Reliability: measures the consistency of the instrument. Meaning, each time the instrument yields the same measures each time it is employed for a study. (3 Types of Reliability) 1– Test-retest Correlation between consecutive measures on the same individuals” 2– Inter-rater Consistency among measurements conducted by different raters” 3– Internal consistency Consistency of responses to similar items by quantifying the consistency of answers across Items ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Validity: strength of the relationship between measurement and the concept or construct represented by the name of the variable”. (3 types of Validity) 1– Criteria Validity “Gold Standard”-”Complete confidence that it measures what it purports to measure” LEAD is the gold standard for mental psychiatry 2– Content Validity The degree to which the many indicators represent the defined domain of content 3 – Construct Validity The degree to which measurement results demonstrate the predicted association with antecedents and outcomes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Methods for estimating diseases burden in the population: Three types of prevalence: 1- Period:  Focus on a single period of time where both current and newly disorders affected the individual’s 2- Point : Number affected individuals with the disorders in specific point 3- Lifetime : Number affected individuals with disorders in lifetime ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Three types of broad assessments: 1– Psychiatric Examinations, Two type of Psychiatric Examinations(SCAN, SCID) 2– Structured Diagnostic Interviews (most used) DIS 3– Short Screening Scales for Disorder, Distress and impairment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Purpose: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders? - to decrease doctrinal confusion and bring consistency and reliability to the mental health field​-to Defines mental disorders​-to Codified Identification of mental disorders ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What’s the difference between SCAN and SCID?! SCAN: 1- Semi-structured 2- Bottom-up approach 3- provide suggested interview’s items  SCID: 1- Structured 2- Top-down approach 3- provide diagnostic criteria next to the questions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… There are three key aspects to the natural history of Psychopathology: 1- Onset​2-Course 3-Outcome Onset: 1- Etiology relevant period: Period between onset (causal factors) and diagnosis. 2- Prodrome period: Period before diagnosis but not all signs and symptoms are met. 3- Comorbidity: “The presence of two or more disorders in one individual” ……………………………………………………………………………………

1. Reliability:
measures the consistency of the instrument. Meaning, each time the
instrument yields the same measures each time it is employed for a study.
(3 Types of Reliability)
1– Test-retest
Correlation between consecutive measures on the same individuals”
2– Inter-rater
Consistency among measurements conducted by different raters”
3– Internal consistency
Consistency of responses to similar items by quantifying the consistency of
answers across
Items
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Validity: strength of the relationship between measurement and the
concept or construct represented by the name of the variable”.
(3 types of Validity)
1– Criteria Validity
“Gold Standard”-”Complete confidence that it measures what it purports to
measure” LEAD is the gold standard for mental psychiatry
2– Content Validity
The degree to which the many indicators represent the defined domain of
content
3 – Construct Validity
The degree to which measurement results demonstrate the predicted
association with
antecedents and outcomes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Methods for estimating diseases burden in the population:
Three types of prevalence:
1- Period:

2. Focus on a single period of time where both current and newly disorders
affected the individual’s
2- Point :
Number affected individuals with the disorders in specific point
3- Lifetime :
Number affected individuals with disorders in lifetime
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Three types of broad assessments:
1– Psychiatric Examinations,
Two type of Psychiatric Examinations(SCAN, SCID)
2– Structured Diagnostic Interviews (most used) DIS
3– Short Screening Scales for Disorder, Distress and impairment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Purpose: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
- to decrease doctrinal confusion and bring consistency and reliability to the
mental health field -to Defines mental disorders -to Codified Identification of
mental disorders
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS)
Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID)
Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What’s the difference between SCAN and SCID?!
SCAN:
1- Semi-structured
2-Bottom-up approach
3-provide suggested interview’s items

3. SCID:
1-Structured
2- Top-down approach
3-provide diagnostic criteria next to the questions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
There are three key aspects to the natural history of Psychopathology:
1- Onset 2-Course 3-Outcome
Onset:
1- Etiology relevant period: Period between onset (causal factors) and
diagnosis.
2-Prodrome period: Period before diagnosis but not all signs and symptoms
are met.
3-Comorbidity: “The presence of two or more disorders in one individual”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1- Disease perspective :
1)Represent mental disorders that are diseases that specifically attributed
(Broken part)
2)Examples:
. Weakfullness ( delirium)
. Cognition ( demntia)
. Affect (Bipolar disorder)
. Pellagra dementia
3)Treatment:
Typically by medications.
2- Dimensional perspective:
1)Result of human potential (intelligence)
-life experience.
-proactive stimulus
-unstable emotionally.
2)Examples:
-Mental retardation

4. -Obessive compulsative disorders (OCD)
3)Treatment:
-Reduction emotional stressors
-Eductional remedication
-target intervention at risky children early in their development
3-Behavioural perspective:
-
1)Identify the distruption of choice and self control and promote social
environments.
2)Examples:
-Anorexia nervosa
-Builimia nervosa
-Drug abuse and dependency
*Behavioural “Push” : satisfy psychological drive (hunger,thirst ,sleep)
4- Life story perspective:
1)Explain specific distressful life experience to make sense of the proactive
emotional response within specific life…
2)Examples:
-Emotional grief
-Hysteria
-Anxiety
-Post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)
*Events: War and military camping’s
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mendelian Model: Disorder is a result of single gene.
Polygenic Model: Disorder is a result of numerous genes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
What’s the difference between sensitivity and specificity?!
Sensitivity: Ability of test to identify the people with disease (True positive
rate)

5. Specificity: Ability of test to identify the people without disease (True negative
rate)
………… .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What’s the difference between Emic and Etic?
Emic :
1- Culture bound
2-Disease is bound to the culture
3-Inside perspective
Etic :
1-Transcultural
2- Disease is universal across culture
3- Outside perspective
.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Why is there an interest in mental
health research?
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1- To estimate rates of prevalence.
2- To Examine the risks associated with particular disorder
3-To prevent the disorder
.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What’s the difference between Logical generalization and statically
generalization ?
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Logical :
Population variations + causal processes = identical to study sample
Statistical :
= Represent the sample of the target populations