3. History of the Supercapacitor
3
NEC
Supercapacitor
In 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist
constructed the first capacitor.
In the same year Pieter von
Musschenboek invented the Leyden
Jar.
Ben Franklin soon found out a flat
piece of glass can be used in place
of the jar model.
The Electric Double Layer
Capacitor effect was first noticed
in 1957 by General Electric.
Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered
this effect in 1966.
Standard Oil of Ohio gave the
licensing to NEC, which in 1978
marketed the product as a
“supercapacitor”.
4. What is Supercapacitors?
4
Supercapacitors perform mid-way
between conventional capacitors
and electrochemical cells
(batteries).
Fast Charge and Fast Discharge Capability (seconds)
High Power Density (>2kW/kg),
Lower energy than a battery
Highly reversible process, >500,000’s of cycles Wider Operating Temperature (-40℃ ~ 70℃)
Eco-friendly and safe
5. 5
Supercapacitors vs Batteries
Supercapacitor Battery
Available
Performance
Supercapacitor
Charge/Discharge Time 0.3 to 30 s
Energy Storage W-Sec of energy
Energy (Wh/kg) 1 to 10
Cycle Life >500,000
Specific Power (W/kg) <10,000
Charge/discharge
efficiency
0.85 to 0.98
Available
Performance
Battery
Charge/Discharge Time 0.5 to 10 hrs
Energy Storage W-Hr of energy
Energy (Wh/kg) 8 to 700
Cycle Life <1,500
Specific Power (W/kg) <1000
Charge/discharge efficiency
0.7 to 0.85
6. Supercapacitors vs Batteries
6
1
2
3
4
Supercapacitors
Lead-acid AGM battery
Nickel–metal hydride battery
Lithium-ion battery
Which one?
0
1
2
3
4
Efficiency
Self Discharge
Availability
Cycle Stability
Energy Density
Power Density
Energy Cost
Power Cost
System Cost
Safety
Recycling
Environment
Temperature Range
Charge Acceptance
Supercapacitors Pb-AGM batteries NiMH batteries Li Ion batteries
www.maxwell.com
Ragone plot
P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854
10. Supercapacitor applications
10
1
3
4
2
1
2
3
1
4
Solar Energy
Digital Camera
Audio Player
Flashlight
Road Sign
Wind Mill – Solar Tracking
Electric Car – Golf Car
UPS
Motor Starter
Controller
Power
Power
Support
Memory
Back-up
Energy
Storage
4 Robot
2 Hybrid Car
3 Smart Meter
5 Copy Machine
Digital Camera
3
Wireless Device
1
Mobile Phone
2
4
Solar Watch
5
Remote Control
12. 12
Optimizing your
system design
✓You can combine an supercapacitor and a battery to optimizing your
system design.
✓The high power pulses are provided by the supercapacitor, while the
large energy requirement is provided by the battery.
13. NEC/TOKIN hybrid system
13
Supercapacitor is connected in parallel to Dry battery
379
673 (80% increase)
Without Supercapacitor
With Supercapacitor
Operating life (Number of photos)
14. Rockster R1100DE hybrid rock crusher
14
Power peaks are smooth by
supercapacitors.
The fuel consumption is reduced and through
the use of virtually maintenance-free electric
motors also maintenance costs are
minimized.
With this technology you can save up to
16,000 liters (20,800$ if Diesel = $1.30 /ltr) of
diesel annually.
16. Cat hybrid system
Caterpillar 6120B H FS hybrid Mining Shovel
16
www.cat.com
• 1400 Tons
• Bucket volume 46 to 65 m3 (size depends on material density)
• Internal combustion engine power 4500 hp (3360 kW)
• Machine power 8,000 hp (using IC engine + energy storage)
• 48 MJ capacitor energy storage (4700 cells each rated at 3000 F, 2.7 V)
• Cut fuel cost per ton by at least 25%
17. Hybrid Rubber Tired Gantry Crane (RTGC)
TCM corporation
17
• 7 MJ Capacitor
• 38 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction
Capacitor Storage
T. Furukawa: DLCAP energy storage system multiple application, Proc. Adv. Capacitor World Summit, San Diego (2006)
18. Ar Vag Tredan (Electric boat)
18
• Electric passenger ship, powered by supercapacitor, operated in the harbor of Lorient.
