Lbv †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq cvi`k©x GK we`ylx evOvwj bvix| evsjvq hLb K…wlKv‡R weÁv‡bi
eënvi wQj bv ZLb WvK I Lbvi ePb evsjvi K…lKKzj‡K Rwb‡q‡Q dmj ec‡bi mgq, ixwZbxwZ BZ¨vw`|
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbvKvj : Aóg-Øv`k kZK| WvK I Lbvi ePb‡KÑ evsjv
mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Qov RvZxq Gme bgybv‡K †jvKmvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Qov RvZxq Gme iPbvq G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q|
Gm‡ei g‡a¨ bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨ _vK‡jI
Wv‡Ki eP‡b †R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨
evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK:
19. Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi: 15] A_ev †kÖô wb`k©b [9g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb:
13] cÖ_g Kve¨ ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe [kÖg gš¿Yvj‡qi mn. cwi: 05] eo– PÐx`v‡mi
[29Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi: 08] me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv
fvlvq [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99] iwPZ ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ (†PŠÏ
kZK-c‡bi kZK) Kve¨| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï wØZxq Kve¨|
cyuw_ Avwe®‹vi
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ÔkÖxK„òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡eï Avwe®‹v‡ii e„ËvšÍ ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï cwiPq Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (40Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
1909 wLª. (1316 e½vã) emšÍiÄb ivq (Dcvwa: weØØjøf) [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 13. mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12]
cwðge‡½i euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g GK M„n¯’ evwoi †Mvqvj N‡ii [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10] wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP
†_‡K Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ G Kve¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB czuw_wU 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq †ivW¯’ Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨
cwil‡ìÕ cyuw_kvjvq iw¶Z Av‡Q|
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ n‡jv- K…‡òi Rb¥, e„›`ve‡b ivavi mv‡_ Zvui cÖYq Ges †k‡l e„›`veb I ivav Dfq‡K
Z¨vM K‡i K…‡òi wPiZ‡i g_yivq AwfcÖqvY| [Gi mv‡_ Pwi‡Îi eY©bv w`‡Z cv‡ib]
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï Kwei cwiPq
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib eo– PÐx`vm| Bnv Zvi
Dcvwa| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB|
cuyw_i bvgKiY
cuyw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abymv‡i GB Kv‡eï cÖK…Z
bvg ÔkÖxK…òm›`f©Õ| W. Avng` kixd GB Kve¨‡K kÖxK…ò
avgvwj bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
→ êòe gnvšÍ kÖxwbevm AvPv‡h©i †`ŠwnÎÑ eskRvZ †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq Gi AwaKv‡i G MÖš’wU iwÿZ wQj|
cÖkœ : GKK Kwei iPbv wn‡m‡e evsjv
mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
DËi : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨| KviY- kÖxK…òKxZ©b
Kve¨ GKRb iPbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Ph©vc` 23/24
Rb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
iPbvi Kvj
 m¤úv`K emšÍiÄb iv‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨g‡Z,
1386 †_‡K 1400 wLª. †Kvb GK mgq| W.
gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, 1370-1433 wLª|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, kÖxK„òKxZ©‡bi wjwc
1436-1520 wLª. A‡cÿv cÖvPxb Ges Zv 1340-
1440 wLª. g‡a¨ iwPZ|

→ cuyw_wUi cÖ_gw`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQj bv| cyuw_i 452 c„ôvi gv‡Si 45 c„ôvI cvIqv hvq wb|
mvaviY ixwZ Abyhvqx cuyw_i cÖ_g w`‡K †èZvi cÖksmv, Kwei cwiPq I MÖš’bvg D‡jøwLZ nq Ges †kl w`‡Ki
cvZvq cuyw_i iPbvKvj I wjwcKvj wjwLZ _v‡K| cÖ_g I †kl Ask LwÐZ _vKvq Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I iPbvKvj
†jvKPÿzi Avov‡jB †_‡K hvq|
→ 1916 mv‡j (1323 evsjv) emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
→ MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- ÔbvUMxwZÕ| [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
ʘ wKš‘ m¤úv`K Kv‡e¨ K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z welqe¯Íz †`‡L bvgKiY K‡ib ÒkÖxK…òKxZ©bÓ| Zvui e³e¨ wQj,
Òczuw_i Av`¨šÍnxb LwÐZvs‡k Kwei †`kKvjvwì K_v `‚‡i _vKzK, czuw_i bvg ch©šÍ cvIqv hvq bvB|Ó
→ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †gvU 13 (†Zi) L‡Ð [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 14] wef³Ñ
Rb¥ LÐ Zv¤^yj LÐ `vb LÐ †bŠKv LÐ fviLÐ QÎ LÐ e„›`veb LÐ
Kvwjq`gb LÐ hgybv LÐ niLÐ evbLÐ eskxLÐ ivav wein
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï PwiÎ cwiwPwZ
→ cÖavb PwiÎ : ivav, K…ò I eovB| GB wZb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Kv‡eï AvL¨vb e¯‘i weKvk N‡U‡Q|
→ ivav : †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ ivav n‡jv gvbevZ¥vi cÖZxK †h cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi Rb¨ mvivÿY e¨vKzj| wKš‘ eo–
PÐx`vm Gi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav PwiÎ Aciƒc my›ìx GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j bcysmK
Aci GK †Mvqvjv Av‡qb †Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi
Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK© m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib|
→ K…ò : †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ K…ò n‡jv cigvZ¥v ev ¯ªóv| wKš‘ eo– PÐx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb
my`k©b GK ivLvj hyeK|
→ eovB : eovB n‡jb ivav K…ò †cÖgjxjvi `~Z| [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. †ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 17]
‡R‡b ivLyb
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï iPwqZv- PÐx`vm c`vejxi- wØR PÐx`vm
cvjvMv‡bi- `xb PÐx`vm mnwRqvcš’x ivMvwZ¥Kv c‡ì- PÐx`vm
eo– PÐx`v‡mi Agi Dw³−
Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ (21Zg wewmGm)
PÐx`vm mgm¨v
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : PÐx`vm mgm¨v Kx?
o PÐx`v‡mi c`vejx `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI GKvwaK PÐx`vm m¤úwK©Z PÐx`vm mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡q‡Q 1916
wLª. (1323 evsjv mb) emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf m¤úvw`Z kÖxK…òKxZ©b cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡K|
o W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn I nicÖmv` kv¯¿x wZbRb PÐx`v‡mi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ eo– PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I Øxb
PÐx`vm| G‡ì g‡a¨ kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kv‡eï eo– PÐx`vm me‡P‡q cÖvPxb|
o Z‡e mKj cwÐZM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡i PviRb PÐx`v‡mi [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cvIqv hvq| Giv n‡jb eo– PÐx`vm, `xb PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I PÐx`vm|
wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv cÖkœ/m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ
cÖkœ : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi wK wK cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zv wjLyb| [36Zg wewmGm]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ ‡Kvb GKK Kwei †jLv cÖ_g Kve¨| eo– PÐx`vm Gi
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav Aciƒc my›ìx GK bvix †Mvqvjvi N‡i hvi Rb¥| evj¨Kv‡j bcysmK Aci GK †Mvqvjv Av‡qb

†Nv‡li mnxZ Zvi we‡q nq| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq Av‡qb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi Dci| wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK©
m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi Ggwb A‡bK NUbvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ga¨hy‡Mi Agi G Kv‡e¨| ivavi ivbœv
Kiv, `ya-`B wewµ Ki‡Z gayivi nv‡U hvIqv †hb ‰`bw›`b MÖvgxY Rxe‡biB Mí| e¨w³ ivav QvovI fvMxi_x b`xi
Zx‡ii †Mvc cwjø‡Z MÖvgxY mgvR eë¯’vi †ckvRxex gvbyl †hgb bvwcZ, Kzgvi, gvwS, †Zjx cÖf…wZi eY©bv cvIqv hvq
G Kve¨wU‡Z| ZvB ejv hvq kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡i GK MÖvgxY mgvReë¯’vi wPÎ Zz‡j n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ : eo– PÐx`v‡mi cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiæb| [35Zg wewmGm]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ ‡Kvb GKK Kwei †jLv cÖ_g Kve¨| Kve¨wUi
iPwqZv ga¨hy‡Mi PZz`©k kZ‡Ki evOvwj Kwe eo– PÐx`vm cwðge‡½i evuKzov †Rjvi QvZbvi Awaevmx| Zvui cÖK…Z
bvg AbšÍ eo–qv ev AbšÍ eovB| †KŠwjK Dcvwa eo– Ges ¸iæcÖ`Ë bvg PÐx`vm| evmjx †èxi DcvmK PÐx`vm 1433
wLª÷v‡ã gviv hvb|
ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZäviv m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡eï cÖavb aviv 2wU| h_v- ‡gŠwjK mvwnZ¨ I Abyev` mvwnZ¨|
‰eòe mvwnZ¨
c` ev c`vejx : c` ev c`vejx ej‡Z †evSvq ‡eŠ× ev êòexq M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi>
mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 06]| êòe c`vejx ivav I K…‡òi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ m¤^wjZ GK
cÖKvi Mvb| ‰eòe mvwnZ¨ wZb cÖKvi- K. Rxebx mvwnZ¨, L. êòekv¯¿ Ges M. c`vejx|
‰eòe c`vewj
o ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô I me‡P‡q mg„× dmj êòe c`vewj|
o êòe c`vewj êòe mgv‡R ÔgnvRb c`vejxÕ Ges êòe c`KZ©vMY ÔgnvRbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
o ‰eòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v evPvwj Rq‡è|
o êòe g‡Z ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| êòe ag©gZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wewPÎag©x mvwn‡Zï m„wó
n‡q‡Q Zv‡K Ôêòe mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
o evsjvq cÖPwjZ c`vejxi `ywU my¯úó fvM i‡q‡Q hvi GKwU ˆPZb¨ c~e©eZ©x PZz`©k kZ‡K Kwe‡Mvôx we`¨vcwZ I
PÐx`vm Ges AciwU ˆPZb¨ cieZ©x mg‡q †lvok kZ‡K weKvk jvf|
o êòe mvwn‡Zï DcRxe¨ Z_v êòe c`vejxi DcRxe¨ ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv - k„½vi im (gayi im)| [37Zg
wewmGm wewmGm]
o beØxc-kvwšÍcyi AÂ‡j cwÐZMY †Mvc‡b G ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| c‡i ˆPZb¨‡è G a‡g©i bZzb Zvrch© w`‡q
mviv‡`‡k cÖPvi K‡ib|
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv
mvwnZ¨
Abyev`
mvwnZ¨
‡gŠwjK
mvwnZ¨
‰eòe c`vejx
Rxebx mvwnZ¨
g½j Kve¨
‡jvKmvwnZ¨
gwm©qv
bv_mvwnZ¨

o ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533) Avwef©v‡ei d‡j evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hyM bZzb m¤ú‡`
mg„× n‡q I‡V| Zvu‡K †K›`ª K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ ¯Íi/ce© Gi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q| W. AwmZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq :
ga¨hyM‡K PviwU c‡e© fvM K‡i‡Qb -
cÖ_g ce© : cÖvK ˆPZb¨ hyMÑ PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZvãx Z…Zxq ce© : DËi ˆPZb¨hyMÑ mß`k
wØZxq ce© : ˆPZb¨ hyMÑ †lvok kZvãx PZz_© ce© : Aóv`k kZvãx
‰PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x c`KZ©v
Rq‡è
evsjv c`vejx‡Z cÖfve ivLv evi kZ‡Ki ms¯‹…Z Kwe Rq‡è Gi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`gÕ Gi g~j DcRxe¨
ÔivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjvÕ|
we`¨vcwZ
 we`¨vcwZ c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe| [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi. mn. _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 06]
 wZwb c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv| [‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06. ‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi: 05]
 wZwb eªReywj fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| [7g we‡RGm> cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 11> 40Zg wewmGm] A_©vr eªReywj fvlvi
cÖeZ©K| [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16> †emiKvwi mn. wk. wb‡qvM cix: 06> mn. _vbv. wk. Awdmvi: 12]
 we`¨vcwZ wgw_jvi Kwe| [28Zg I 38Zg wewmGm]
 ev½vwj bv n‡qI (AevOvwj Kwe) [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix Awdmvi: 05. ‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06] /
evsjvq KweZv iPbv bv K‡iI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq bvg|
 Zvui Dcvwa ÔKweKÉnviÕ| [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13]
 wZwb Ôˆgw_wj †KvwKjÕ [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14] I ÔAwfbe Rq‡èÕ bv‡g L¨vZ
wQ‡jb| AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vevb GB Kwei weL¨vZ Dw³-
ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii|
G giv fvì gvn fvì
k~b¨ gw›ì †gvi|Õ
cÖkœ: êòe c`vewji avivq we`¨vcwZi we‡klZ¡ Kx?
DËi : Dc‡i ewY©Z we`¨vcwZi eY©bv + wb‡P ewY©Z eªReywji eY©bv + A‡jŠwKK †cÖgKvwnwbi gvbweK iƒc `vb
K‡i‡Qb| we`¨vcwZB Kvg-‡cÖg i‡mi wewPÎ RM‡Zi cÖ_g I mv_©K ¯ªóv| Zvui iwPZ c`vewji avivq agx©q Av‡eM
†_‡K im‡evaB †ewk cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi iwPZ ivavK…ò welqK c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivavi eq:mwÜ, Awfmvi,
†cÖg‰ewPÎ¨, Av‡ÿcvbyivM, wein, fvemw¤§j‡bi c`¸‡jv we‡kl DrKl©c~Y©| wZwb Kweü`‡qi wbweo AvKzwZ êòe
c`vewj‡Z cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Qb|
eªReywj
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : eªReywj Kx?
êòe c`vejxi AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q eªReywj bv‡g GK K„wÎg wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq [21Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]| g~jZ ˆgw_wj
I evsjv wgwkÖZ [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07> miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 06> wPd BÝUªv±i (bb‡UK): 03] GB
gayi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvq iwPZ c`vejx †_‡K RbmvaviY aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G fvlv‡ZB K_v
ejZ| ZvB eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB KvíwbK e¨vL¨v †`qv nq| ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ eªReywj fvlvq iwPZ| [cwi‡ek I eb
gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP© Awdmvi : 06> Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]
PÐx`vm (PZz`k©x kZ‡Ki †kl fvM)
 evsjv fvlvq êòe c`vejxi Avw` iPwqZv evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gvbeZvev`x Kwe PÐx`vm|

ÒGgb wcixwZ Kfz bvwn †`wL ¯Íwb|
civ‡b civY evÜv Avcbv Avcwb|Ó
 ev½vwj êòe mvwn‡Zï im I Avb‡›ì msev` †c‡q‡Q PÐx`v‡mi c`vewj †_‡K|
 ‰PZb¨‡è Zvui c`vewj ï‡b †gvwnZ n‡Zb|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cO&w³ :
Kj‡¼i Wvwj gv_vq Kwiqv Avbj †fRvB N‡i| ‡Zvgvi jvwMqv Kj‡¼i nvi Mjvq cwi‡Z myL|
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dci bvB (21Zg wewmGm) mB †Kg‡b awie wnqv
Avgvi euayqv Avb evwo hvq
Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|
`yûu †Kv‡i `yûu Kvu‡` we‡”Q` fvweqv
Ava wZj bv †`wL‡j hvq †h gwiqv|
mB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvg|
‰PZb¨ cieZ©x c`KZ©v
Ávb`vm (†lvok) : mvaK PÐx`v‡mi fvewkl¨ Ávb`vm wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ cO&w³-
Ôiƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb fi| (26 Zg wewmGm)
cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›`, cÖwZ A½ ‡gvi
wnqvi cik jvwM wnqv †gvi Kv‡›`
civY- wcixwZ jvwM w_i bvwn ev‡Ü|Õ
Ômy‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evwÜjyu Ab‡j cywoqv †Mj|Õ
‡Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm : wZwb we`¨vcwZi Abymvix (fvewkl¨ ejv nq) wQ‡jb| m½wZ mvaK (bvUK) (1535-1613)| cO&w³-
hvunv hvunv wbKm‡q Zby Zby ‡R¨vwZ/
Zvunv Zvunv weRywi PgKgq ‡nvwZ|
gymjgvb c`KZ©v : †kL Kwei (cÖ_g), Avdevj †kL dqRyjøvn,ˆmq` gyZ©Rv, Kwei †kL, Avãyj Iqvwn`, ‡kL Rvjvj|
g½j Kve¨
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡M we‡kl GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨B g½jKve¨| [cÖv_wgK we`¨v. cÖ. wk : 05> cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjh mn. wk: 06]
 g½jKve¨ ‡jLvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY- ¯^‡cœ †èx KZ…©K Av‡`k jvfi| [MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa. Mn. Z_¨ Awdmvi: 13] W.
`x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z G mvwnZ¨ avivi Kwe 62 Rb|
 cÖKvi‡f` : g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| (‡cŠivwYK g½j I †jŠwKK g½j)|
 ,½jKv‡eï Ask 5wU [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 10] : e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †èLÐ, gZ©¨LÐ, kÖæwZdj| ‡Kvb
†Kvb g‡Z g½j Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ 4wU As‡k wef³| h_v- e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †èLÐ Ges biLÐ I AvL¨vwqKv|
 g~javiv : gbmv, PÐx, Abœ`vg½j| Z‡e gbmv I PÐx †èZvi cÖfve †ewk [7g we‡RGm]|
 AcÖavb kvLv- 2wU : ag©g½j, wkeg½j/ KvwjKvg½j|
 g½j Kv‡eï Kwe : Kvbv nwi`Ë, bvivqY‡è, gvwbK `Ë, fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi, gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© cÖgyL
e¨w³eM©|
cÖkœ : g½jKve¨ Kx?
DËi : gvby‡li wek^vm g‡Z, †è‡èxi gvnvZ¥¨ wbf©i K‡i †h Kve¨ iPbv, cvV, kÖeY Ki‡j wb‡Ri, cÖwZ‡ekxi,
mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mvab nq, Zv‡KB g½j Kve¨ e‡j| g½jKv‡eï iPbvKvj c‡bi †_‡K AvVvi kZK| Gi cÖavb kvLv
3wU| h_v- gbmvg½j, PÐxg½j I Abœ`vg½j| g½jKv‡eï mvaviY êwkó¨mg~n-
 ¯^‡cœ †èZvi wb‡`©k †c‡q Kve¨ iPbv|

