1. The document discusses Japanese baseball and how it reflects aspects of Japanese culture and national character. It describes how baseball was introduced to Japan in the late 1800s by an American teacher and grew in popularity.
2. Key aspects of Japanese baseball discussed include the philosophy of "yakyū-dō" or "way of baseball" which is influenced by bushido code of honor and sacrifice for the team. Managers like Suishu Tobita incorporated intense training methods focused on mental and spiritual strength over skills.
3. Japanese baseball is also discussed as being strongly influenced by corporate culture as teams were sponsored by large companies and players were treated similarly to "salarymen", working extremely hard and sacrificing personal life
This document discusses Asian-born baseball players in Major League Baseball. It provides background on the history of baseball in Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. Baseball was introduced to Asia by Americans in the 1800s and professional leagues now exist in each country. The document then examines challenges Asian players face in MLB, like cultural and environmental adjustments as well as language barriers. It provides examples of prominent early Asian players who paved the way for others and recommendations on supporting future Asian MLB players.
This document discusses the growth and development of American football in the late 1800s. It describes how Walter Camp helped establish rules and positions that opened up the game. Camp promoted football through books and all-America teams. As newspapers covered games, interest grew across the country. The establishment of new colleges led many to form football teams, adopting Yale's approach. By linking football to character building, Camp helped address concerns about violence and establish the sport's popularity and legitimacy.
I have been playing basketball since age 5, enjoying its benefits for conditioning, fitness, strategy, and stress relief. The sport involves making field goals worth 1, 2, or 3 points depending on the shot's location, and fouls or violations can occur if the ball is handled or moved illegally. As one of few sports playable indoors or out requiring just a ball and hoop, I try to play 3 times a week with family, friends, and new acquaintances, though would play daily if possible, though the sport was invented in 1891 by James Naismith using soccer balls and peach baskets.
This document summarizes a lecture about the history of college football in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. It discusses how college football remained popular despite the rise of professional football and TV. It describes how the regional origins of dominant college football programs shifted over this period, with teams from the Southwest, South, and West gaining prominence over teams from the traditional powerhouse of the Northeast/Midwest. This was driven by factors like de-emphasis of football at Ivy League schools and the spread of innovations like the Split-T formation by coaches who served in World War II.
This document provides an overview of Knute Rockne's career as the legendary football coach of the University of Notre Dame in the early 20th century. It describes how Rockne revolutionized the game through his innovative offensive system and coaching techniques. During his 13 years as head coach from 1918 to 1930, Rockne led Notre Dame to 5 undefeated seasons and an overall winning percentage of .881, establishing the Fighting Irish as a national powerhouse. The document highlights some of Rockne's most famous players, games, and accomplishments that helped grow the popularity of college football across the United States during that era.
This document discusses the history of segregation in college football from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. It describes how black colleges started their own football programs and conferences separately from white colleges due to segregation. Though a few black players attended some northern colleges, southern colleges enforced strict segregation policies and refused to play teams with black players on their rosters. College football became a way for the white South to promote regional pride and masculine ideals of whiteness following events like Alabama's Rose Bowl victory in 1926. Segregation hardened as southern schools used football success to justify racial apartheid. The document outlines several examples of the discriminatory treatment and barriers faced by early black football pioneers.
This document provides a summary of the development of college and professional football between the 1930s and 1950s. It discusses how the NFL matured into a profitable league during this period and the rise of star quarterbacks. It also outlines the development of the college game, including the introduction of the T-formation, debates around substitution rules, and the growth of prominent bowl games without a clear national championship system. Fritz Crisler is credited with pioneering the concept of two-platoon football in college football.
This document discusses the golden age of American football in the 1920s. It describes how the NFL was formed in 1920 by merging two smaller pro football leagues. Jim Thorpe was named the league's first president to give it credibility. The NFL started with teams clustered around the Midwest and expanded in later years. George Halas played a key role as owner of the Decatur Staleys/Chicago Bears franchise and helped professionalize the league. By the mid-1920s the NFL had added teams in major Eastern cities like New York and Philadelphia, starting its growth outside the Midwest. However the league remained unstable with many team folding through the 1930s.