• Passenger capacity: 147
• Absence of CO2 emission, noise and vibration
• Recyclable materials
• 25 m² of photovoltaic panels supply the entire low voltage network (lighting of navigation and remote control
equipment)
• Cruise speed: 10 knots
www.enerzine.com
19. CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive
19
Electric bus with the fastest charging time in the world (10 sec ) Charging takes 30 sec and can power the train for 2 km
20. Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
20
SWB6121SC
SWB6121EV2
www.sunwinbus.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rg-SsPJuU
21. Business Case for Battery Hybridization
21
Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus
• 33 mph velocity: 2 MJ → 0.56 kWh of kinetic energy (1kWh = 3.6MJ)
• Value electrical energy at $0.15/kWh
• Thus bus kinetic energy worth 0.56 x $0.15 = 8¢
• Assume round trip efficiency ~50% (value of energy 4¢)
• Assume 1000 stop cycles/day with 330 days/year operation
• Annual energy savings = 1000 x 330 x 4¢ = $13.200
• 3 MJ battery storage cells cost ≈ $750
• Battery storage system life ~2
Supercapacitor
75% ~6¢
6¢ $20,000
Supercapacitor $10,000
>> 4 years
• Saving after 2 years = (2 x $13.200) - $750 = $25,650
Supercapacitor
6 (6 x $20,000) - $10,000 = $110,000
In 6 year = $76,950
22. 22
Concluding remarks
Summary
1
2
3
4
Supercapacitor have very attractive features
• High cycle life
• Excellent reliability
• Maintenance-free operation
• Wide Operating Temperature
Supercapacitor technology has lower life-cycle cost compare to
Battery technology
Supercapacitor shows good potential in Power, Power support,
Energy storage and Memory Back-up application
23. thanks
F O R Y O U R P A T I E N C E
dankie
ngiyabonga
ありがとう 감사합니다
gracias merci grazie
спасибо
谢谢
متشکرم
ً
شکرا
danke
תודה
eυχαριστώ
27. 27
3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been
investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and
study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical
results.
Making supercapacitors
Making a new material that has great potential for high performance
electrode in energy storage applications.
Investigate effect of radiation
Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance
of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.
3D Simulation of
supercapacitor
Making supercapacitors
Investigate effect of radiation
Using supercapacitor in real application
Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing
systems.
Using supercapacitor in real application
28. 28
3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been
investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and
study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical
results.
Making supercapacitors
Making a new material that has great potential for high performance
electrode in energy storage applications.
Investigate effect of radiation
Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance
of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.
3D Simulation of
supercapacitor
Making supercapacitors
Investigate effect of radiation
Using supercapacitor in real application
Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing
systems.
Using supercapacitor in real application
29. 3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension modelling of the components in supercapacitors for proper understanding and contribution of each parameter to the final electrochemical performance
29
Most researchers have tried to
explain the EDLCs for ECs, however,
none of the reports clearly
explained effect and reflection of
each component on the final stored
energy.
The verification and confirmation of
the proposed model, was carried
out experimentally with activated
carbon-based materials in
laboratory.
we study and provide a deep
understanding of the electrical
behaviour of ECs and the effect of
each component to the final
electrochemical performance.
30. Existing model
30
RC circuit model Three branch RC circuit model Transmission line model
The model show a suitable
connection with experimental
results, however, the models have a
weakness taking into account that
the circuit components lack a
physical meaning.
The simple RC circuit model
cannot be used to probe porous
nature of the electrodes or show
the behaviour of EDLCs over a
frequency range accurately.
Mentioned model are incomplete models for actual ECs and
cannot be used to examine resistances of each parameter of
ECs (active material, electrolyte, separator and etc.)
individually and their focus is mostly on the EDLCs material.
R element presents resistance, L element presents inductance and C is the capacitor.
31. 31
Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)
Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C).
32. 32
Redox electrochemical capacitors (RECs)
Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Faradic part of material resistance (Rf), Leakage resistance (Rlk),
Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C)
35. Simulation Results
35
(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and (c) CV curves of simulation
a b c
Simulations in Matlab/Simulink is conducted using Simpower GUI. A saw tooth wave with the maximum voltage of 1 V and frequency of 0.01 is
used to charge and discharge the cell.
Re represents the resistance of the electrolyte, Rm is the resistance of membrane, Rc is a resistance of current collector and
electrode materials, Rlk is leakage resistance and Rct is the resistance of the Faradic part of the material
36. Laboratory results
36
(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and, (c) CV curves at scan rates of 20 mV s-1 of material in reality
37. 37
3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been
investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and
study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical
results.
Making supercapacitors
Making a new material that has great potential for high performance
electrode in energy storage applications.
Investigate effect of radiation
Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance
of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.
3D Simulation of
supercapacitor
Making supercapacitors
Investigate effect of radiation
Using supercapacitor in real application
Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing
systems.