 cÖ_‡gB me©wmw×`vZv M‡Y‡ki e›`bv|
 AwaKvsk NUbvB mvaviY bq|
 mKj bvqK-bvwqKv kvcåó †èZv| g‡Z© c~Rv cÖPv‡ii mgq Zv‡ì AvPiY gvby‡li g‡Zv|
gbmvg½j
Avw`Kwe- Kvbv nwi`Ë [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 07. †Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi: 94]
‡kÖô Kwe- bvivqY‡è
PwiÎ- Pvu` mI`vMi [23Zg wewmGm]− (†èZv-we‡ivax PwiÎ), †eûjv, jwL›ì, mbKv
→ gbmvg½‡ji Kwe 22 Rb| G‡ì GK‡Î evBk¨v ejv nq|
g‡b ivLyb : weRq¸ß − cÙc~ivY wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB − gbmvweRq
→ g½jKv‡eï g‡a¨ c«vPxbZg kvLv- gbmvg½j|
→ mc© †èx gbmv/cÙveZxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ g½jKve¨| [Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK: 07]
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑPuv` mI`vMi, mbKv, †eûjv, jwL›ì, gbmv|
→ Avw` KweÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë (Rb¥ gqgbwmsn †Rjvi bv›`vBj Dc‡Rjvi wms‰ij `Ëevwo‡Z)|
→ †kÖô Kwe- Kwe bvivqY †è|
→ †gvU 22 Rb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| G‡ì GK‡Î evBk¨v ejv nq| (msKwjZ M«š’ ÔevBkvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ)|
→ KweMYÑ Kvbvnwi `Ë, bvivqY †è, weRq ¸ß, wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, wØR eskx`vm, †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›`|
→ GB Kv‡eï Kwe wØR eskx`vm evsjv mvwn‡Zï c«_g gwnjv Kwe P›`«veZxi wcZv|
→ bvivqY †è iwPZ gbmvg½j- cÙcyivY|
→ weRq ¸ß iwPZ gbmvg½j- cÙcyivY (1896 mv‡j)|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi iPbvKvj- AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j|
→ weRq ¸‡ßi Rb¥- evsjv‡`‡ki ewikvj †Rjvi ‰Mjv M«v‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ c«_g Bs‡iwR mv‡ji c«Pjb K‡ib- weRq ¸ß|
→ GKgvÎ cwðge½xq Kwe- †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` (Kve¨- Ô†KZKvcyivY)|
→ wkeg½j Kve¨ avivi †kÖô Kvwnbx iPwqZv- iv‡gk¦i PµeZ©x (MÖ‡š’i bvg- wke-KxZ©b)|
→ wkevqb ev wkeg½j Kv‡eï KweMY- ivgK…ò ivq, k¼i KweP›`Ö, iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh©, wØR Kvwj`vm, wØR gwYivg, webq jÿY|
→ ‰PZb¨g½j, †Mvwe›`g½j, mvi`vg½j MÖš’¸‡jvi mv‡_ g½j kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡jI G¸‡jv g½jKve¨ bq|
→ KvwjKvg½j Kv‡eï KweMY- kÖxai KweivR, mvwewi`Lvb, †Mvwe›` `vm, ivgcÖmv` †mb|
→ we`¨vmz›`‡ii †cÖgKvwnbx Aej¤^‡b KvwjKvg½j Kve¨ iwPZ| ÔKvwjKvg½jÕ ev Ôwe`¨vmz›ìÕ Kv†eï Avw` KweÑ
Kwe K¼ (wcZv- ¸YivR, gvZv- ¸YeZx)| Kwe K¼ Gi Rb¥¯’vb- wK‡kviM‡Äi iv‡R¨k¦ix b`xi Zx‡i wecÖMÖv‡g|
→ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kv³MxwZ avivi cÖeZ©K- ivgcÖmv` †mb| [37Zg wewmGm]
→ ÔKweiÄbÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv- ivgcÖmv` †mb (gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Kwe‡K ÔKweiÄbÕ Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb)|
→ kxZjvg½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe- wbZ¨vb›` PµeZ©x|
→ mvi`vg½j Kv‡eï Kwe ivRwms‡ni Kve¨ MÖ‡š’i bvg- fviZxg½j|
→ m‚h©‡èZvi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ nq- m‚h©g½j Kve¨|
→ gbmv g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe ivgRxe‡bi m‚h©g½j Kv‡eï bvg- Avw`Z¨-PwiÎ|
→ wØR KgjvKvšÍ iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡eï bvg- M½vi c¨vPvjx|
→ `zM©vcÖmv` gzLzwU iwPZ M½vg½j Kv‡eï bvg- M½vfw³ Ziw½bx|
→ ‡MŠwig½j Kv‡eï Ab¨Zg Kwe- c…_¡xP›`Ö|
→ c…_¡xP›`Öi Kv‡eï bvg- f‚lÐx ivgvqY|
→ e¨vwai Awa‡èZv cÂvb‡bi c‚Rv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ Kve¨- cÂvbbg½j Kve¨|
→ cÂvbbg½j Kv‡eï iPwqZv- wØR iNzb›`b|

cÖkœ : gbmvg½j Kv‡eï Kvwnwb ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g½jKve¨ avivq me‡P‡q cyivZb wb`k©b n‡”Q Ôgbmvg½j Kve¨Õ| mv‡ci †èx gbmvi Kvwnwb
wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨ gbmvg½j Kve¨| g‡Z©¨ gbmvi c~Rv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡v¯’vbxq‡ì c~Rvi cÖ‡qvRb|
P¤úKbM‡ii cÖfvekvjx ewYK wk‡ei f³ Pvu` mI`vMi cÖ_‡g c~Rv w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| ‡µvavwš^Z gbmv †èx
mßwW½v cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q w`‡q Pvu` mI`vMi‡K abnviv K‡i Ges Qq cyÎ‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Pvu` mI`vMi cyÎ jwL›`‡ii
beRxeb I abjv‡fi wewbg‡q c~Rv w`‡Z ivwR nq| Gfv‡e g‡Z¨©i †jvKmgv‡R gbmvi c~Rv cÖwZwôZ nq| ˆPZb¨-c~e©
hyM †_‡KB GB Kvwnwb b`-b`x cwi‡ewóZ MÖvg evsjvi mc© f‡q fxZ mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z nq|
PÐxg½j
 Avw`Kwe- gvwbK `Ë (AÜ I †Lvuov wQ‡jb)| (‡PŠÏ kZK)
 ‡kÖô Kwe- gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x| [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wk: 2019. f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwi: 07, RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi
e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 15. mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi: 10] Dcvwa- Kwe K¼b| [cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK (KvwiMwi): 11. ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 10] ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvbe i‡mi c«_g I GKgvÎ m«óv me©vwaK Rbwc«q Kwe gzKz›ìvg
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgzb¨v MÖv‡g| Zvui wcZv Ges gvZv- ü`q wgk« Ges ‰èKx| Zvu‡K gyKy›ìvg
PµeZ©x‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ Dcvwa †`b- †gw`bxczi †Rjvi Aoiv MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq|
 PÐx bvgK †jŠwKK †cŠivwYK †èxi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z Kve¨|
 cÖavb PwiÎÑ Kvj‡KZz, dyjøiv, fuvo– `Ë [wcwUAvB-Gi BÝUªv±i: 19], abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv| evsjv mvwn‡Zï
c«_g VM PwiÎ- fvuoy`Ë|
 PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Kvwnbx `yB L‡Ð wef³- Av‡¶wUK LÐ I ewYK LÐ|
 Av‡¶wUK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- e¨va `¤úwZ Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi Kvwnwb|
 ewYK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q- bvqK abcwZ mI`vMvi I Zvi `yB ¯¿x- jnbv I Lyjøbvi Kvwnwb|
 ÔwccxwjKvi cvLv nq gwievi Z†iÕ Dw³KvixÑ dyjøivg PÐxg½‡j|
 Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq- Kwe wØR gvae‡K|
ag©g½j
o Avw`Kwe- gq~i fÆ|
o ‡kÖô Kwe- Nbivg PµeZ©x|
o cÖ†YZvÑ iƒcivg PµeZ©x| [mgvmKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
o ag©VvKyi bvgK cyiæl †èZvi gvnvZ¥¨ c«Pv‡ii Rb¨ iwPZ|
o Avw` KweÑ gq~i fÆ (Kve¨- nvK›` cyivY)|
o Kvwnwb : 15-18 kZ‡K cwðge‡½i exif~g, ea©gvb, evuKzov, †gw`bxcyi BZ¨vw` AÂ‡j ag©VvKzi/ ag© bv‡gi
†èZv‡K wb¤œ-‡kÖwYi wn›`yiv c~Rv KiZ| GB Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Kve¨B g½jKve¨|
o iPwqZvÑ gq~i fÆ, Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x, k¨vg cwÐZ, Nbivg PµeZ©x, biwmsn emy|
o ag©g½‡ji PwiÎmg‚n Ñ jvD†mb, nwið›`ª, Kc©‚i †mb,gnvg` cvÎ|
o Kve¨ wef³- 2wU cvjvq (ivRv nwið‡›`«i Mí I jvD‡m‡bi Mí)|
Abœ`vg½j
→ cÖavb Kwe : 18 kZ‡Ki fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi| [mnKvix cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi: 16. mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
→ fviZP›`ª ga¨hy‡Mi/g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl [28Zg wewmGm. mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13] cÖavb Kwe/ †kÖô Kwe [6ô
we‡RGm> evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mn. cwi: 04] evsjv mvwn‡Zï 1g bvMwiK Kwe|
→ PwiÎ : wnivgvwjbx,Ck¦icvUbx
→ Abœ`v †èxi gnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡i fevb›` gRyg`v‡ii Rxeb Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b wZbwU L‡Ð iwPZ| h_v : wkebvivqY,
KwjKvg½j (we`¨vmy›ì), gvbwmsn-fevb›`|