This document discusses Asian-born baseball players in Major League Baseball. It provides background on the history of baseball in Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. Baseball was introduced to Asia by Americans in the 1800s and professional leagues now exist in each country. The document then examines challenges Asian players face in MLB, like cultural and environmental adjustments as well as language barriers. It provides examples of prominent early Asian players who paved the way for others and recommendations on supporting future Asian MLB players.
This document discusses the growth and development of American football in the late 1800s. It describes how Walter Camp helped establish rules and positions that opened up the game. Camp promoted football through books and all-America teams. As newspapers covered games, interest grew across the country. The establishment of new colleges led many to form football teams, adopting Yale's approach. By linking football to character building, Camp helped address concerns about violence and establish the sport's popularity and legitimacy.
I have been playing basketball since age 5, enjoying its benefits for conditioning, fitness, strategy, and stress relief. The sport involves making field goals worth 1, 2, or 3 points depending on the shot's location, and fouls or violations can occur if the ball is handled or moved illegally. As one of few sports playable indoors or out requiring just a ball and hoop, I try to play 3 times a week with family, friends, and new acquaintances, though would play daily if possible, though the sport was invented in 1891 by James Naismith using soccer balls and peach baskets.
This document summarizes a lecture about the history of college football in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. It discusses how college football remained popular despite the rise of professional football and TV. It describes how the regional origins of dominant college football programs shifted over this period, with teams from the Southwest, South, and West gaining prominence over teams from the traditional powerhouse of the Northeast/Midwest. This was driven by factors like de-emphasis of football at Ivy League schools and the spread of innovations like the Split-T formation by coaches who served in World War II.
This document provides an overview of Knute Rockne's career as the legendary football coach of the University of Notre Dame in the early 20th century. It describes how Rockne revolutionized the game through his innovative offensive system and coaching techniques. During his 13 years as head coach from 1918 to 1930, Rockne led Notre Dame to 5 undefeated seasons and an overall winning percentage of .881, establishing the Fighting Irish as a national powerhouse. The document highlights some of Rockne's most famous players, games, and accomplishments that helped grow the popularity of college football across the United States during that era.
This document discusses the history of segregation in college football from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. It describes how black colleges started their own football programs and conferences separately from white colleges due to segregation. Though a few black players attended some northern colleges, southern colleges enforced strict segregation policies and refused to play teams with black players on their rosters. College football became a way for the white South to promote regional pride and masculine ideals of whiteness following events like Alabama's Rose Bowl victory in 1926. Segregation hardened as southern schools used football success to justify racial apartheid. The document outlines several examples of the discriminatory treatment and barriers faced by early black football pioneers.
This document provides a summary of the development of college and professional football between the 1930s and 1950s. It discusses how the NFL matured into a profitable league during this period and the rise of star quarterbacks. It also outlines the development of the college game, including the introduction of the T-formation, debates around substitution rules, and the growth of prominent bowl games without a clear national championship system. Fritz Crisler is credited with pioneering the concept of two-platoon football in college football.
This document discusses the golden age of American football in the 1920s. It describes how the NFL was formed in 1920 by merging two smaller pro football leagues. Jim Thorpe was named the league's first president to give it credibility. The NFL started with teams clustered around the Midwest and expanded in later years. George Halas played a key role as owner of the Decatur Staleys/Chicago Bears franchise and helped professionalize the league. By the mid-1920s the NFL had added teams in major Eastern cities like New York and Philadelphia, starting its growth outside the Midwest. However the league remained unstable with many team folding through the 1930s.
A career fair will be held on Tuesday April 20th from 11am to 2:30pm at the Alliant International University Scripps Ranch Campus SportCenter. The career fair will feature over 45 companies offering full-time jobs, part-time jobs, summer jobs, internships, and volunteer positions. Attendees can email Christine Shine, the Director of Career Services, or stop by room M-2 to get a list of positions available at each company participating in the career fair.
El documento presenta una introducción sobre el uso de redes sociales para la comunicación entre personas y familias. Luego enumera los objetivos generales y específicos del documento, pero no los describe. También menciona la justificación sin dar detalles. Finalmente, identifica las secciones sobre el marco teórico y tres redes sociales principales que se analizarán: Facebook, Instagram y WhatsApp.
