Geo-graphical Information System

1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (G I S )

2. WHAT IS G – I - S ?
GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items are
known, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic
coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)
INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS are
organized to yield useful knowledge, often as coloured
maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables,
and various on-screen responses to interactive queries.
SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-
related and linked components with different functions.
Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture,
input, manipulation, transformation, visualization,
combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.

3. What is a GIS?
A GIS is a database management system for
spatially distributed features and the
associated attributes.
• Spatial data capture
• Management
• Analysis
• Display
• Decision making
• Research

4. A SET OF TOOLS FOR
COLLECTING
STORING,
RETRIEVING ,
TRANSFORMING AND
DISPLAY
OF SPATIAL DATA FROM THE REAL WORLD

5. A Geographical information system is a
computerized information system for spatial
and non-spatial data referenced by
Geographic coordinates. It is designed to
acquire, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyse
and display these data according to user
defined specifications.`
DEFINITION:
An organized collection of computer hardware, software,
Geographical data and personnel designed to efficiently capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze & display all forms of
Geographically referenced information

6. GEOSPATIAL
DATA
USERS
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS
Hardware&Software
Capture, Storage, processing
Analysis, Display etc.,
Maps, Aerial photographs, Satellite
Images, Statistic Tables etc,
Design of Standards, Updating,
Analysis and Implementations

7. REPORTING/
OUTPUT
SUBSYSTEMS
DATA
MANIPULATION
AND ANLYSIS
SUBSYSTEM
DATA INPUT/
DATA CAPTURE
SUBSYSTEM
DATA
STORAGE
AND
RETRIEVAL
SUBSYSTEM
GIS Architecture
G
I
S

8. Contribution Disciplines
Geography
Cartography
CAD, CAC
Computer Software
Automated
Cartography
Mathematics
Statistics
Surveying
Photogrametry
Digital
Photogrametry
Remote Sensing
Technology
G
I
S

9. What Data is in Your GIS?
• What features do you map?
• What attributes do you need to collect data
on?
• What attribute values can you give the
attribute?

10. ATTRIBUTE DATA
Attributes can be numeric or alfanumeric
data that is assigned to a point, line or
area spatial features
Example Attributes…
Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation
type, Name of the Forest Block,Type of
Road,VSS code etc.,

11. Geographic Data

12. Chris Buhi 1757 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2
Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 1
Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2
Dale Loberger 1776 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 6
Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2
Doug Ruppel 1537 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 1
Gary Waters 1541 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 3
Holly Williams 1200 Yamasee Dr 28210 Y 4
Jim Wojcik 980 Harrowfield Rd 28226 N 1
Jo-Ann Brown 1812 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 2
Joe Rubisch 1090 Overhill Dr 28112 Y 4
Larry Young 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226 Y 3
Lee Ross 1605 Bosham Ln 28226 Y 2
Marcia Austin 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 2
Mary Jo Fraley 1432 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 1
Mike Dyer 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 3
Mike Rhoades 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 Y 3
Mike Sweeney 1327 Red Hickory Ln 28173 Y 2
Paul Gallimore 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 Y 2
Descriptive Data

13. Geographic Information
Christian Carlson
1761 Millbrook Ln
Y
1
Jo-Ann Bro
1812 Millbr
Y
2
Chris McGuire
1765 Millbrook Ln
Y
Donna Buccini
1780 Millbrook Ln
Y
2
N
6

14. MAPS AND MAP ELEMENTS
Maps are graphic representation of our perception
of the world around us. They represent cartographic
interpretation and simplification of reality.
Maps provide two types of information
Locational information
Spatial Relationships
Maps contains features such as
POINT
LINE
AREA
SURFACE

15. MAPS AND MAP ELEMENTS
Maps provide two types of information:
Location information is graphically represented as points,
lines and areas.
Spatial relationships are derived through interpretation by the
map user.
Maps contain POINT features, LINE features and AREA features
-wells -roads -urban areas
-control points -hydro lines -water bodies
-sample sites -rivers -soil/rock units
-fire stations -contour lines -forest areas
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MAP FEATURES ARE
DISPLAYED ON A MAP. THEIR SIGNIFICANCE MUST BE
INTERPRETED BY THE MAP USER

16. Point Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Points have a single geographic coordinate
such as:
– Tree
– Traffic accident
– Lamp post

17. Line Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined to form a line such as:
– Road
– Stream
– Railway

18. Area Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form a
boundary such as:
– Lake
– Soil types

19. DATA STRUCTURE
GIS
GRAPHIC ALPHA NUMERIC
VECTOR RASTER
CO-ORDINATE
SYSTEM IMAGE
AREAL
PHOTOGRAPH
REMOTE SENSED
SCANNED IMMAGES

20. SPATIAL DATA
Raster
Vector
DATA MODELAND STRUCTURE
RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL

21. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 R T
1 R T
2 H R
3 R
4 R R
5 R
6 R T T H
7 R T T
8 R
9 R
Real World
Vector Representation
Raster Representation
Concept of
Vector and Raster
line
polygon
point

22. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS
• DATA AQUISITION AND
PREPROCESSING
DIGITIZING EDITING
TOPOLOGY BUILDING
PROJECTION ATTRIBUTION
• ANALYSIS

23. Data Capture Sources
• Digitizing from paper maps
• Scanning
• Traditional surveying techniques
• Paper records & field notes
• Photogrammetry
• Remote sensing
• GPS

24. WHY GIS ?
• To inventory and monitor resources
• To test the sensitivity of our analysis
assumptions
• To simulate potential impacts of
management alternatives
• To make the map the 2nd time, the 50th
time, the 100th time...