→ PÐx I Abœ`v Awfbœ- GKB †èxi `zB bvg|
→ cÖavb PwiÎÑ Ck¦ix cvUbx, nxiv gvwjbx|
→ 1752 mv‡j ivRv K…òP‡›`Öi c…ô‡cvlKZvq Zvui mfvKwe fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Gi
Rb¨ gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Zvu‡K Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa †`b [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY): 01]]| fzimyU
ciMYvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY (1712) K‡ib| [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mn. cwiPvjK: 14] wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib
1760 wLª÷v‡ã| [36Zg wewmGm]
→ ÔmZ¨ cx†ii cuvPvwjÕ MÖ†š’i iPwqZvÑ fviZP›`Ö ivq ¸YvKi|
→ Zuvi iwPZ ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ cÖ_g gz`ªY K†ibÑ M½vwK†kvi fÆvPvh©, 1816 wLª÷v†ã|
→ Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10], ÔbMv÷KÕ Ges ÔM½v÷KÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv-
fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi|
→ ÔPÐxbvUKÕ bvU‡Ki iPwqZv- fviZP›`Ö ivq ¸YvKi|
→ iex›`Öbv_ fviZP‡›`Öi Kve¨‡K ÔivRK‡Éi gwYgvjvÕi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii cO&w³
ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ e‡j- Ckîx cvUbx KZ…©K PÐx‡èZv‡K ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kv†e¨ [17Zg I 23Zg
wewmGm> ciivóª gš¿Yvjq- 2019 (e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v). mve-‡iwR÷ªvi : 16. RbcÖkvm‡bi Aaxb wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. ewnivMgb I
cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11. wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16 ]
bMi cywo‡j wK †èvjq Govq? g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kix‡ii cvZb|
Òeoi wcixwZ evwji euva!
ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Puv`Ó| [AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04]
g‡b ivLyb :
ʘ KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`‡ii Avw`KweÑ Kwe K¼|
ʘ mvwewi` Lvb wj‡L‡QbÑ we`¨vmy›ì/ we`¨vmy›ìÕ MÖ‡š’i Abyev`K- mvwewi` Lvb| [¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq-
2019 (Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx- wmwfj)], imyj weRq|
ʘ ivg cÖmv` †mbÑ KweiÄb| be ivRv K…òP›`ª Zv‡K ÒKweiÄbÓ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Rxebx mvwnZ¨
cÖkœ : Rxebx mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? [30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : †Kvb weL¨vZ e¨w³i Rxebx‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯‘wZg~jK mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq, ZvB RxebxmvwnZ¨| ga¨hy‡M kÖx
ˆPZb¨‡è I Zvi KwZcq wk‡lï RxebKvwnbx Aej‡¤^b GB Rxebx mvwn‡Zï m„wó| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ ˆPZb¨ RxebxB
cÖavb| ‰PZb¨ †è wQ‡jb- êòe a‡g©i cÖPviK| [Kviv Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13. f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
→ ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
→ ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ| cÖ_g Rxebx †jLK gyivwi ¸ß| gyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPv bv‡g
cwiwPZ Kv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg kÖx kÖx K…ò‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z|
→ evsjv fvlvq kÖx‰PZ‡bï cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ iPbv K‡ib e„›`veb `vm [40Zg wewmGm> kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY
Kg©KZ©v: 09> miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK> 06]| Kwe e„›`veb`vm‡K ˆPZb¨jxjvi e¨vm ejv n‡q‡Q|
→ evsjvq ˆPZb¨ †`‡ei wØZxq RxebxMÖš’ †jvPb `v‡mi ˆPZb¨g½j|
‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxwfwËK Rxebx MÖš’
†jvPb `vmÑ ˆPZb¨g½j †Mvwe›``v‡miÑ KoPv
Rqvb›`Ñ ˆPZb¨g½j K…ò`vm KweivRÑ ‰PZb¨PwiZvg„Z (1615)
Pzovgwb`vmÑ †MŠiv½ weRq e„›`veb `vm- ‰PZb¨-fvMeZ
→ evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_ëûj kÖx‰PZb¨ Rxebx Kve¨ Ô‰PZb¨PwiZvg„ZÕ K…ò`vm KweivR KZ…©K iwPZ nIqvq
Zvu‡K ˆPZb¨ Kv‡eï †kÖô Kwe ejv nq| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 13]
Ab¨vb¨ Rxebx MÖš’
nwiPiY `vm- A‰ØZg½j
‰mq` myjZvb- bex esk, ke-B-wgivR, imyj weRq
Ckvb bvMi- A‰ØZcÖKvk

KoPv
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| KoPvi A_©I GB ey¨rcwËi AbyiƒcÑ Lmov iPbv, ¯§viK
wjwc, mswÿß e³e¨| KoPv‡K w`bcwÄ ev †ivRbvgPv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j|
kÖx ˆPZb¨‡è
kÖx ˆPZb¨‡è 1486 wLª. 18B †deªæqvwi kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1533
wLª. cyix‡Z gviv hvb| ˆPZ‡bï evj¨ bvg ev wcZ… cÖ`Ë bvg wQj wbgvB| †`ne‡Y©i
Rb¨ bvg nq †Mviv ev †MŠiv½| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Ôwek^¤¢iÕ|
 Zvui weL¨vZ Dw³- ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ|
 mbœ¨vm MÖn‡Yi ci kÖxK…òˆPZb¨ ms‡ÿ‡c ˆPZb¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ nb|
 ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ‡h ag©cÖPviK-Gi cÖfve Acwimxg- kÖx ˆPZb¨‡è|
(36Zg wewmGm)
24 ermi eq‡m wZwb Kv‡Uvqvi †Kke fviZxi Kv‡Q mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡ib Ges ÔkÖx‰PZb¨Õ bv‡g L¨vZ nb|
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ: ag© I mgvR ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei f~wgKv wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kÖx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei f~wgKv Kx? [35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : kÖx‰PZb¨‡è êòea‡g©i h‡_ô m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g G †`‡ki wn›`y mgv‡R †h ‡PZbvi m¤úªmviY K‡iwQ‡jb,
Zvi cÖfv‡e êòe mvwn‡Zï AfyZc~e© weKvk QvovI mvwn‡Zï Acivci kvLvq wewPÎgyLx cÖwZdjb †`Lv wM‡qwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì AvMg‡bi ga¨ w`‡q eªvgvþvYëv‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô wb¤œ †kÖwYi wn›`yiv hLb m`je‡j Bmjv‡gi
QvqvZ‡j AvkÖq wb‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡iwQj, ZLb ˆPZb¨‡è †cÖga‡g©i cÖPvi K‡ib| mvgšÍhy‡Mi Aby`vi gZv`k©‡K A¯^xKvi
K‡i wZwb cÖPvi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb Rx‡e `qv, Ck^‡ii fw³ Ges mK‡ji AwaKvi| Zvui cÖPvwiZ †cÖgag©, †cÖgK_v
evOvwji Rxeb †PZbvq wewPÎ Avb›` I RvMiY G‡b †`q| Gfv‡eB evsjv Kve¨ †è-‡èxi ¯‘wZg~jK aviv †_‡K
†ewi‡q G‡m gvbea‡g©i cÖkw¯Í‡Z †g‡Z D‡V| Zvui Abymvixiv G‡Ki ci GK iPbv K‡ib KvjRqx Rxebx mvwnZ¨|
GQvovI wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU cO&w³ bv wjL‡jI Zuvi bv‡g GKwU hy‡Mi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ: lo‡Mv¯^vgx, a~qv I †MŠiPw›`ªKv Kx?
DËi : lo‡Mv¯^vgx : kÖx‰PZ‡bï cÖ‡Z¨K wkl¨ Ges cig f³‡ì g‡a¨ QqRb‡K lo‡Mv¯^vgx ejv nq| Giv n‡jb
iNybv_ fÆ †Mv¯^vgx, iNybv_ `vm †Mv¯^vgx, †Mvcvj fÆ †Mv¯^vgx, mbvZb ‡Mv¯^vgx, iæc †Mv¯^vgx I Rxe †Mv¯^vgx|
a~qv : GKUvb wbw`©ó ¯Í‡i GKwU c` Mvb Ki‡j Zv‡K a~qv e‡j| cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbvq wbw`©ó
myi-Zvj-j‡q GKwU c` _vKZ| GwU aªæe c`wUB a~qv|
‡MŠiPw›`ªKv : ivavK…ò welqK cvjvMv‡bi f~wgKviƒ‡c †MŠiv‡½i Rxe‡b Abyiƒc NUbvi AbyeZ©b n‡qwQj Zv ¯§iY K‡i
iwPZ †MŠijxjvi c`‡KB †MŠiPw›`ªKv|
gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
gwm©qv K_vwU Aviwe [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix imvqbwe`: 01/Zzjv Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©v: 97], hvi A_© †kvK cÖKvk Kiv A_v©r
gwm©qv GK ai‡bi †kvKKve¨ ev †kvKMxwZ [cvwb Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Awdm mnKvix: 19. Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10.
miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 11. RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06]| Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ gwm©qvi D™¢e bvbv ai‡bi
†kvKven NUbv †_‡K n‡jI c‡i Zv Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i wbnZ Bgvg †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ knx`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i †jLv
KweZv gwm©qv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ nq| Aviwe mvwnZ¨ †_‡K gwm©qv Kve¨ dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb cvq| fvi‡Z †gvNj Avgj
kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j G‡`‡k dviwm fvlvq gwm©qv cÖPwjZ nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq evsjv fvlvq gwm©qv mvwn‡Zï
cÖPjb|
→ evsjv gwm©qv mvwn‡Zï Avw` Kwe †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb iPbv K‡ib ÔRqb‡ei †PŠwZkvÕ (1570)|

