Sulejmanović,D. (2012). Zaštita djece sa autizmom od vršnjačkog nasilja. Zbornik sažetaka IV znanstveno-stručni skup posvećen pitanjima nasilja. Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku.
Prezentacija predavanja „Što je Alzheimerova bolest“ doc. dr. sc. Nataše Klepac, specijalistice neurologije s Odjela za kognitivnu neurologiju KBC Zagreb – Rebro održanog na Alzheimer Caféu Hrvatske udruge za Alzheimerovu bolest 28. svibnja 2015.
Sulejmanović,D. (2012). Zaštita djece sa autizmom od vršnjačkog nasilja. Zbornik sažetaka IV znanstveno-stručni skup posvećen pitanjima nasilja. Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku.
Prezentacija predavanja „Što je Alzheimerova bolest“ doc. dr. sc. Nataše Klepac, specijalistice neurologije s Odjela za kognitivnu neurologiju KBC Zagreb – Rebro održanog na Alzheimer Caféu Hrvatske udruge za Alzheimerovu bolest 28. svibnja 2015.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
završni rad2 ppt
1. ZDRAVSTVENA NJEGA STARIHZDRAVSTVENA NJEGA STARIH
OSOBA OŠTEĆENOGOSOBA OŠTEĆENOG
VIDAVIDA
SunčanaSunčana KovačićKovačićStudij sestrinstvaStudij sestrinstva
3. OŠTEĆENJA VIDAOŠTEĆENJA VIDA
djelomično (slabovidnostslabovidnost) potpuno (sljepoćasljepoća)
WHO kolovoz 2014.
285 milijuna
246 milijuna 39 milijuna
82% starijih od 50 g. 65% starijih od 50 g.
80% uzroka izlječivo i spriječivo
6. PROMJENE I POREMEĆAJI OKA
POVEZANI SA STARENJEM
promjene u strukturi oka poremećaji vidnih funkcija
7. ZDRAVSTVENA NJEGA STARIJIH OSOBA
OŠTEĆENA VIDA
Visok rizik za nastanka ozljeda
Visok rizik za pad
SM održavanja osobne higijene
SM hranjenja
SM obavljanja eliminacije
SM odijevanja
SM održavanja domaćinstva
Smanjena pokretljivost
Visok rizik za poremećaj prehrane
– manjkav unos hrane
Bespomoćnost
Neučinkovito održavanje zdravlja
Nesurađivanje
Neupućenost
Nisko samopoštovanje
Poremećaj osobnog identiteta
Poremećaj tjelesnog izgleda
Anksioznost
Poremećaj socijalne interakcije
Oštećena verbalna komunikacija
Visok rizik za usamljenost
Žalovanje
Promijenjeni obiteljski odnosi
Neadekvatna prilagodba
Neučinkovito sučeljavanje
Duševni distres
Poremećaj religioznosti
Beznadost
Strah
Moguće sestrinske dijagnozeMoguće sestrinske dijagnoze
8. INTERVENCIJE KOD STARIJIH OSOBA
OŠTEĆENA VIDA
Poticanje na samostalnostPoticanje na samostalnost
Sigurna okolinaSigurna okolina
Dovoljna koli ina svjetlačDovoljna koli ina svjetlač
Dovoljno vremenaDovoljno vremena
Emocionala potporaEmocionala potpora
EdukacijaEdukacija
Nošenje opti kih pomagalačNošenje opti kih pomagalač
Sve na svojem mjestu iSve na svojem mjestu i
mjesto za svemjesto za sve
Kada je pomo potrebna??ćKada je pomo potrebna??ć
Primjena o ne thčPrimjena o ne thč
9. KOMUNIKACIJA SA STAROM OSOBOM
OŠTEĆENA VIDA
Uspješna komunikacija = procjena senzorne sposobnosti,
psihosocijalne potrebe, emocionalno stanje, potreba za pomoć
predstaviti se razgovjetni govorpredstaviti se razgovjetni govor
gledati u licegledati u lice jasne i specifi ne rije ič čjasne i specifi ne rije ič č
neverbalna komunikacijaneverbalna komunikacija pitatipitati
Smetnje u komunikaciji = isprazne izjave, davanje savjeta, roditeljsko
ponašanje, odgovaranje na vlastita pitanja, pretjerane pohvale /
pogrde, obrambeni stav
11. PREVENCIJA OČNIH BOLESTI
Redovite oftalmološke kontrole 1 x godišnje
Nošenje sunčanih naočala sa 100% UV zaštitom
Nošenje šešira sa širokim obodom
Prestanak pušenja
Dobra regulacija GUK-a
Pravilna dnevna hidracija
Kvalitetan san
Prehrana
12. ZAKLJUČAK
Medicinska sestra kao punopravni i
nezaobilazni član zdravstvenog tima ima
veliku ulogu u očuvanju vida, prevenciji
bolesti i daljnih oštećenja, emocionalnoj i
psihološkoj potpori te edukaciji .
