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Infection. Forms
of infection.
Methods of
laboratory
diagnosis of
infections
Antigens and
antibodies.
Infectious diseases are disorders
caused by organisms
Infectious
diseases
• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Viruses
• 3. Fungus
• 4. Parasites
Infectious Diseases are
defined as:
• “Disorders caused by
organisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi or parasites
…which can be passed from
person to person. Some are
transmitted by insect or
animal bites while others are
passed by ingesting
contaminated food or water
or being exposed to
organisms in the
environment.”
Spread of Disease
• Endemic: ”Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a
given geographic area. The usually prevalence of a given disease
within such an area.”
• Epidemic: “Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness
or outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy.”
• Pandemic: ”Occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an
exceptionally high proportion of the population, i.e. Malaria,
Сoronavirus”.
Bacteria
• A single-celled organism. “Under
certain circumstances some can
transform into spores.”
• The disease causing method can
occur in one of two ways:
• 1. Invading host tissues, and
• 2. Producing poisons (toxins)
• Certain bacterium, like E. coli, can
be present in uncooked foods.
•syphilis
•Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
•tuberculosis
•whooping cough
•pneumococcal pneumonia
•bacterial meningitis
•Lyme disease
•cholera
•botulism
•tetanus
•anthrax
•strep throat
•bacterial urinary tract infections
(UTIs), often caused by
coliform bacteria
•bacterial food poisoning, often
caused by E. coli, Salmonella,
or Shigella
•bacterial cellulitis, such as due
to Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
•bacterial vaginosis
•gonorrhea
•chlamydia
Possible treatments
Bacterial infections are most often treated with antibiotics.
TAKE AS PRESCRIBED If you’re prescribed antibiotics for
a bacterial infection, take the entire course of antibiotics —
even if you begin to feel better after a few days. Not doing this
can prevent the infection from clearing and can contribute to
antibiotic resistance.
Virus
• Smaller than bacteria, a virus is able to cause diseases
ranging from the common cold to AIDS.
• “Usually consist of a protein coat with genetic material
(either RNA or DNA). These are intracellular parasites
and lack a system for their own metabolism; they are
dependent on the synthetic machinery of their host
cells.”
• “Every virus requires its own special type of host cell
for multiplication.”
Some examples of viral infections include:
influenza (the flu)
common cold
measles
rubella
chickenpox
norovirus
Polio
infectious mononucleosis (mono)
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
human papillomavirus (HPV)
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
viral hepatitis, which can include
hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E
viral meningitis
West Nile Virus
rabies
ebola
Possible treatments
Most of the time, the treatment of viral infections centers on relieving
symptoms until your immune system clears the infection.
In some cases, antiviral drugs may be available to help treat a viral
infection.
REMEMBER It’s important to remember that antibiotics aren’t
effective in treating a viral infection.
Fungal infections
Fungi are another diverse group of organisms that can include things like
yeasts and molds.
• vaginal yeast infections
• ringworm
• athlete’s foot
• thrush
• aspergillosis
• histoplasmosis
• Cryptococcus infection
• fungal meningitis
Possible treatments
Fungal infections can be treated with antifungal
medications.
Parasitic infections
• Parasites live on or in a host organism and get food or
other nutrients at the host’s expense. There are three
types of parasites that can cause illness in humans:
• Protozoa: small, one-celled organisms
• Helminths: larger, worm-like organisms
• Ectoparasites: organisms such as fleas, ticks, and lice
• malaria
• toxoplasmosis
• trichomoniasis
• giardiasis
• tapeworm infection
• roundworm infection
• pubic and head lice
• scabies
• leishmaniasis
• river blindness
Infection
Transmission
• Direct Contact
 Person-to-Person
 Animal to Person
 Mother to Unborn Child
• Indirect Contact
• Touching an infected inanimate
object then yourself without
thoroughly washing.
Microscopy
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Инфекция.pptx

  • 1. Infection. Forms of infection. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of infections Antigens and antibodies.
  • 2. Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms
  • 3. Infectious diseases • 1. Bacteria • 2. Viruses • 3. Fungus • 4. Parasites
  • 4. Infectious Diseases are defined as: • “Disorders caused by organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites …which can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insect or animal bites while others are passed by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.”
  • 5. Spread of Disease • Endemic: ”Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area. The usually prevalence of a given disease within such an area.” • Epidemic: “Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness or outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy.” • Pandemic: ”Occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population, i.e. Malaria, Сoronavirus”.
  • 6. Bacteria • A single-celled organism. “Under certain circumstances some can transform into spores.” • The disease causing method can occur in one of two ways: • 1. Invading host tissues, and • 2. Producing poisons (toxins) • Certain bacterium, like E. coli, can be present in uncooked foods.
  • 7. •syphilis •Clostridium difficile (C. diff) •tuberculosis •whooping cough •pneumococcal pneumonia •bacterial meningitis •Lyme disease •cholera •botulism •tetanus •anthrax •strep throat •bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs), often caused by coliform bacteria •bacterial food poisoning, often caused by E. coli, Salmonella, or Shigella •bacterial cellulitis, such as due to Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) •bacterial vaginosis •gonorrhea •chlamydia
  • 8. Possible treatments Bacterial infections are most often treated with antibiotics. TAKE AS PRESCRIBED If you’re prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection, take the entire course of antibiotics — even if you begin to feel better after a few days. Not doing this can prevent the infection from clearing and can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
  • 9. Virus • Smaller than bacteria, a virus is able to cause diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS. • “Usually consist of a protein coat with genetic material (either RNA or DNA). These are intracellular parasites and lack a system for their own metabolism; they are dependent on the synthetic machinery of their host cells.” • “Every virus requires its own special type of host cell for multiplication.”
  • 10. Some examples of viral infections include: influenza (the flu) common cold measles rubella chickenpox norovirus Polio infectious mononucleosis (mono) herpes simplex virus (HSV) human papillomavirus (HPV) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral hepatitis, which can include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viral meningitis West Nile Virus rabies ebola
  • 11. Possible treatments Most of the time, the treatment of viral infections centers on relieving symptoms until your immune system clears the infection. In some cases, antiviral drugs may be available to help treat a viral infection. REMEMBER It’s important to remember that antibiotics aren’t effective in treating a viral infection.
  • 12. Fungal infections Fungi are another diverse group of organisms that can include things like yeasts and molds. • vaginal yeast infections • ringworm • athlete’s foot • thrush • aspergillosis • histoplasmosis • Cryptococcus infection • fungal meningitis
  • 13. Possible treatments Fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications.
  • 14. Parasitic infections • Parasites live on or in a host organism and get food or other nutrients at the host’s expense. There are three types of parasites that can cause illness in humans: • Protozoa: small, one-celled organisms • Helminths: larger, worm-like organisms • Ectoparasites: organisms such as fleas, ticks, and lice
  • 15. • malaria • toxoplasmosis • trichomoniasis • giardiasis • tapeworm infection • roundworm infection • pubic and head lice • scabies • leishmaniasis • river blindness
  • 16. Infection Transmission • Direct Contact  Person-to-Person  Animal to Person  Mother to Unborn Child • Indirect Contact • Touching an infected inanimate object then yourself without thoroughly washing.
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