Describe the zoonotic diseases found in wild animals

1. Zoonoses
“Those diseases and infections which are
naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man”
Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve
unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or
through food, water or the environment.

2. Zoonoses in Wild Animals
• Wild animals are the known host to the wide range of different
microorganisms.
• Infection present in wildlife as 'enzootic foci’
• Alteration in the environment for the human welfare such as
construction of dams, canals, deforestation and tilling of the grass
lands for agricultural development may enhance the chances of
human contact with the foci of infection.
• Rats, mice, monkeys, bats, foxes, wolves, skunks, migratory water
fowls, ducks involve with epidemiology of zoonotic diseases.

3. Bacterial zoonotic diseases
Disease Etiology Animal affected
Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Antelope, Deer
Brucellosis Brucella organisms Biaon, cervids(elk, red
deer, deer)
Lymes disease Borrelia burgdorferi White footedouse, Deer,
Raccon, Sqiral, Lizard
Plague Yersinia pestis Wild carnivors, Rat, Rabbit

4. Bursitis
due to
brucella
Plague

5. Viral zoonotic diseases
Disease Etiology Animals affected
Rabies Lyssa virus Wild canids , wild felids
,skunks, badgers, monkey
Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalopathy
virus
Cattle erget, little erget,
herons
Nuropathy Zika virus Non human primates,
human primates
Ebola Ebola virus Non human primates
SARS Coronavirus Ferrates, bat
Kfd Kfd virus Monkey
Encephalitis & respiratory
disease
Nipah virus Giant fruit bat
Lymphadenopathy Monkeypox virus Monkey
Avian influenza Avian influenza virus Wild brids, migratory birds

7. Parasitic zoonotic disease
Disease Etiology Affected animal
Surra Trypanosma evansi Deer, Elephant, Jaguars,
Tiger
Echinococcus Echinococcus granulosus Fox, Wolves, Moose,
Kangaroo

8. Tuberculosis in wild Animals
• Tuberculosis is a disease caused by certain strains of mycobacterium
• Slow and progressive developing disease of pulmonary and
extrapulmonary Form
Indian scenario of tuberculosis
Overall – 7.4% of livestock
. Bovine – 8%
Camel 11%
Sheep and goat – 2%
Wildlife – 5%

9. Mycobacterium species Animal affected
M.tuberculosis Elephant, Zoo primates,
Rhinoceros, Tapiers,
Humans
M.bovis Zoo primates, Ungulates,
European badger, Bush
tailed possum, White
tailed deer, African buffalo,
Wild boar, humans
Rhinoceros, Tiger, Lion, ,
Cheetah
M.orygis Antelope , Deer
Etiology of tuberculosis

10. Transmission
• Direct contact with infected animal, discharge, mornid tissue
• Aerosol mode of transmission – during sneezing, sputum contain
organism
• Droplet infection – Inhalation
• Faeces, urine, vaginal discharge, semen, milk, lumph, wound
discharge can also transmit disease
• Contaminated utensil, food, water, human as vehicle
• When animal come in contact with human infected with tuberculosis
• Carnivore animal may get infection from infected carcass

11. Pathogenesis

12. Clinical signs
• Elephant – chronic weight loss,
anorexia, exercise intolerance, and
weakness. In some cases, elephants
may manifest symptoms only in the
advanced
• Pathological findings –
• Granulomatous changes in lungs and
bronchial lymph nodes
• Generalized caeseoua foci Lungs of tb affected elephant

13. • Deer –
• Emaciation, cachexia, shrunken eyes and
rough coat.
• Pathological Findings –
• Pea sized yellowish nodules in lungs
• Lungs filled with caesated fluid
• Mesenteric lymph node also contain pus
• Abomasum , small and large intestine
enlarged
Chest cavity of Tb affected
deer

14. Diagnosis
• Intradermal tuberculin test
• Microscopic examination – Acid fast staining
• Serological Test –
• ELISA
• Multiantigen print immunoassey
(MAPIA)
• Molecular Test – PCR
• Isolation of organism – Lowensin jensin
medium Broncheoalveolar lavage of elephant

15. Treatment
• Dose and Route of administration of Anti-Tubercular drugs in
elephant
Serial No. Drug Dose Route
1 Ethambutol 30 Oral
2 Isoniazid 5 Oral/Rectal
3 PyrAzinamide 30 Oral/Rectal
4 Rifampicin 10 Oral

16. Latest incidents of tuberculosis in zoo animals
in India
• Kerala ( Thiruvananthapuram) -
• 62 birds and animals died due to Tb in Thiruvananthapuram zoo in
past 10 months
• Elephant screeing for tuberculosis in kerala showd that
seroprevalance of disease in kerala is due to humans
• Hyderabad – Elephants turn TB carriers: India plan to wipe out
disease by 2025 may be hit

17. Conclusion
• TB is endemic in captive elephants
• The role played by elephants in the spread of TB to humans needs to
be addressed.
• Regular screening of elephants for TB is required for control
• Research on tuberculosis in elephants is required

19. Zoonotic diseases due to wild life
• Kyasanur forest disease(KFD) – Tick borne viral hemorrhagic fever.
• Etiology– Kyasanur forest virus
• Vector – Haemaphysalis spinigera
• Disease was located at kyasanur forest of shimoga district karnataka
in wild monkey.
• KFD virus commonly infects the black faced langur (Presbytis
entellus) and red faced bonnet monkey (Macaca radiate)

20. Rabies
• Etiology – Lyssa virus
• Primary reservoirs are foxes, bats, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats and
cattle.
• Affected animals – All Deers, Serow, Elephant, Himalayan Black Bear,
Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Bison, Wild Pig, Nilgai.

21. Japanese encephalitis
• Etiology – Japanese encephalitis virus
• Mosquito born disease
• Affects the central nervous
• Characterized by rapid onset, hyperpyrexia and cerebral and
meningeal manifestations, and even death.
• Reserviours – Pigs and wild birds (herons and egrets)

22. Ebola Virus Disease
• The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals (such as fruit
bats, porcupines and non-human primates) and then spreads in the
human population through direct contact with the blood, secretions,
organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and
materials (e.g. Bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.