HVALA!!HVALA!!
Editor's Notes
Oko nalikuje blago spljoštenoj lopti koju čine odsječci dviju kugli različitih promjera i veličine. svaka promjena ili poremećaj u sturkturi ili funkciji oka utječe na vidnu funkciju u nekoj mjeri. Najznačajnije strukturalne promjene nastale procesom starenja koje značajno utječu na vidnu funkciju i njeno oštećenje su promjene nastale na rožnici, očnoj leći,mrežnici i žutoj pjegi te na glavi vidnog živca.
Oštećenje vida nastaju kao posljedica strukturalnog ili funkcionalnog oštećenja oka, starenja, infekcije, traume, poremećaja inervacije oka te sistemskih bolesti. Oštećenja vida mogu biti djelomična kada govorimo o slabovidnosti i potpuno oštećenje odnosno sljepoća. Prema podacima SZO iz kolovoza 2014. na svijetu je 285 milijuna ljudi oštećena vida od čega je 246 milijuna slabovidno, a 39 milijuna slijepo od čega je 82% slabovidnih i 65% slijepih starijih od 50 g života. S obzirom na sve veći porast broja starijeg stanovništva koja trenutno iznosi 20% procjenjuje se da će se broj znatno povećati. Smatra se da je 80% uzroka oštećenja vida spriječivo ili izlječivo.
Slabovidnost je gubitak određenog stupnja vidnih funkcija u jednom ili oba oka zbog smanjene vidne oštrine, smanjene mrežnične i ili kontrasne osjetljivosti ili zbog nedostatka dijela vidnog polja. U svijetu je 246 milijuna dok je u Hrvatskoj registrirano 18 tisuća slabovidnih osoba. Glavni uzroci slabovidnosti su u 43% slučajeva neispravljena refraktivna greška, zatim cataracta u 33% slučajeva i glaukom u 2%.
Danas se slijepima ne smatraju samo ljudi koji žive u potpunoj tami. 80% osoba ima neki mali postotak vida. Neki vide samo obrise dok neki mogu odrediti iz kojeg smjera dolazi izvor svjetla. Na svijetu je 39 milijuna dok je u Hrvatskoj registrirano 5.800 slijepih ljudi. U 51% slučajeva uzrok slijepoće je cataracta/siva mrena što je poražavajuća činjenica s obzirom da se danas operacija sive mrene vrši na principu dnevne kirurgije, bez anestezije i s brzim i potpunim oporavkom vida. Prema procjeni SZO sljepoća se u 20% slučajeva može prevenirati dok se u 60% slučajeva uspješno izlječiti.
Oko je prvo osjetilo koje zahvaćaju promjene povezane sa starenjem. Te iako su značajnije tjelesne promjene uzrokovane starenjem značanije vidljive između 40 i 50te godine života, prve promjene na oku i vdnim funkcijama moguće je primjetiti već u srednjim ili kasnim tridesetima. Najčešće i najznajčajnije strukturalne promjene uključuju gerontoxon ili arcus senilis, opaciteti, zamućenje prirodno prozirne očne leće, uvrtanje, izvrtanje vjeđa itd. Njaizraženiji poremećaj vidne funkcije je presbiopija kada rai nemogućnosti fokusiranja predmeta na blizinu ruke postaju sve kraće. Na poremećaj vide funkcije značajno utječe staračka mioza koja uzrokuje smanjuje mogućnost brze adptacije na svjetlo ili tamu. Mioza također uzrokuje rapršivanje zraka svjetlosti po mrežnici što se očituje pojavom haloa ili kolobara oko izvora svjetlosti i zablješčivanjem. Dolazi do smanjene kontrasne osjetljivosti te težeg raspoznavanja hladnih boja.
Zdravstvena njega kod starijioh osoba je multidisciplinarna s obzirom da starije osobe najčešće imaju više zdravstvenih problema. Prilikom izrade plana zdravstvene njege medicinska sestra treba imati u vidu da su fiziološke promjene i psihološki odgovor kako na starenje tako i na optećenje vida, individualni. Za izradu što kvalitetnijeg i realno izvedivog plana zdravstvene njege ključ je dobra i točna procjena razine oštećenja vida. Tijekom intevjua medicinska sestra mora promatrati psihofizičko stanje, ponašanje i izgled starije osobe te subjektivno procjeniti razinu oštećenja vida. Posebnu pažnju potrebno je posvetiti potrebama i mogučnošću samostalnog izvršavanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Glavni cilj zdravstvene njege i rehabilitacije starijih osoba oštećena vida je prilagodba na samostalni život sa preostalim vidom.