→ PÆMÖvg AÂ‡ji [38Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:] †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb iPbv K‡ibÑR½bvgv| R½bvgv Kve¨ Kvievjvi
welv`gq hy×-weMÖn Gi welqe¯‘|
→ nvqvr gvgy`ÑR½bvgv|
→ gyn¤§` LvbÑ hy×-weMÖn welqK ÔR½bvgvÕ / g³zj †nv‡mb Kve¨ (1635) (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb- R½bvgv) †kÖô
Kvievjv m¤^Üxq MÖš’|
→ gwm©qv avivi wn›`y Kwe ivuavigb †MvcÑ ÔBgvgM‡Yi †K”QvÕ, ÔAvdrbvgvÕ|
→ ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv KvRx ‡kiivR [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvhv©j‡qi AwWUi: 11] Ges Ônvwbdvi jovBÕ
Kv‡eï iPwqZv Avãyj nvwKg|
→ gwm©qv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ Kwe- dwKi Mixeyjøvn, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, Kvq‡Kvev`|
bv_ mvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : bv_ mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| (30Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)/ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi
MvbÕ MÖš’wU m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 bv_ a‡g©i HwZnvwmK hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ `kg I GKv`k kZ‡K bv_ mvwn‡Zï m~Pbv nq|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡Mi bv_a‡g©i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨ bv_ mvwnZ¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 †eŠ× a‡g©i m‡½ ˆke ag© wg‡k G ag©g‡Zi DrcwË| wke n‡jb Avw`bv_ Ges Zvi wkl¨ gxbbv_ ev
gr‡m¨›`ªbv_ n‡jb bv_ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv| bv_ A_© cÖfz|
 DcRxe¨ : Avw`bv_ wke, gxbbv_, cve©Zx, †MvcxP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: gxbbv_ I Zvui wkl¨ gr‡m›`ªbv‡_i Kvwnwb Ges ivRv †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm|
 bv_ mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MxwZKv ev e¨vjvW wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ|
 1878 wLª. cÖ_gevi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb iscyi †_‡K msM„nxZ GKwU MxwZKv ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ bvg
w`‡q GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j DËi I c~e© e‡½i wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K
gqbvgZxi Mvb (fevbx `vm), †MvcxPu‡›`ªi Mvb (ïKyi gvngy`), †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm BZ¨vw` bv‡g GKB
Kvwnbx wfwËK cyuw_ Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K bv_ mvwn‡Zï cwiPq jvf Kiv hvq|
 gymjgvb n‡qI bv_ mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib- †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb bv_ mvwn‡Zï Avw` I cÖavb Kwe| Zvui
Kve¨wU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`|
m¤úv`bv Kwe Kve¨
Ave`yj Kwig †kL dqRyjøvn †Mviÿ weRq (37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:)
W. cÂvbb gÐj fxg †mb ‡MvL©weRq
01. †K evsjv fvlvi Kwe bb? [Kviv Awa. Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 13]
K. Ávb`vm L. Rq‡è
M. gyKz›ìvg N. PÐx`vm
02. ÔeªReywjÕ ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi fvlv? [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mn. cix: 13]
K. Avmvg L. wgw_jv
M. †MŠo N. cwðge½
03. ‰eòe c`vewji mv‡_ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. mÜ¨v fvlv L. Awafvlv
M. eªReywj N. ms¯‹…Z fvlv
04. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb Rb evsjv fvlvi Kwe? [AvBwmwe e¨vsK wj.
Awdmvi/wmwb. Awdmvi: 14]
K. myi`vm L. Kvwj`vm
M. Ávb`vm N. Rq‡è
05. ga¨hyMxq GK ‡kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kv‡eï D`vniY-
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
K. MxwZKve¨ L. g½jKve¨
wm‡jevm t kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨, ‰eòe c`vewj, g½j Kve¨, bv_ mvwnZ¨, gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
bv_ mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ Kwe
k¨vg`vm †mb, fevbx `vm

M. RxebxKve¨ N. Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq
06. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg wb`k©b Kx? [Kviv
Awa`ß‡ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 13]
K. PZz`©kc`x KweZv L. Ph©vc`
M. †QvUMí N. g½jKve¨
07. g½jKv‡eï iPwqZv bb †K? [mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v (gyw³‡hv×v: 15)]
K. fviZP›`ª L. eo– PÐx`vm
M. gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N. weRq ¸ß
08. ‡KvbwU AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kve¨? [mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii
mgvR‡mev Awdmvi: 10]
K. gbmvg½j L. Abœ`vg½j
M. KvwjKvg½j N. mvi`vg½j
09. g½j Kv‡eï Kwe bb †K? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. `vï ivq L. nwi`Ë
M. gvwbK `Ë N. fviZP›`ª
10. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? (34Zg wewmGm)
K. eo– PÐx`vm L. †Mvwe›``vm
M. Ávb`vm N. Rqb›`x
11. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨wU‡Z ÔK…òÕ †K wK wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q?
K. gvbevZœvi cÖZxK L. cigvZœv
M. ivLvj hyeK N. `~Z
12. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq †h 3 Rb PÐx`v‡mi K_v
e‡j‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖvPxb †K?
K. eo– PÐx`vm L. wØR PÐx`vm
M. w`b PÐx`vm N. G‡`b †KD bb
13. ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK ÔkÖx ‰PZb¨‡`‡eiÕ g„Zz¨mvj †KvbwU?
K. 1486 L. 1533
M. 1586 N. 1633
14. ÔbeØx‡cÕ Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib-
K. eo– PÛx`vm L. Ave`yj nvwKg
M. kÖx ‰PZb¨‡è N. ivgcÖmv` †mb
15. kÖx ‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’ Ô‰PZb¨g½jÕ Gi †jLK †K?
K. e„›`veb `vm L. Ávb`vm
M. †Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm N. †jvPb `vm
16. c`vewji cÖ_g ev Avw` Kwe ejv nq-
K. we`¨vcwZ L. PÐx`vm
M. Rq‡è N. eo– PÐx`vm
17. ms¯‹…Z fvlvq êòe c`vewji Avw` Kwe-
K. we`¨vcwZ L. eo– PÐx`vm
M. Rq‡è N. Ávb`vm
18. evsjv fvlvq êòe c`vewji Avw` Kwe-
K. Rq‡è L. we`¨vcwZ
M. Rqb›`x N. PÐx`vm
19. ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii
G fiv fvì gvn fvì
k~b¨ gw›ì †gviÕ Kvi †jLv G Dw³wU?
K. PÐx`vm L. Ávb`vm
M. we`¨vcwZ N. †Mvwe›` P›`ª `vm
20. ÔmB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvgÕ Kvi Dw³?
K. PÐx`vm L. eo– PÐx`vm
M. Ávb`vm N. G‡ì †KD bb
†jvKmvwnZ¨
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : †jvKmvwnZ¨ Kv‡K e‡j? †jvKmvwn‡Zï aviv¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|
Rbmvavi‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v Kvwnbx, Mvb, Qov, avuavu, cÖev`-cÖPb BZ¨vw` [28Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, kÖg cwi`ß‡ii
cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09] ‡jvKmvwnZ¨ ejv nq| AviI mn‡R ejv hvq, †Kvb m¤úª`vq ev Rb‡Mvôxi AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨B
†jvKmvwnZ¨| †jvKmvwnZ¨ gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ _v‡K e‡j Zv‡Z cÖvPxb‡Z¡i wb`k©b _v‡K bv| Z‡e G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb
Kv‡ji m„wó|
†jvKmvwnZ¨
Qov Mvb ev MxwZKv ev K_v auvav cÖev`
†jvKMxwZ †jvKMxwZKv
iƒcK_v DcK_v eªZK_v
bv_ mvwnZ¨ gqgbwmsn c~e©e½
MxwZKv MxwZKv
01 (L) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (M) 05 (L) 06 (N) 07 (L) 08 (L) 09 (K) 10 (N)
11 (M) 12 (K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 15 (N) 16 (K) 17 (M) 18 (N) 19 (M) 20 (K)
mgvavb