25. Uses of a GIS
• Mapping geographical characteristics for
analysis
• Modeling alternative processes
for management plans
• Managing a utility’s assets
• Monitoring changes in environmental
factors

26. A GIS ANSWERS THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
LOCATION : WHERE IS THE FEATURE
LOCATED ?
CONDITIONAL : WHERE IS THE FEATURE
WHICH SATISFIES ?
TRENDS : WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE?
PATERNS : WHAT SPATIAL PATTERNS
EXISTS ?
MODELLING : WHAT IF ?

27. DATAANALYSIS AND MODELLING
•RETRIEVAL
•RE-CLASSIFICATION
•MEASURMENT
•OVERLAY
•DISTANCE AND CONNECTIVITY
•NEIGHBORHOOD AND CONTINUITY

28. Measuring and Integrating the Parts...
Social Factors
Biodiversity
Engineering
Land Use
Environmental
Considerations
…Means Seeing the Whole

30. ELEVATION
LAND USE
LAKES
VILLAGES
STREETS
SOILS
THEMATIC OVERLAY

31. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS
WHAT IS IT….?
(LOCATIONS)
LAND PARCEL
(X,Y)
WHERE IS IT ….?
(CONDITIONS)
WITHIN THE
VILLAGE
HOW HAS IT
CHANGED …?
(TRENDS)
CHANGES IN
LAND USE OVER
TIME
WHICH DATAARE
RELATED ….?
(PATTERNS)
NEAREST
OTHER VILLAGE
WHAT IF….?
(MODELS)
FINDING SOLUTIONS TO
OTHER QUESTIONS

32. Images—dumb rasters
(although they look good!)
Smart Raster—5 feet grids
Smart Vector—Pavement polygons
Dumb Images
& Smart GIS Data

33. Overlay based on Common Geographic Location

34. Parcels within a half mile buffer of Park and Central
Photographic Image
Scanned Drawing
Analysis
Data Table

35. UPDATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION USING LATEST SATELLITE DATA
Drainage
& Tank
1972
Drainage
& Tank
2001
Merged
Data
Change in
Drainage & Tank
Tank Area(ha) Status in 1972 & 2001
1972 2001 Change
Tank Area 9.81 119.96 + 110.15

36. Query and Analysis
Data Query Output
Mandals
3 villages of numbers
8,5and 3 are having
population more than 1000
and with out a school.
Zahirabadd
Sadasivapet
Identify villages
where population
is > 1000 but
no school with In
5 Km
Villages
Population
Report
Sanga reddy
5
32
8
7
1
4
Village
Buffer 5km
6
2
3
4 5
7
3
8 5
6

38. ELURU

39. Map showing Contours- 10m

40. Map Showing Drainage

41. Study Area –IRS P6 LISS-IV MX

42. VIRTUAL MODEL

44. Raster Image

45. Vector Map Generated from Raster

47. GOOD
TANK
POOR
MODERATE
MODERATE - GOOD
NIL
WATERSHED PLANNING
INTEGRATION
&
ANALYSIS

48. Inselberg - Gneiss
Inselberg - Schist
Linear - Phyllite
Pediment - Gneiss
Pediment - Schist
PIC - Gneiss
PIC - Schist
Pedipleain Moderate -
Gneiss
Pedipleain Moderate -
Schist
Pedipleain Shallow -
Gneiss
Pedipleain Shallow -
Schist
Residual Hill - Schist
Structural Hill - Schist
Basalt/Metabasalt
Gneiss
GIS FOR DRINKING WATER
STRUCTURE
Schistocity / Foliation -
Moderate
Fault (Confirmed) - Major
Fracture/Linament(Confirmed)-
Minor
Fracture/Linament(Inferred)-
Minor
Trend Line
Quartz Reef
Basic Dyke
Farm Points
Recharge Pits
Tank Irrigation
G W Irrigation
Base Map
Irrigation
Drainage
Structure
Lithology
Geomorphology
Integrated
Map
Inselberg - Gneiss
Inselberg - Schist
Linear Ridge-Phyllite
Pediment - Gneiss
Pediment - Schist
PIC - Gneiss
PIC - Schist
Pedipleain Moderate -Gneiss
Pedipleain Moderate - Schist
Pedipleain Shallow - Gneiss
Pedipleain Shallow - Schist
Residual Hill - Schist
Structural Hill - Schist
Water Body
Poor to Nil
Poor to Nil
Poor to Moderate
Poor to Moderate
Poor to Nil
Poor to Nil
Good
Good
Moderate to Good
Moderate to Good
Poor to Nil
Poor to Nil

49. LAND RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM

50. POST-MONSOON
(Rainy)
WEEDS
Tank Information System
183-48
Parcel level Information System

52. WHY IMPLEMENT A GIS ?
MAP DATA IS MORE SECURE AND BETTER ORGANIZED
REDUNDANCY AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE MAP
SETS ARE ELIMINATED
MAP REVISIONS ARE EASIER AND FASTER
MAP DATA IS EASIER TO SEARCH, ANALYZE AND PRESENT
What is nearby?
What is in this area?
What else can you tell me about this?
What areas have both of these characteristics?
EMPLOYEES ARE MORE PRODUCTIVE
MAP DATA IS INTEGRATED THROUGHTOUT THE
ORGANIZATION

53. TYPICAL GIS APPLICATIONS
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS
 LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM
 LAND USE AND THEMATIC MAPPING
 FACILITY MANAGEMENT
 HEALTH CARE, DISEASE PROFILE
 FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE TRACKING
 WASTE LAND DEVELOPMENT
 GROUND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
K URBAN AND TOWN PLANNING
K DEFENCE, KBUSINESS AND RETAILS,