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
‫مزایا‬
‫شبکه‬ ‫از‬ ‫انتظارات‬ ‫و‬
‫عصبی‬

‫عصبی‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫های‬ ‫قابلیت‬

‫پرسپترون‬

‫دسته‬
‫خطی‬ ‫جداسازی‬ ‫و‬ ‫بندی‬
‫شبکه‬ ‫توسط‬
‫عصبی‬

‫یادگیری‬ ‫فرآیند‬

‫یادگیری‬ ‫انواع‬
‫ماشین‬
-
‫نظارت‬ ‫با‬ ‫یادگیری‬
-
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬
-
‫تقویتی‬ ‫یادگیری‬

‫ارزیابی‬
‫یادگیری‬

‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬
(
‫نظارت‬ ‫با‬ ‫یادگیری‬
)
‫فهرست‬
‫عصبی‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫از‬ ‫انتظارات‬ ‫و‬ ‫مزایا‬
‫عصبی‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫از‬ ‫انتظارات‬ ‫و‬ ‫مزایا‬

‫خطا‬
‫در‬
‫داده‬
‫های‬
‫آموزشی‬
‫وجود‬
‫داشته‬
‫باشد‬
.
‫مثل‬
‫مسائلی‬
‫که‬
‫داده‬
‫های‬
‫آموزشی‬
‫دارای‬
‫نویز‬
‫حاصل‬
‫از‬
‫دادهای‬
‫سنسورها‬
‫نظیر‬
‫دوربین‬
‫و‬
‫میکروفن‬
‫ها‬
‫هستند‬
.

‫مواردی‬
‫که‬
‫نمونه‬
‫ها‬
‫توسط‬
‫مقادیر‬
‫زیادی‬
‫زوج‬
‫ویژگی‬
-
‫مقدار‬
‫نشان‬
‫داده‬
‫شده‬
‫باشند‬
.
‫نظیر‬
‫داده‬
‫های‬
‫حاصل‬
‫از‬
‫یک‬
‫دوربین‬
‫ویدئوئی‬
.

‫تابع‬
‫هدف‬
‫دارای‬
‫مقادیر‬
‫پیوسته‬
‫باشد‬
.

‫زمان‬
‫کافی‬
‫برای‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫وجود‬
‫داشته‬
‫باشد‬
.
‫این‬
‫روش‬
‫در‬
‫مقایسه‬
‫ب‬
‫ا‬
‫روشهای‬
‫دیگر‬
‫نظیر‬
‫درخت‬
‫تصمیم‬
‫نیاز‬
‫به‬
‫زمان‬
‫بیشتری‬
‫برای‬
‫یا‬
‫دگیری‬
‫دارد‬
.
‫مسائل‬
‫مناسب‬
‫برای‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫شبکه‬
‫های‬
‫عصبی‬
‫عصبی‬ ‫های‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫های‬ ‫قابلیت‬

‫تابع‬ ‫یک‬ ‫محاسبه‬
‫معلوم‬

‫ناشناخته‬ ‫تابع‬ ‫یک‬ ‫تقریب‬

‫الگو‬ ‫شناسائی‬

‫پردازش‬
‫سیگنال‬

‫یادگیری‬
‫فوق‬ ‫موارد‬ ‫انجام‬
x1
x2
xn
{1 or –1}
X0=1
w0
w1
w2
wn
Σ

‫نوعی‬
‫از‬
‫شبکه‬
‫عصبی‬
‫برمبنای‬
‫یک‬
‫واحد‬
‫محاسباتی‬
‫به‬
‫نام‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫ساخته‬
‫میشود‬
.
‫یک‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫برداری‬
‫از‬
‫ورودیهای‬
‫با‬
‫مقادیر‬
‫حقیقی‬
‫را‬
‫گرفته‬
‫و‬
‫یک‬
‫ترکیب‬
‫خطی‬
‫از‬
‫این‬
‫ورودیها‬
‫را‬
‫محاسبه‬
‫میکند‬
.
‫اگر‬
‫حاصل‬
‫از‬
‫یک‬
‫مقدار‬
‫آستانه‬
‫بیشتر‬
‫بود‬
‫خروجی‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫بر‬
‫اساس‬
‫تابع‬
‫فعالیت‬
‫زیربرابر‬
‫با‬
1
‫و‬
‫در‬
‫غیر‬
‫اینصورت‬
‫معادل‬
-1
‫خواهد‬
‫بود‬
.
Perceptron

‫خروحی‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫توسط‬
‫رابطه‬
‫زیر‬
‫مشخص‬
‫میشود‬
:

‫که‬
‫برای‬
‫سادگی‬
‫را‬ ‫آن‬
‫توان‬ ‫می‬
‫بصورت‬
‫زیر‬
‫نشان‬
‫داد‬
:
‫یادگیری‬
‫یک‬
‫پرسپترون‬
O(x1 , x2,…, xn) =
1 if w0 + w1 x1 + w2 x2 + … + wn xn > 0
-1 otherwise
‫یادگیری‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫عبارت‬
‫است‬
‫از‬
:
‫پیدا‬
‫کردن‬
‫مقادیردرستی‬
‫برای‬
W
‫بنابراین‬
‫از‬ ‫منظور‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫عبارت‬
‫است‬
‫ازمجموعه‬
‫تمام‬
‫مقادیر‬
‫حقیقی‬
‫ممکن‬
‫برای‬
‫بردارهای‬
‫وزن‬
.
O(X) = sgn(WX) where
Sgn(y) =
1 if y > 0
-1 otherwise

‫پریسپترون‬
‫را‬
‫میتوان‬
‫بصورت‬
‫یک‬
‫سطح‬
‫تصمیم‬
hyperplane
‫در‬
‫فضای‬
n
‫بعدی‬
‫نمونه‬
‫ها‬
‫در‬
‫نظر‬
‫گرفت‬
.
‫پرسپترون‬
‫برای‬
‫نمونه‬
‫های‬
‫یک‬
‫طرف‬
‫صفحه‬
‫مقدار‬
1
‫و‬
‫برای‬
‫مقادیر‬
‫طرف‬
‫دیگر‬
‫مقدار‬
-1
‫بوجود‬
‫میاورد‬
.
‫توانائی‬
‫پرسپترون‬
+
+
+
-
-
-

‫یک‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫فقط‬
‫قادر‬
‫است‬
‫مثالهائی‬
‫را‬
‫یاد‬
‫بگیرد‬
‫که‬
‫بصورت‬
‫خطی‬
‫جداپذیر‬
‫باشند‬
.
‫اینگونه‬
‫مثالها‬
‫مواردی‬
‫هستند‬
‫که‬
‫به‬
‫طور‬
‫کامل‬
‫توسط‬
‫یک‬
hyperplane
‫قابل‬
‫جدا‬
‫سازی‬
‫میباشند‬
.
‫توابعی‬
‫که‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫قادر‬
‫به‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫آنها‬
‫می‬
‫باشد‬
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
-
Linearly separable Non-linearly separable
‫بایاس‬ ‫افزودن‬
•
‫افزودن‬
‫بایاس‬
‫موجب‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬
‫تا‬
‫استفاده‬
‫از‬
‫شبک‬
‫ه‬
‫پرسپترون‬
‫با‬
‫سهولت‬
‫بیشتری‬
‫انجام‬
‫شود‬
.
•
‫اس‬ ‫به‬ ‫نیازی‬ ‫بایاس‬ ‫یادگیری‬ ‫برای‬ ‫اینکه‬ ‫برای‬
‫از‬ ‫تفاده‬
‫صور‬ ‫به‬ ‫را‬ ‫بایاس‬ ‫باشیم‬ ‫نداشته‬ ‫دیگری‬ ‫قانون‬
‫یک‬ ‫ت‬
‫ثابت‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫با‬ ‫ورودی‬
1
‫وزن‬ ‫و‬ ‫گرفته‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫در‬
b
‫را‬
‫میدهیم‬ ‫اختصاص‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬
.
i
i
iw
x
b
y 


ˆ
2
1 w
w
b
2
1
1 x
x
‫عصبی‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫با‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫بندی‬ ‫دسته‬
‫خطی‬ ‫سازی‬ ‫جدا‬
‫خطی‬ ‫سازی‬ ‫جدا‬
‫خطی‬ ‫سازی‬ ‫جدا‬
‫یادگیری‬ ‫فرآیند‬
‫ماشین‬ ‫یادگیری‬ ‫انواع‬
‫نظارت‬ ‫با‬ ‫یادگیری‬
SUPERVISED LEARNING
‫نظارت‬ ‫با‬ ‫یادگیری‬
SUPERVISED LEARNING
‫نظارت‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫یادگیری‬ ‫از‬ ‫کاربردهایی‬
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬ ‫از‬ ‫کاربردهایی‬
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬
‫نظارت‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫یادگیری‬
‫تقویتی‬ ‫یادگیری‬
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
‫تقویتی‬ ‫یادگیری‬ ‫یک‬ ‫مراحل‬
‫یادگیری‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫ارزیابی‬
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬
(
‫نظارت‬ ‫با‬ ‫یادگیری‬
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫الگوریتم‬
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫کاربرد‬
(
‫تابع‬
AND
)
‫هب‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ها‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نمایش‬

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