Qov
†jvKmvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg m„wó Qov| [evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 16. mve-‡iwR÷ªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv: 92, †ewmK
e¨vsK wj. A¨vwm÷¨v›U g¨v‡bRvi: 12] Qov¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³i m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq bv, Gi m„wói wcQ‡b mgwó g‡bi
cÖfve Kvh©Ki| Qovi Q›` evsjv KweZvi cÖvPxbZg Q›`| Qovi Q›` ¯îvNvZ ev k^vmvNvZ cÖavb Q›`| c‡e©i Avw` ¯^‡i
k^vmvNvZ c‡o e‡j GB bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡K †jŠwKK Q›Ì ejv nq|
Mvb ev †jvKMxwZ
†Kvb ARvbv †jvKKwe KZ©„K iwPZ we‡kl we‡kl fve Aej¤^‡b iwPZ †hLv‡b †Kvb Kvwnbx _v‡K bv eis Zv †jvK mgv‡R MxZ
n‡q P‡j G‡m‡Q Zv †jvKMxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cUzqv cwðge‡½i cwðg mxgvšÍeZ©x KwZcq †Rjvi wPÎKi ev cUzqv‡ì m½xZ| Zviv †è‡èxi wPÎ A¼b
K‡i Mvb †M‡q Zv weµq KiZ| G m½x‡Zi welqe¯‘ wQjÑ K…òjxjv ivgvqY I gbmvg½j|
fv`y cwðge‡½i mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjvi Kzgvix‡ì g‡a¨ fv`ª gv‡m fv`ycyRvi MxZ| cÖK…wZ e›`bv Gi welqe¯‘|
Szgyi Avwèvmx‡ì (muvIZvj) Mvb|
M¤¢xiv DËie½ (PvucvBbeveMÄ)| Gi welqe¯‘ wke|
fvIqvBqv iscyi I Zvi Av‡kcv‡kÑ Gi welqe¯‘ †cÖg|
Rvwi Mvb c~e© gqgbwmsnÑ Gi welqe¯‘ ivavK…‡òi †cÖg Gi welqe¯‘|
fvwUqvjx b`-b`x c~Y© gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji eªþcyÎ b‡ì DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki Mvb|
cÖkœ : gbmyi eqvwZi ÔnvivgwbÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi: gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb wQ‡jb weL¨vZ †jvKMxwZ msKjb ÔnvivgwYÕ-Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ
MÖvg †_‡K Qq nvRv‡ii gZ †jvKMvb msMÖn K‡ib| wbR MÖv‡gi †cÖg`vm êivMxi †_‡K cÖ_g jvj‡bi GKwU Mvb
msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Zvi †jvKMxwZ msMÖ‡ni m~Pbv K‡ib| Gi ci wZwb evsjvi AevwiZ gvV MMb jjvU Ny‡i ‡ewi‡q
jvj‡bi Mvb QvovI †jvKmvwn‡Zï Abb¨ Dcv`vb Qov, Mvb, avu avu, cÖev`-cÖPb BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡ib| wZb `k L‡Ð
Zvui msM„nxZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv msKjb K‡ib| gyn¤§` gybmyiDÏx‡bi ÔnvivgwbÕi cÖ_g L‡Ði f~wgKv wj‡LwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi|
MxwZKv
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : MxwZKv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? MxwZKvi K‡qKwU êwkó¨ wjLyb|
DËi : GK ‡kÖwYi AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bs‡iRx Ballad [26Zg wewmGm
wcÖwjwgbvwi] kãwU divwm Ballet ev b„Z¨ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Ballad ej‡Z AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq| MxwZKv
Kvwnbx cÖavb MwZkxj †jvKm½xZ‡K eySvq|
☼ evsjv‡`k †_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKv¸‡jv K‡qK fv‡M wef³| h_v- bv_ MxwZKv, ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv, c~e©e½
MxwZKv cÖf…wZ|
gqgbwmsn MxwZKv
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ‰ggbwmsn MxwZKv m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| A_ev,
cÖkœ: P›`ªKzgvi †` Ges `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi bvg †Kb †jvKmvwnZ¨ †cÖgxi ü`‡q wPiw`b †R‡M _vK‡e? [38Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ]
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi D‡`¨v‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K †h me MxwZKv msM„nxZ n‡qwQj Zv KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq
KZ©„K ‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ, Ôc~e©e½MxwZKvÕ bv‡g Pvi L‡Ð 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| e„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi c~e©vs‡k
†bÎ‡Kvbv, wK‡kviMÄ, nweM‡Ä mvaviY RbmgvR †KvP, Mv‡iv, nvRs, ivReskx cÖf…wZ gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri êwkó¨
‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ‰ggbwmsn AÂj ‡_‡K msM„nxZ MxwZKvi bvg-

 gûqv : wØR KvbvB [26Zg wewmGm]
 Kgjv : wØR Bkvb
 ‡Ìqvbv gw`bv : gbmyi eqvwZ [Dc‡Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv
Awdmvi: 05]
 P›`ªveZx I RqP›`ª : bqvbPvu` †Nvl [Avbmvi I wfwWwc
Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U : 10]
 iƒceZx : AÁvZ
 KvRj‡iLv : AÁvZ
 ‡Ìqvb fveb : AÁvZ
 `myy¨ ‡Kbviv‡gi cvjv : P›`ªveZx
 we`¨vmy›ì : KweK¼
 gjyqv : P›`ªveZx
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv we‡kî 23wU fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq| [Avg`vwb-ißvwb Awa`ß‡ii wbe©vnx Awdmvi: 07]
→ KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb gqgbwmsn MxZ I cvjv¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eZ©gvb †bÎ‡KvYv
†Rjvi AvB_i MÖv‡gi Awaevmx ÔP›`ªKzgvi †`Õ †K msMÖvnK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi,
GbGmAvB Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 19> miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK : 19]
→ 1923 mv‡j W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi m¤úv`bvq [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK Awdmvi: 17. ¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi ewnivMg I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 11] KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K Ôˆggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ bv‡g cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| MxwZKv¸‡jv‡Z AwZ
mvaviY gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, myL-`y:L, Avb›`-‡e`bv, PvIqv-cvIqv, AvPvi-eënvi cÖf…wZ RxešÍ n‡q D‡V‡Q
hv evsjvi HwZn¨‡K aviY K‡i| ZvB †kÖvZv‡ì Rb¨ GB Ag~j¨ iZbmg~n msMÖn K‡i ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb
P›`ªKzgvi †` I `x‡bkP›`ª ‡mb|
→ gûqv cvjvi cÖavb PwiÎ gûqv, b‡ì Pvu`|
→ gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi DcvL¨vb- RqP›`ª P›`ªveZx|
cÖkœ : ˆggbwmsn MxwZKvi g~j¨vqY Kiæb|
DËi : Kw_Z wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri evB‡I mvaviY gvbyl mvaviY bxwZK_vi gvb`‡Ð G¸‡jv iPbv I PP©v K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b
†bB Avjøvn-‡Lv`vi gnvZ¥ wKsev †è-‡èxi Zzwó| G¸‡jv †hgb ejøvj †m‡bi KzcÖ_v gy³ mgvR †Zgwb KvV‡gvjøv‡ì
d‡ZvqvevwR n‡ZI gy³| †eŠ× Kg©ev`, wn›`yi wbôv, gymwjg GKvMÖZvi mgš^q Ô‰ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕi mgvR Rxe‡b
†`Lv hvq| mv¤úª`vwqK msNv‡Zi †Kvb wPý †bB GgbwK Gi fv‡jv/g›` PwiÎ¸‡jv m¤úª`vq wbi‡cÿfv‡e G‡m‡Q|
AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij fvlvq MÖvgxY gvby‡li cÖv‡Yi fvlvq ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
c~e©e½ MxwZKv
c~e©e½ MxwZKv bv‡g cwiwPZ MxwZKv¸‡jvi wKQz c~e© gqgbwmsn †_‡K Ges Aewkó MxwZKv †bvqvLvjx, PÆMÖvg AÂj
†_‡K msM„nxZ G mKj MxwZKvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| c~e©e½ MxwZKvi msMÖvnK W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb I P›`ªKzgvi †`|
[37Zg wewmGm]
ÒwbRvg WvKv‡Zi cvjvÕ, ÔKvdb †PvivÕ Ô†PŠayixi jovBÕ, Ô†fjyqvÕ, ÔKgj mi`viÕ, Ô Avqbv weweÕ, ÔKgjv ivYxi MvbÕ
BZ¨vw`| Ô†fjyqvÕ cvjvq bvix ü`‡qi AvwZ© cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
K_v ev †jvKK_v ev †jvKKvwnbx
M‡`ï gva¨‡g Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡j Zv‡K †jvKK_v (Folklore) e‡j| †jvKK_vq Dcv`vb êwPÎäg©x| gvbeRxe‡bi
wewPÎ AwfRvZI †hgb G‡Z iƒcvwqZ n‡q I‡V, †Zgwb †ivgvÝag©x Kíbvi weKvkI G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| †Kvb †Kvb
Kvwnbx‡Z Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, Avb›`-‡e`bvi wPÎ, †Kv_vI Rxe‡bi †QvULvU Am½wZ, †Kv_vI Abvwej †KŠZzK i‡mi
mÂvi, †Kv_vI bxwZcÖPviÑ G ai‡bi e³e¨ †jvKK_vq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| we‡kî mKj †`‡kB iƒcK_v RvZxq Kvwnbxi
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| G‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Fairy tale ejv nq| Aev¯Íe, A‡jŠwKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbvejx Gi DcRxe¨| Avie¨
Dcb¨v‡mi Mí GB †kÖYxi| cÖ‡Z¨K †jvKK_vi GK ev GKvwaK †gŠwjK DwÏó welq _v‡K| Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Motif
ejv nq|
iƒcK_v
iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g GK ARvbv inm¨gq RM‡Zi wewPÎ Kvwnbx †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q cwi‡ewkZ nq| †fŠ‡MvwjK gvcKvwV‡Z †m
me iv‡Rï †Kvb cwiPq _v‡K bv| A‡jŠwKK I Awek^vm¨ NUbv G‡Z fxo K‡i|