El documento enumera una serie de prácticas y evaluaciones para una unidad de aprendizaje. Incluye prácticas numeradas de 1 a 12, así como deberes de video, trabajos en Word y una práctica final de manejo. La unidad también incluye dos evaluaciones.
HR Generalist Practical Training with 100% placementGrabit HR
In the present day, conventional qualification alone cannot be the key to employment. To bridge the gap between the industry demands and academic supply, Dream Jobs has introduced “Skill based professional programs" after an extensive research and survey on emerging service sectors.
Services:-
Ø STATUTORY & LEGAL COMPLIANCES: EPF,ESIC,BONUS,GRATUITY
Ø DESIGINING OF SALARY BREAKUP ON CTC CONCEPT.
Ø DESIGINING OF SALARY BREAKUP ON GROSS CONCEPT.
Ø SALARY SLIPS
Ø ATTENDANCE& LEAVE MANAGEMENT
Ø PAYROLL PROCESSING
Ø MIS EXCEL IN ADVANCE
Ø “5”S
Ø PMS,EMPLOYEE RELATION ,EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
Ø HR REGISTERS,HR POLICIES,GALLOP TWELVE QUESTION
Ø KRA’s, HR JARGONS
Ø JOINING &EXIT FORMALITIES,RECUIRTMENT,T&D
Ø FACTORIES ACT,LABOUR LAWS,MINIMUM WAGES ACT
Ø ATTRITION&RETENTION,COMPETENCY MAPPING
November 10, 2008, Delhi: - Grabit HR is providing Practical training in HR. When hiring key employees, there are only two qualities to look for: judgments and taste. A Practical Forms with an Each Forms Complete Exposure in All aspect of HR. We Having A Professional Team Of Corporates Faculties With Highly Experienced in Delhi ncr, south ex, Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Greater Noida, Mathura Just call on 9654840724 , 9015456062 , 9650873090 , 9650875135.
Grabit HR, HR generalist institute provide training to freshers and as well as to the professionals who wants to grab complete practical knowledge related to Human Resource Generalist profile. Many of our students are already working in corporate office holding the positions of HR Executive, Senior HR Executive, HR Manager and Head HR. Grab IT HR believes in scheduling interviews for the students till they get placed, we feel proud to see our students holding the best HR Generalist position in corporate world.
#hrgeneralisttraininginDelhincr #hrgeneralisttraininginsouthex #hrgeneralisttraininginnoida #hrtraininginnoida #hrtrainingindelhi #hrtraininginsouthex #hrtrainingindelhincr #payrollhrtrainingindelhi #payrollhrtrainingindelhincr #payrollhrtraininginnoida #payrollhrtraininginsouthex #statutorycompliancestrainingindelhi #statutorycompliancestrainingindelhincr #statutorycompliancestraininginsouthx #statutorycompliancestraininginnida #besthrtrainingindelhincr #besthrtraininginnoida #corporatehrtrainingindelhi #corporatehrtrainingindelhincr #corporatehrtraininginnoida #corporatehrtraininginsouthex
Many of our students are placed by us and are working in reputed companies NCR and other cities, we believe in arranging the interviews of the best companies till the students are placed.
Contact Us :- Corporate Office :-
B -50 south Ex. Part 1 Near Bengali Sweets Delhi (INDIA)
Call Us :- 9654840724 , 9650873090 , 9650875135
Noida Branch :-
1. Rameshwar Dayal Complex , 3rd Floor Plot No-11 DND Road sec-22 Noida, opposite Rajkiya Inter College
URL :- http://grabithr.com
HR Generalist Practical Training with 100% placementGrabit HR
This document provides information about an HR training course offered by GRABIT-HR. The course aims to groom participants as well-rounded HR professionals by providing a holistic overview of key HR domains and contemporary practices. No prior HR knowledge is required. The course covers essential HR functions, statutory compliances, recruitment practices, and provides a certification upon completion. It is suitable for freshers, MBAs, BPO executives, and junior HR professionals seeking to enter or advance their careers in HR. The training involves lectures, examples, assignments and assessments.
