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Ppt chapter 50
- 1. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to
the Renal System
Chapter 50
- 2. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Components of the Renal System
ā¢ Kidneys
ā¢ Organs of the Urinary Tract
ā Ureters
ā Urinary bladder
ā Urethra
- 3. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Major Functions of the Renal System
ā¢ Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
within normal ranges
ā¢ Regulating vitamin D activation
ā¢ Regulating blood pressure through the renināangiotensin
system
ā¢ Regulating red blood cell production through the
production and secretion of erythropoietin
- 4. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Kidney and Organs of the Urinary
Tract
- 5. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Components of the Nephron
ā¢ Bowmanās Capsule
ā¢ Ascending Loop of Henle
ā¢ Distal Convoluted Tubule
ā¢ Collecting Ducts
ā¢ Renal Pelvises
- 6. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Nephron
- 7. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Processes Involved in the Functioning of
the Nephrons
ā¢ Glomerular Filtration
ā Straining fluid into the nephron
ā¢ Tubular Secretion
ā Actively removing components from the capillary
system and depositing them into the tubule
ā¢ Tubular Reabsorption
ā Removing components from the tubule to return
them to the capillary system and circulation
- 8. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Maintenance of Volume and Composition
of Body Fluids
ā¢ The kidneys regulate the composition of body fluids by
balancing the levels of the key electrolytes.
ā¢ They secrete or absorb these electrolytes to maintain the
desired level within the body.
ā¢ The volume of body fluids is controlled by diluting or
concentrating the urine.
- 9. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sodium Regulation
ā¢ Body major cations
ā¢ Filters through the glomerulus and enters the renal
tubule, then is actively reabsorbed in the proximal
convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillaries
ā¢ As sodium is actively moved out of the filtrate it takes
chloride ions and water with it
ā¢ This occurs by passive diffusion as the body maintains
the osmotic and electrical balance on both sides of the
tubule
- 10. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Carbonic Anhydrase
ā¢ Catalyst that influences the sodium reabsorption
ā¢ Allows carbon dioxide and water to combine
ā¢ This combination forms carbonic acid
- 11. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Please answer the following statement as true or false.
The bodyās mechanism for controlling the volume of body
fluid is by diluting or concentrating the urine.
- 12. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Rationale: The volume of body fluids is controlled by
diluting or concentrating the urine.
- 13. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Aldosterone
ā¢ Influences the sodium levels
ā¢ Is a hormone produced in the adrenal gland
ā¢ Is released into the circulation in response to high
potassium levels, sympathetic stimulation, or angiotensin
III
ā¢ Stimulates the sodium-potassium exchange pump in the
cells of the distal tubule
- 14. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Potassium Regulation
ā¢ Potassium is another cation that is vital to proper
functioning of the nervous system, muscles, and cell
membranes.
ā¢ About 65% of the potassium that is filtered at the
glomerulus is reabsorbed at Bowmanās capsule and the
proximal convoluted tubule.
ā¢ Another 25% to 30% is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of
Henle.
ā¢ If potassium levels are very high the retention of sodium
exchange for potassium also leads to a retention of water
and a dilution of blood volume.
- 15. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chloride Regulation
ā¢ Chloride is an important negatively charged ion that
helps to maintain electrical neutrality with the movement
of cations across the cell membrane.
ā¢ Chloride is primarily reabsorbed in the loop of Henle,
where it promotes the movement of sodium out of the
cell.
- 16. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Antidiuretic Hormone
ā¢ Produced by the Hypothalamus
ā¢ Stored in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
ā¢ Important in Maintaining Fluid Balance
- 17. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Factors Stimulating Release of ADH
ā¢ Falling Blood Volume
ā¢ Sympathetic Stimulation
ā¢ Rising Sodium Levels
- 18. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nephrons and Points of Regulation
- 19. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Countercurrent Mechanism
ā¢ It further regulates sodium absorption in the medullary
nephrons in the loop of Henle.
ā¢ Sodium is actively reabsorbed into the surrounding
peritubular tissues, and water flows out of the tubule into
this sodium rich tissue to maintain osmotic balance.
ā¢ The filter at the end of the descending loop of Henle is
concentrated in comparison to the rest of the filtrate.
- 20. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
RenināAngiotensin System
- 21. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Role of the Kidneys
ā¢ Influence blood pressure control
ā¢ Release renin to activate the renināangiotensin system
ā¢ Leads to increased blood pressure and volume
ā¢ Increased blood flow to the kidney
ā¢ Can lead to water retention or excretion
- 22. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Functions of Calcium
ā¢ Muscle Function
ā¢ Blood Clotting
ā¢ Bone Formation
ā¢ Contraction of Cell Membranes
ā¢ Muscle Movement
- 23. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Regulation of Vitamin D Activation
ā¢ The absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract is regulated by vitamin D.
ā¢ Vitamin D must be activated in the kidneys to a form that
promotes calcium absorption.
ā¢ Once absorbed, calcium levels are maintained within a
very tight range by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitonin.
- 24. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Male Urethra
ā¢ Passes through the prostate gland
ā May enlarge or become infected
ā¢ Often associated with advancing age
- 25. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Vitamin D plays an important part in the absorption of
calcium by the body. Where is vitamin D activated into a
form that promotes calcium absorption?
A. Small intestine
B. Vitamin D is not activated into another form
C. Kidneys
D. Large intestine
- 26. Copyright Ā© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
C. Kidneys
Rationale: Vitamin D must be activated in the kidneys to a
form that promotes calcium absorption.