`wÿYviÄb wgÎÑ VvKzi `v`vi Szwj, VvKzigvi Szwj
D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivqÑ UzbUzwbi eB
DcK_v : cïcÿxi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b †hme Kvwnbx M‡o D‡V‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg DcK_v|
eªZK_v : evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †g‡qjx eª‡Zi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b eªZK_v bv‡g GK ai‡bi
†jvK K_vi weKvk N‡U‡Q|
cÖev`
→ cÖev` ej‡Z †evSvq gvby‡li `xN©Kv‡ji AwfÁZvi GKwU mswÿß Awfe¨w³|
→ cÖev‡` Av‡Q Ávb I mZ¨ cÖPv‡ii cÖ‡Póv, Av‡Q e³e¨‡K imvZ¥K K‡i cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ mshZ kãweb¨vm| ZvB
cÖev` n‡”Q Kv‡eï Nbxf~Z wbh©vm ev Kve¨KwYKv|
→ wewfbœ cÖev` :
 Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi ‡Uvci gv_vq w`‡qÕ|- GKwU cÖev`| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
 Ôhw` _v‡K eÜzi gb MvO cviB‡Z KZÿY?Õ GKwU cÖev`| [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK: 93]
avuavu
auvavu wRÁvmv Ges †m m‡ei DËi `v‡bi gva¨‡g eyw×e„wËi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Ôeb †_‡K †eiæj wU‡q †mvbvi †Uvci
gv_vq w`‡qÕ GKwU avuauvi D`vniY| AviI wKQz avuavui D`vniY- ÔnvZ bvB cv bvB, †`‡k ‡`‡k ‡Nv‡i, Afve co‡j
gvbyl Abvnv‡i g‡iÕg ÔwZb Aÿ‡i bvg hvi R‡j evm K‡i gv‡Si Aÿi KvuUv w`‡j D‡o †h‡Z cv‡iÕg ÔAv‡Q hZ,
Avm‡e ZZ, Zvi A‡a©K, A‡a©‡Ki A‡a©K, Zzwgmn k‡ZK fvBÕ|
Abyev` mvwnZ¨
c‡bi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Kwe K…wËevm KZ©„K ms¯‹…Z ivgvq‡Yi e½vbyev‡ì gva¨‡g Abyev` mvwn‡Zï m~ÎcvZ N‡U|
evsjv‡`‡k Avh© mf¨Zvi m¤úªmvi‡Y ms¯‹…Z fvlvq ag©kv¯¿ Kve¨ I bvUKvw` iwPZ nq| ms¯‹…Z iwPZ ivgvqY,
gnvfviZ, fvMeZ I Ab¨vb¨ cyivY MÖš’ mvwn‡Zï †kÖôZg wb`k©b wn‡m‡e evOvwj‡K wegy» K‡i‡Q| Ab~w`Z
MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z Abyev`Kiv g~j e³e¨ wVK †i‡L gv‡S-mv‡S wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
 Kweiv cqvi Q‡›` G mKj mvwnZ¨ Abyev` Ki‡Zb|
 wn›`y Kweiv g~jZ cyivY Kvwnwb¸‡jv Abyev` Ki‡Zb| Zv‡ì Abyev`K…Z mwn‡Zï bvg Ômvwn‡Zï K_vÕ|
 gymjgvb Kweiv Abyev` Ki‡Zb dviwm, wnw›`, ms¯‹…wZ cÖf…wZ fvlvi mvwnZ¨mg~n| GB mKj mvwnwZ¨K‡ì
Abyev`K…Z mvwn‡Zï bvg Ô†ivgvwÈK cÖY‡qvcL¨vbÕ|
ivgvqY
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ: ivgvqY m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 ms¯‹…Z Kwe evj¥xwK (iZœvKi) [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ Kvh©vj‡qi Aaxb AwWUi: 14. †mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iæcvjx
e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 03] ms¯‹…Z fvlvq [6ô we‡RGm] ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib| `my¨ iZœvKi DB‡cvKvi wXwei
Dci e‡m ivg bv‡gi Zcm¨v Ki‡Zb e‡j Zvi bvg nq evj¥xwK|
 ivgvqY n‡jv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Avw`/cÖvPxb gnvKve¨| wkím¤§Z I Avj¼vwiK Kve¨K…wZ iƒ‡c ivgvqYB cÖ_g Kve¨|
 GwU 24 nvRvi †køv‡K iwPZ Ges 7wU Kv‡Ð (Avw`KvÐ, A‡hva¨vKvÐ, wKw®‹Ü¨vKvÐ, my›ìKvÐ, j¼vKvÐ I
DËiKvÐ) wef³|
 ivgvqY gnvKv‡e¨ Avh© mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi me©vZ¥K weKv‡ki iƒc dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
 ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g I †kÖô Abyev`K K…wËevm ISv (ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Abyev`)| Zvui Ab~w`Z bvg ÔivgvqYÕ| [15Zg
wewmGm wjwLZ]
 wbZ¨vb›` AvPvh© (A™¢yZvPvh©) iwPZ A™¢~Z Avðh© ivgvqYK_v (A™¢~Z ivgvqY)

 ivgvq‡Yi mswÿß Kvwnbx : ivgvqY mvZwU KvÐ ev L‡Ð wef³| h_v : Avw`KvÐ ev evjKvÐ, A‡hva¨vKvÐ,
AiY¨KvÐ, wKw®‹Ü¨vKvÐ, my›ìKvÐ, j¼vKvÐ ev hy×KvÐ I DËiKvÐ| GB mßKv‡Ð iv‡gi RxebK_v
KvjvbyµwgKfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
 ivgvq‡Yi PwiÎ :
ivg GB DcvL¨v‡bi bvqK| weòzi mßg AeZvi ivg wQ‡jb ivRv `ki_ I Zvui ‰R¨ôv gwnlx †KŠkjvi
ˆR¨ô I wcÖqZg cyÎ|
mxZv iv‡gi wcÖqZgv cZœx Ges ivRv Rb‡Ki cvwjZv Kb¨v| mxZvi Aci bvg RvbKx| wZwb weòzcZœx j²xi
AeZvi|
nbygvb wKw®‹Ü¨v iv‡Rï GK evbi| wZwb wk‡ei AeZvi Ges iv‡gi Av`k© f³|
jÿY iv‡gi åvZv|
iveY j¼vi ivÿmivR|
`ki_ A‡hva¨vi ivRv I iv‡gi wcZv| Zvui wZb cZœx : †KŠkj¨v, ˆK‡Kqx I mywgÎv| ivg e¨ZxZ Aci wZb
cyÎ : fiZ, j²Y I kÎæNœ|
cÖkœ : ivgvq‡Yi cÖ_g gwnjv Abyev`K †K? [13Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
DËi : evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe I igvq‡Yi cÖ_g Abyev`K P›`ªveZx| [9g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 14]
wZwb wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Zvi wcZv gbmvg½j iPwqZv Kwe wØR eskx`vm| AvbygvwbK cÂ`k
kZ‡Ki ‡k‡l A_ev †lvok kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g P›`ªveZx ivgvqY iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| P›`ªveZx ivgvqY QvovI gqgbwmsn
MxwZKvi ÔgjyqvÕ I Ô`my¨ †Kbviv‡gi cvjvÕ MxwZKv `ywU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
cÖkœ : gnvKve¨ Kx?
DËi : exi imvZ¥K AvL¨vbKve¨‡K gnvKve¨ e‡j| Gi aviv `yBwU| h_v- cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨| cÖv‡Pï gnvKv‡e¨
mM©wefvM _vK‡e| mM© msL¨v n‡e 8 Gi †ewk| mKj mM© GKB m‡M© iwPZ n‡e| DcRxe¨- cyivY, BwZnvm/ mZ¨
NUbv| bvq‡Ki Rq ev cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g cwimgvwß nq|
RvZ gnvKve¨ mvwnwZ¨K gnvKve¨
RvZ gnvKve¨ ‡gvU 4wU| h_v-
ivgvqY- evj¥xwK
gnvfviZ- K…ò ˆØcvqb †eè¨vm
BwjqvW- †nvgvi
IwWwm-‡nvgvi
kvnbvgv- †di‡`Šwm
‡gNbvèa Kve¨- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
gnvk¥kvb- Kvq‡Kvev`
‡¯úb weRq Kve¨- BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivwR
c¨vivWvBm j÷- Rb wgëb
gnvfviZ
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : Ab~w`Z gnvKve¨ ÔgnvfviZÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
 gnvfviZ K_vwUi A_© nj fiZ es‡ki gnvb DcvL¨vb|
 18wU L‡Ð Ges 85000wU †køv‡K ms¯‹…Z fvlvq GwU iPbv Kiv nq|
 kÖx K…ò ‰Øcvqb ‡eè¨vm gnvfviZ gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| [c~evjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi Awdmvi: 12. Avbmvi wfwWwc
Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡W›U: 10] gnvfviZ eªvþYëv`x‡ì RvZxq gnvKve¨|
 ‡eè¨vm iwPZ gnvKve¨ ÒgnvfviZÓ cÖvPxb I ga¨hyMxq fviZ‡Kvl|
 evsjv fvlvq gnvfviZ Kv‡eï cÖ_g Abyev`K Kwe wQ‡jb ÔKex›`ª ci‡gk¦iÕ| Zvui Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg
ÔcivMjx gnvfviZÕ [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi> Avbmvi wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10]| c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb
civMj Lvu|
 DcRxe¨ welq- †KŠie I cvÐ‡ei M…nweev` Ges Kziæ‡¶Î hz‡×i c‚e©vci NUbvewj| Kziæ‡ÿ‡Îi hy× 18 w`b
e¨vcx P‡jwQj|
 gnvfvi‡Zi †kÖô evsjv Abyev`K m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †è es‡ki Kwe Kvkxivg `vm| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13. ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 19. gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 13] Zvi Ab~w`Z

