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淺談類比-數位轉換器(A/D Converter)
在談類比-數位轉換器之前,需要先探討何謂「類比」?何謂「數位」?類
比與數位有哪些差異之處?
自然界大多的物理量如溫度、濕度、物體運動、電壓變化……等,具有連續
性。什麼是「連續性」呢?從字面上翻譯,連續指「不會中斷」,舉例來說明吧!
假設如下圖中,可愛小人要從家裡走到公園。
由於小人沒有瞬間移動的能力,我們也沒有。再假設家門跟公園之間有一點
A,走路移動的過程中,可愛小人勢必通過 A 點,示意圖如下。
事實上,不論 A 點在家門↔公園路徑上何處,可愛小人皆會通過 A 點。
因此,可以說可愛小人的移動路徑是連續(沒有中斷)的,也找不到中斷點(如
果在家門↔公園路徑上找到一點 A,可愛小人卻沒有經過,則可愛小人行經路徑
就不連續,但找不到這樣的點!)。
接著我們看一段電壓信號的波型如下:
電壓隨時間逐漸增加,令起始電壓為 A(伏特),終點電壓為 B(伏特),示意
圖如下:
C 為 AB 兩點之間的任一點(也就是說 C 可以剛好在 AB 正中間,或稍微靠
近 A,或稍微靠近 B……可以在 AB 兩點之間任意位置),假設 C 的位置如下:
不論這一點 C 在 AB 之間哪個位置,電壓信號必定在某個時間點通過 C,示
意圖如下。
因此這段電壓信號是連續的;事實上,現實中的電壓信號皆為連續的,即使
如電腦、行動裝置等「數位」系統也是。以上討論類比信號的連續特性,既然自
然界的物理量為類比的連續信號,為何要發展「數位」系統呢?從運算設備到各
式有線、無線通訊系統,如手機語音與行動網路電信、有線電視數位化等等。數
位有些優勢,將大多市售書籍、網路資料的說明主要條列如下:
 相較於數位信號,類比信號容易受到干擾。
 相較於數位信號,類比信號運算容易失真。
 相較於數位信號,類比信號不易儲存、壓縮。
 相較於數位信號,類比信號不易編輯、修改。
為何數位信號具有這些優勢呢?這要從數位系統的建構開始談起。
真正的數位系統屬於一種「理想」的系統,定義了二元的狀態-高準位與低
準位,示意圖如下,圖中在時間點 t1 電壓由低準位躍升至高準位。
這裡的準位指的是「邏輯準位」,高準位可以簡記為 1,低準位可以簡記為 0。
但實現數位系統如 TTL、CMOS 等電路採用的是電壓信號,如果將高的電壓準
位代表高邏輯準位 1,低的電壓準位代表低邏輯準位 0 則稱為正邏輯;反之若將
低的電壓準位代表高邏輯準位 1,高的電壓準位代表低邏輯準位 0 則稱為負邏輯。
舉例來說:
 一數位系統以 5V 代表邏輯 1,以 0V 代表邏輯 0→5V>0V→正邏輯。
 一數位系統以-12V 代表邏輯 1,以+12V 代表邏輯 0→-12V<+12V→負邏輯。
數位系統的信號是離散(Discrete)的,相對於連續(Continuous),C 為 AB 之間
的任一點,電壓信號並不會通過 C,示意圖如下。
在現實中連續變化的電壓信號上,由低電壓準位上升至高電壓準位的過程亦
連續,與上圖電壓波型在時間 t1 一瞬間由 A 躍升至 B 不同,示意如下。
上圖中由低電壓準位(A)上升至高電壓準位(B)是一連續過程,C 為 AB 之間
的任一點,電壓信號必定通過 C,示意圖如下。
低電壓準位(A)上升至高電壓準位(B)是一連續過程,我們可以將此連續過程
的電壓數值視為一個集合(set);假設低電壓準位(A)為 0V,高電壓準位(B)為 5V,
示意圖如下。
說得精確一些,這個集合應該是這樣:
0V
0.01V
0.1V
0.2V
0.5V
0.8V
1V
1.1V
2V
3V
4V
5V
︙
在理想的數位系統中定義了二元的狀態,為了在現實中實現理想,將上面的
集合分為兩類(以 TTL 邏輯為例)-低準位集合與高準位集合;示意圖如下。
在分類的過程中,某些元素被捨棄了-既不屬於低準位集合,亦不屬於高準
位集合,電壓介於 0.8V 至 2V 之間,既不是低準位,也不是高準位,狀態未定;
因此,在數位電路實作上,介於 0.8V 與 2V 之間的電壓不宜作為輸入信號。當
信號由低電壓準位上升至高電壓準位,雖不可避免地出現介於 0.8V 與 2V 之間
的電壓,其時間 t?越短越好,示意圖如下。
0 ≤ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ≤ 5,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∈R
低準位集合
0 ≤ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ≤ 0.8,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∈R
高準位集合
2 ≤ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ≤ 5,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∈R
透過感測器可擷取物理量皆以電訊號方式輸出,輸出之電訊號亦具備連續性,
屬於類比訊號。但類比訊號的運算、加密、傳輸、儲存不易,因此運用轉換編碼
技術,將類比訊號經 ADC(Analog-to-Digital Converter,類比-數位轉換器)成為
數位訊號,再送至數位系統處理。

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淺談類比-數位轉換器