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林孟暐
臺大醫院胸腔外科 主治醫師
臺大醫學院外科 助理教授
氣胸與 膿胸
氣胸分類
自發性氣胸 (Spontaneous pneumothorax)
原發型自發性氣胸(Primary spontaneous pneumothorax, PSP)
無肺病病史或肺臟病變
次發型自發性氣胸 (Secondary pneumothorax)
有肺臟病變 (COPD or TB)
外傷性氣胸(Traumatic pneumothorax)
外傷
呼吸器(Barotrauma)壓力過高
張力性氣胸
張力性氣胸之診斷:
臨床診斷而非X光片
自發性氣胸臨床表現
自發性氣胸
突發性胸痛、呼吸困難、胸悶、喘、咳嗽等
輕微到嚴重都有可能,症狀可能隨時間減輕
患側呼吸聲音減少
原發型自發性氣胸(PSP)
男:女 = 3:1 ~ 6:1
15至30歲最多
身材瘦高
少數人有家族病史
容易復發 :
第一次發作病患之復發機率: 30~50%
第二次發作病患之復發機率: > 60%
抽菸:增加發作及復發之機會
一側發作後另一邊發作機率: 5 to 10%
氣胸診斷
Chest X-ray (PA view, upright): 最基本檢查
胸部電腦斷層: 最精確,但通常不一定需要
鑑別診斷
Skin fold
Giant bulla
典型氣胸之
CXR
Pneumothorax? Skin fold?
Pneumothorax in the Supine Patient
Deep sulcus sign
Chest CT: right pneumothorax with multiple bullae
原發型自發性氣胸治療原則
移除肋膜腔空氣
預防復發
傷害越小越好(minimal invasive)
需有實證醫學之根據(Evidence-based medicine)
原發型自發性氣胸之治療選擇
觀察,可給予氧氣治療
<20% or < 2cm, unilateral, asymptomatic
細針抽除空氣
置放Pig-tail 導管 或 胸管
肋膜沾黏劑 (Talc, minocycline, Picibanil, etc..)
手術(VATS)
Rim of air > 2cm:
Aspiration is indicated
> 2cm
原發型自發性氣胸之手術適應症
Persistent air leaks
Associated single large bulla
Recurrent pneumothorax (同側或對側)
Bilateral pneumothorax
Occupational hazard (pilots, divers)
Hemopneumothorax
手術治療之原則
找到漏氣氣泡並加以切除
製造肋膜沾粘(pleurodesis)以預防日後復發
傷口小,恢復快,復發少
原發型自發性氣胸之手術方式
開刀方式:
Thoracotomy, conventional VATS, Mini-VATS, Single port VATS
處理氣泡方式:
Bullectomy
肋膜沾粘方式:
Mechanical pleurodesis:
Abrasion, Pleurectomy
Chemical pleurodesis:
Talc, Minocycline, Picibanil
Vicryl mesh pleurodesis
自發性氣胸之手術治療進展
胸腔鏡->迷你胸腔鏡->單孔胸腔鏡
傳統開胸
胸腔鏡手術
1 week later 2 years later
迷你胸腔鏡手術之手術傷口
迷你胸腔鏡手術
Definition of needlescopic surgery: Instruments or
scope ≤ 3mm
迷你胸腔鏡及傳統胸腔鏡之比較
2mm scope 10mm scope
單孔胸腔鏡
胸腔鏡手術後之氣胸復發機率:
4-7%,比開胸手術高(0-2%)。
如何減少胸腔鏡手術後之氣胸復發?
追加Minocycline 肋膜沾粘術
Pleurectomy or mechanical pleurodesis
Mesh pleurodesis
Chen JS et al, J Surg Res, 2008
Pleurectomy
Chen JS et al, Surg Endoscopy 2006
Hsu HH et al, Expert Rev. Respir. Med., 2015
PSP management in NTUH:
第一次發作
CXR 肺部塌陷超過
2公分
有
導管抽氣 or
Pigtail catheter 置放
無
可考慮追加
chemical pleurodesis
成功
失敗
門診追蹤
胸腔鏡手術
Pleurectomy Abrasion and
minocycline
第二次以上發作
原發型自發性氣胸
Abrasion and
Mesh pleurdesis
病患一:24歲男性,右側自發性氣胸,
第一次發作,CXR最大塌陷4公分
A. 保守療法,氧氣治療。12
小時後沒有惡化即可出院。
B. 利用IV留置針或Pigtail導
管抽除空氣。治療成功後
病人即可出院,門診追蹤
C. 插胸管,接上Chest bottle,
收住院,看漏氣是否自動
停止。
D. 直接接受胸腔鏡手術,治
療氣胸以預防日後復發。
膿胸
引起膿胸的常見原因
• 肺炎
• 腹部器官發炎〈如肝膿
瘍或腹膜炎〉
• 胸壁外傷
• 胸腔手術感染
• 敗血症或菌血症
臨床症狀:
持續高燒不退
呼吸急促
咳嗽併有膿痰
全身無力,食慾不振
診斷:
患側呼吸聲音減少,扣診dullness
胸部X光片
胸腔超音波及穿刺
胸部電腦斷層攝影〈須注射顯影劑〉
膿胸:肋膜積水有細菌感染或肋膜積膿
pH < 7.0
LDH > 1,000 U/L Glucose < 40 mg/dL
膿胸增加肺炎病患之併發症:
延長發燒、住院時間
延長使用抗生素時間
必須住進加護病房
必須接受胸管置放或手術治療
可能引起病患死亡
形成膿胸之過程:積水®感染®化膿
分期(American Thoracic Society)
Acute or exudative (stage 1)
thin serous fluid with minimal debris
Fibrinopurulent (stage 2)
thicker fluid and thick fibrin strands
Organizing stage (stage 3)
thick fibrous peel
膿胸之治療方式:
使用有效抗生素
清除肋膜腔內之化膿物質
Stage 1
細針或pig-tail管抽引
置放胸管
Stage 2 or 3
置放胸管
胸管加纖維溶解劑(urokinase, streptokinase)
胸腔鏡手術(Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS)
開胸手術(thoracotomy)
膿胸最好的治療?
置放胸管:簡單,安全,但對於lobulated effusions 效果
不好。
胸管加纖維溶解劑:簡單,但使用劑量及效果並不明確。
開胸手術:最根本之治療,但傷口大、疼痛利害。
胸腔鏡手術:效果類似開胸手術,但傷口類似胸管置放
術。
Thanks for your attention!

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