Moguće sestrinske dijagnoze su brojne, no posebnu pozornost treba obratiti na povećani tizik za pad i nastanak oszljeda. Kako vid značajno doprinosi stabilnosti i ravnoteži, njegovo oštećenje dodadtno povećava rizik od padova te je kroz razne studije dokazano da starije osobe sa oštećenim vidom imaju duplo veći rizik od nastajanja istih. Ukoliko medicinska sestra zanemari i ili previdi oštećenje vida tokom izrade plana, rizik se dodatno povećava.
Skrb za starije osobe oštećena vida zahtjeva prilagodbu brojnih intervencija te ovisi o vremenu nastanka i trajanju oštećenja vida. Ukoliko je oštećenje već duže prisutno, pacijentu će pomoć biti potrebna samo dok se ne navikne na novu okolinu, no ukoliko je oštećenje vida novonastala situacija, zdravstvena njega i potrebno vrijeme se znatno povećava. Osim potrebne pomoći prilikom obavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti, potrebna je i velika psihološka podrška i pomoć. Potrebno je osobe sa oštećenim vidom uključiti u donošenje odluke o potrebnim i načinima izvođenja intervencije. Takav individualni, a opet timski pristup psihološki pozitivno utječe ulijevajući samopouzdanje te pridonoi ranijem osamostaljenju. Neke od intervencija su.....
Da bi se moglo uspješno komunicirati sa starijom osobom potrebno je shvatiti njihovu jedinstvenost jer ni u jednom životnom razdoblju ne postoje veće razlike među ljudima nego u starosti. Za uspješnu komunikaciju potrebna je procjena opće razine funkcioniranja koja uključuje senzorne sposobnosti, psihosocijalne potrebe, emocionalno stanje te potrebu za pomoć. Za vrijeme razgovora potrebno je stajati ispred osobe. Potrebno je obraćati se razgovjetno i prirodnom intonacijom. Neverbalna komunikacija značajno utječe na uspješnu komunikaciju jer iako osoba oštećena vida možda ne vidi osmijeh na licu, može ga čuti. Iz tog razloga potrebno je sa osobom oštećena vida razgovarati kao i sa svakom drugom. Tokom razgovora koristiti jasne i specifične riječi, te je prije pružanja pomoći potrebno pitati da li je ona uistinu i potrebna.
Najčešće smetnje u komunikaciji- isprazne izjave, davanje savjeta, odgovaranje na vlastita pitanja, pretjerane pohvale / pogrde, obrambeni stav na pritužbu, roditeljsko ponašanje
Iako postoje smjernice i preporuke kako se pravilno vodi osoba oštećena vida, potrebno je prije navođenja ustvrditi koji način najbolje odgovara individui jer osobe koje nisu prošle obuku kako se kretati samostalno i uz vodiča, najčešće razviju svoj način. Ako je tako potrebno je bez osuđivanja i zamjerki takvoj osobi pokazati tehnike vođenja, možda ih neće usvojiti ali će joj sigurno pomoći u poboljšanju vlastitih. Prije fizičkog kontakta potrebno se osobi obratiti, te prvi kontakt ostvariti dodirivanjem vanjskih strana šake. Slabovidna osoba prima vodiča za rame ili najčešće neposrdeno iznad lakta bilo koje ruke. Vodič ne smije nikada primati i vuči slabovidnu osobu. Slabovidna osoba se uvijek nalazi jedan korak iza vodiča i malo pomaknuta u stranu. Važno je da taj prostor ne bude premaleni kako se ne bi međusobno spoticali, ali ni prevelik kako se ne bi izgubio fizički kontakt. Najvažnije je da se slabovidna odnosno slijepa osoba ne smiju nikada primati i povlačiti odnosno vuči za sobom.
Uloga medicinske sestre od značajne je važnosti u edukaciji o prevenciji daljnje progresije bolesti koja utječe na kvalitetu života. Često jednostavne i manje životne promjene mogu uvelike smanjiti rizik od gubitka vida.
Zbog sve izraženijeg udjela starog stanovništva i povećanja životne dobi očekuje se i porast broja starijih osoba sa oštećenim vidom. Rdi podizanja svjesti i kako bi se usmjerila pozornost na globalno pitanje prevencije oštećenja vida svake godine se drugog četvrtka u listopadu obilježava svjetski da vida