Using supercapacitor in real application
38. Making supercapacitors
38
Materials Electrolytes Design
Activated carbon (AC)
Activated expanded graphite (AEG)
Pinecone activated carbon (PAC)
Activated carbon/Manganese (AC/Mn)
Different Micro- and Mesopores Structure
ZnxCo3−xS4 Hybrid microstructures
MoS2
Aqueous
Organic Solvent Solutions
Ionic Liquids
Polymer and Gel Electrolytes
Normal Supercapacitor
Micro supercapacitor
Design
Electrolytes
Materials
39. Activated carbon from different sources
39
Sugar-based
Polymer-
based
Expandable Graphite-
based
Coconut-based
Polymer-based
Pinecone-based
40. Different design of supercapacitors
40
Normal
Supercapacitor
Micro supercapacitor
42. 42
3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been
investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and
study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical
results.
Making supercapacitors
Making a new material that has great potential for high performance
electrode in energy storage applications.
Investigate effect of radiation
Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance
of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.
3D Simulation of
supercapacitor
Making supercapacitors
Investigate effect of radiation
Using supercapacitor in real application
Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing
systems.
Using supercapacitor in real application
44. Influence of microwave irradiation exposure on electrodes material
44
S i m p l e v e r y s m a l l e n e r g y
S a f e
S h o r t t i m e 3 4
2
1
45. 45
Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b)
ACGF, (c) and (d) ACCNT, (e) and (f) ACEG
Before microwave irradiation
Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b)
mACGF, (c) and (d) mACCNT, (e) and (f) mACEG
After microwave irradiation
Sample
Surface area
(m2/g)
Micropore
volume a
(cm3/g)
Pore diameter b
(nm)
mACGF 1163 0.400 2.65
ACGF 1124 0.388 2.8
mACCNT 930 0.232 3.06
ACCNT 1071 0.186 3.1
mACEG 1131 0.293 2.98
ACEG 627 0.177 29.8
Surface area, micropore, cumulative volume and pore size of the samples
+3.5
%
-13.1 %
+66.5 %
46. 46
(a) The comparison of CV curves in 6M KOH electrolytes at the scan rate of 20 mV s-1, (b) The comparison of the galvanostatic
charge/discharge curves at 0.5 A g-1and, (c) The Nyquist plots of different samples
(a) CV curves at scan rates from 5 to 100 m Vs-1 and, (b) the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 to 10 A g-1 for the mACEG
sample and, (c) the specific capacitance as function of the current density
(a) EIS plot and fitting curve, (b) the real and the imaginary part of the material capacitance as a function of frequency and, (c) Bode
phase angle of mACEG
17 %
128
%
47. Influence of electron irradiation exposure on full cell
47
Laplace DLTS spectra of the radiation-induced
E3 defect in GaAs
(n-type GaAs (doped to 1 x 1015 cm-3 with Si))
48. 48
(a) and (b) full and zoom part of CV curves at scan rates 20 m Vs-1 and,
(c) and (d) full and zoom part of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves
from 0.5 A g-1 of the PPAC cell during radiation and after radiation time
(a) Capacitance versus time, (b) normalized energy density versus
time, (c) EIS plot and (d) Bode phase angle of sample during
radiation and after radiation time
49. 49
3D Simulation of supercapacitor
Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been
investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and
study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical
results.
Making supercapacitors
Making a new material that has great potential for high performance
electrode in energy storage applications.
Investigate effect of radiation
Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance
of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.
3D Simulation of
supercapacitor
Making supercapacitors
Investigate effect of radiation
Using supercapacitor in real application
Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing
systems.
Using supercapacitor in real application
50. Battery/Supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles
50
Hybrid Energy Storage System
On-board EMS
Power electronics
Electric vehicle
Motion controller
EV motion dynamics
52. Controller design
52
Speed tracking
Ensures dynamic response of the vehicle
Battery protection
Prolongs battery life, reduces costs
Control objectives
Current limits
SOC limits
Velocity limit
Constraints
Model predictive control
Ability to look-ahead
Constraints handling in the design
Receding horizon control procedure
Define
Solve
Implement
Control method
53. Simulation setup
53
Parameters
❑ The urban dynamometer driving
schedule
❑ The European extra urban driving
cycle
Driving cycles
battery → low frequency power
std(vr− v) = 0.56 m/s
max(|vr −v|) = 6.16 m/s
battery → low frequency power
std(vr− v) = 0.03 m/s
max(|vr −v|) = 1.21 m/s
UDDS results
54. EUDC results
54
battery → low frequency power
std(vr− v) = 0.09 m/s
max(|vr −v|) = 0.93 m/s
01
02
03
Battery supercapacitor HESS
Supercapacitors helps to reduce abrupt
charge/discharge of batteries
Has the advantage of both longer drive range and
better dynamic control
The MPC controller
Shown to be effective
Good speed tracking and power split control
Performance vs. driving cycle
The performance of the vehicle is directly affected by
the driving cycle
The smoother the speed profile, the better the control