weL¨vZ cO&w³-
Ôgnvfvi‡Zi K_v Ag„Z mgvb,
Kvkxivg `vm f‡b †kv‡b c~Yëvb|Õ
 kÖxKib›`x Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg ÒQzwULvbx gnvfviZÓ| civMj Lvi cyÎ QzwU Lv‡bi (cÖK…Z bvg: bmiZ Lvb)
wb‡`©‡k kÖxKi b›`x GwU iPbv K‡ib|
gnvfvi‡Zi wewfbœ PwiÎ
Awfgby¨ AR©yb I myf`ªvi exicyÎ, gnvhy‡× Pµe~¨‡n wbnZ nb|
AR©yb ‡èivR B‡›`ªi eiRvZ cvÐz I KzšÍxi Z…Zxq cyÎ, whwb we‡kî †kÖô abya©i wn‡m‡e MY¨ nb|
Ak^Ìgvgv ¸iæ †`ªvYvPvh© I K…cxi Agi cyÎ I `y‡h©va‡bi wgÎ|
KY© m~h©‡`‡ei eiRvZ AweevwnZv KzšÍxi avwg©K `vbexi cyÎ|
KzšÍx KzšÍx †fv‡Ri cvwjZv Kb¨v I cvÐzi ¯¿x| Gi wZb cyÎ- hywawôi, fxg I AR©yb|
MvÜvix MvÜviivR mye‡ji Kb¨v I a„Ziv‡óªi ag©civqY cZœx|
`ytkvmb kZ‡KŠi‡ei 2q †KŠie, `y¨Zmfvq †`ªŠc`xi e¯¿niY K‡ib|
`y‡h©vab a„Zivóª I MvÜvixi †R¨ô †KŠie cyÎ, M`vhy‡× cvi`k©x I Ab¨Zg LjPwiÎ|
‡`ªvYvPvh© Kziæ ivRKzgv‡ii A¯¿wkÿK eªvþY ¸iæ, Ak^Ìgvgvi wcZv|
†`ªŠc`x cvÂvjivR `ªæc‡ì Kb¨v I cÂcvÐ‡ei GKK cZœx [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi], Gi m¤§vb iÿv‡_©
gnvhy× msNwUZ nq|
a„Zivóª wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi AÜ cyÎ, hvi kZcyÎ †KŠie bv‡g cwiwPZ|
bKzj Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ 4_© cvÐe, Awm Pvjbvq cvi`k©x|
cvÐz wewPÎexh© I Aw¤^Kvi cyÎ, hvi cvuP cyÎ cvÐe bv‡g cwiwPZ|
we`yi Aw¤^Kvi `vmxi ag©Ávbx cyÎ, cvÐe I †KŠi‡ei m¤ú‡K© KvKv nb|
e¨vm‡è gnvfvi‡Zi iPwqZv gnvb Fwl, a„Zivóª I cvÐz GiB JimRvZ|
fxg ceb‡`‡ei eiRvZ wØZxq cvÐe, gnvhy‡× `y‡h©vab‡K nZ¨v K‡ib|
fx®§ gnvivR kvšÍby I M½v‡èxi exi cyÎ|
hywawôi a‡g©i eiRvZ †R¨ô cvÐe, avwg©KZv I mZëv`xZvi Rb¨ L¨vZ|
kKzwb MvÜviivR mye‡ji cyÎ KcU `y¨Z µxovq cvi`k©x Ab¨Zg LjPiwÎ, †KŠie‡Ì civgk©`vbKvix
gvgv|
kj¨ cvÐzi ¯¿x gv`ªxi åvZv I cvÐe‡ì gvgv, `y‡h©va‡bi Qjbvq hy‡× †KŠiecÿ MÖn‡Y eva¨ nb|
kÖxK…ò emy‡è I †èKxi Aóg cyÎ, fMevb weòzi Aóg AeZvi, RM‡Z ag©iÿv †nZz Avwef©~Z nb|
mZëZx kvšÍbyi 2q cÿ, grm¨MÜv bv‡g cwiwPZ, cy‡Îi bvg- wPÎv½`v I wewPÎexh©|
mn‡è Awk^bxKzgv‡ii eiRvZ gv`ªxi cyÎ †kl cvÐe, †R¨vwZlwe`¨vq cvi`k©x|
Ab¨vb¨
PwiÎ
K…cvPvh©, N‡UvrKP, `ªæc`, ejivg, weivU, kvšÍby|
cÖkœ : fvMeZ Kx? gvjvai emy‡K †Kb ¸YivR Lvb ejv nq?
DËi : ÔfvMeZÕ GKwU fw³ev`x ag©MÖš’, hv wn›`y‡ì gnvcyivY wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwUB cÖ_g wn›`y cyivY, hv BD‡ivcxq
fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| gvjvai emy GwU ÔkÖxK…òweRqÕ bv‡g Abyev` K‡ib| G Abyev‡ì Rb¨ iæKbywÏb evieK kvn
Zvu‡K ¸YivR Lvb Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
cÖkœ: Kex›`ª ci‡gk^‡ii Ab~w`Z ÔgnvfviZÕ †K †Kb civMjx gnvfviZ ejv nq? Gi Abb¨ êwkó¨ Kx?
DËi : †lvj kZ‡K û‡mb kvn PÆMªvg kvm‡bi Rb¨ civMj Lvu bvgK j¯‹i wbhy³ K‡ib| gnvfvi‡Z wewPÎ hy‡×i
†KŠkj ‡jLv _vKvq, hy× cvMj civMj Lvu gnvfvi‡Zi hy‡×i Kvwnwb ï‡b evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`b| GB
wb‡`©‡kB gnvfvi‡Zi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib Kex›`ª ci‡gkî| G Rb¨B Gi bvg nq civMjx gnvfviZ|

Abb¨ êwkó¨ : gymwjg kvm‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq iwPZ n‡jI Kwe‡›`ªi iPbvq Bmjvwg kã G‡Kev‡i †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
A_©vr Kwe›`ª Kve¨ iPbvi g~j jÿ¨ †_‡K Pzj cwigvY wePz¨Z nqwb|
dviwm ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`
g~j MÖš’ g~j iPwqZv Ab~w`Z MÖš’ Abyev`K
BDmyd Iqv RyjvBLv Rvgx BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv kvn gyn¤§` mMxi [23Zg wewmGm], Ave`yj
nvwKg, Mixeyjøvn
jvBjv Iqv gvRbyb jvqjx- gRby Rvgx ‡`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb [mn. _vbv wk. Awdmvi:
10. `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K: 04], gyn¤§` Lv‡qi
- - R½bvgv dwKi Mixeyjøvn
- - b~ibvgv Ave`yj nvwKg
ZvRyjg~jK ¸j-B-eKvIjx B¾Zzjøvn ¸‡j eKvIjx bIqvwRm Lvb, gynv¤§` gyKxg [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv
Awdmvi: 04]
- - nv‡Zg ZvB mv`Zzjøvn, ‰mq` nvgRv
nd&Z cqKi
wmKv›ìbvgv
wbRvgx nßcqKi, wmKv›ìbvgv AvjvIj
mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj MvIqvmx mqdzjgyjK-ew`D¾vgvj
Zzûd-B-bvmvCn BDmyd M`v †Zvndv (bxwZKve¨)
wnw›` cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb ‡_‡K evsjvq Abyev`
Ab~w`Z MÖ‡š’i bvg g~j MÖš’ I iPwqZvi bvg Abyev`K
mZxgqbv I ‡jviP›`ªvbx Kwe mvab iwPZ Ô‰gbvmZÕ cÖ_g I wØZxq LÐ : AvjvIj, †`ŠjZ KvRx
cÙveZx gvwjK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvqmx iwPZ Ôc`ygverÕ AvjvIj [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mn. ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 15]
gaygvjZx gbSb iwPZ ÒgaygvjZÕ gynv¤§` Kexi, ˆmq` nvgRv [miKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wk: 19], gynv¤§` Pzni, kv‡Ki
gynv¤§`
‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb
wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖkœ : ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb Kwe‡ì Ae`vb wjLyb|
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï gymjgvb KweM‡Yi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb| [mve †iwR÷ªvi: 16.
cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi mnKvix mwPe: 05] BDmyd Ry‡jLv, jvqjx-gRby, nvwbdv Kqivcix, mqdzjgyjyK-ew`D¾vgvj
cÖf…wZ Kv‡eï Kvwnbx dviwm MÖš’ †_‡K Ges ¸‡j eKvIjx, mZx gqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx, cÙveZx, gaygvjZx cÖf…wZ
Kv‡eï Kvwnbx dviwm, wnw›` Aviwe MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ| evsjvi gymjgvb KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg Kwe kvn gyn¤§`
mMxi PZ©y`k kZ‡Ki †k‡l ev cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_‡g BDmyd-Ry‡jLv Kve¨ iPbv Kivi gva¨‡g GB avivi cÖeZ©b
K‡ib| wnw›` I dviwm Kve¨ †_‡K †ivgvw›UK Kveävivi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| [AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix mwPe:
05]
‡lvj kZK m‡Zi kZK
o †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb: jvBjx gRby
o gyn¤§` Kexi: gaygvjZx
o mvwewi` Lvb: nvwbdvÑKqivcix,
we`¨vmy›ì, imyj weRq
o †`vbvMvRx †PŠayix: mqdzjgyjyKÑ
ew`D¾vgvj
o †`ŠjZ KvRxÑ mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx
o AvjvIjÑ cÙveZx
o †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKziÑ P›`ªveZx
o Ave`yj nvwKgÑ jvjgZx mqdzjgyjyK, Kvievjv I knibvgv|
o bIqvwRm LvbÑ ¸‡j eKvIjx
o gyn¤§` gyKxgÑ g„MveZx
o †kL mv`xÑ c`vgwjøKv|
o ‰mq` myjZvb- bexesk| [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v:
13. Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 05]

Inception bangla (preliminary + written) [www.chakritips.com]

Inception bangla (preliminary + written) [www.chakritips.com]

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