La persona desactivó el firewall y sonido de Windows, examinó el disco con Windows Defender y estableció páginas de inicio en los navegadores Chrome y Mozilla, borrando también el historial de navegación de ambos navegadores.
El documento presenta datos numéricos y cadenas de texto, así como funciones aplicadas a estos como concatenar, convertir a minúsculas y mayúsculas, moda, mediana, raíz, máximo, mínimo y contar. Los datos incluyen nombres como Isabel Parra e información como fechas y números.
Redes y elementos de conexion.isabel parramaisabelparra
Una LAN conecta ordenadores en un área pequeña como una habitación o edificio, una MAN conecta ordenadores en un área más grande como una ciudad, y una WAN conecta LANs a través de líneas telefónicas, radio u otras redes públicas en un área geográfica amplia como Internet.
Este documento describe los procesos de comunicación de la investigación científica a través de tres métodos: 1) la redacción de artículos de investigación para revistas científicas, 2) las presentaciones orales en congresos, y 3) los pósters para congresos. Explica las estructuras, características y análisis de ejemplos de cada método de comunicación.
Organizaciones actuales y tradicionalesdiana cepeda
El documento compara las organizaciones tradicionales y actuales, citando tres fuentes que analizan estas diferencias. Dos fuentes son blogs que discuten los modelos tradicional y moderno, mientras que la tercera es una presentación académica sobre teorías organizacionales que contrastan estas aproximaciones.
Este documento compara organizaciones tradicionales y modernas. Las organizaciones tradicionales se enfocan en obtener ganancias y miden la eficiencia, mientras que las organizaciones modernas promueven la capacitación continua, la innovación y se adaptan a los cambios del mercado. Las organizaciones modernas también fomentan el trabajo en equipo y liderazgo participativo.
InnerActive Martial Arts was created to share and extend the knowledge of Nerkin Ouj (Inner Power) and to help others find their way to achieving specific personal goals!
This document summarizes the history and development of the philosophy of sport and physical education in Japan. It discusses how sport was introduced to Japan in the 19th century during Westernization. Physical education using gymnastics became part of school curriculum, while sport was practiced among university students but was not considered an intellectual pursuit. The philosophy of physical education developed earlier than the philosophy of sport in Japan, as physical education was a core part of education, while sport was not taken seriously. The first philosophical analysis of sport in Japan was in 1933, focusing on aesthetic experiences of rowing, but this was not continued by other philosophers.
Cheers for Japanese Athletes The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics an.docxmccormicknadine86
Cheers for Japanese Athletes: The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics and the Japanese American
Community
Author(s): Eriko Yamamoto
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Aug., 2000), pp. 399-430
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641715 .
Accessed: 23/12/2014 08:32
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
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content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
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Cheers for Japanese Athletes:
The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics and the
Japanese American Community
ERIKO YAMAMOTO
The author is a member of the faculty of literature at
Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan.
"Nambu! Banzai!! Banzai!"
Vociferously more than 5000 Japanese fans voiced their
praise of the young man who yesterday broke the world record in the
hop, step and jump with a leap of 51 feet 7 inches.
Rafu Shimpo (Los Angeles Japanese Daily News)
August 5, 1932 [English section]1
The band swings into the solemn "Kimigayo," the Japanese national
anthem.., all eyes are focused on the Olympic peristyle as the Japan-
ese flag unfolds. As we turn our eyes upon a Japanese lad who stands
on the top platform gazing up for the Japanese flag that he helped to
raise, we see not just a Japanese boy but a true son of Japanese war-
rior-Samurai.... The living memory of those men of ancient Japan
who built the tradition of Bushido becomes a guiding spirit of a new
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the fourteenth annual meet-
ing of the Association for Asian American Studies in Seattle, April 1997. The au-
thor wishes to thank Yuji Ichioka, Brian M. Hayashi, Eiichiro Azuma, Brian Niiya,
Art Hansen, Eileen Tamura, Hiroshi Yoneyama, Edward Skrzypczak, and the
anonymous Pacific Historical Review referees for their valuable comments. Appre-
ciation also goes to the Fulbright Program, UCLA's Asian American Studies Cen-
ter, and Sugiyama Jogakuen University for their support.
1. Rafu Shimpo (Los Angeles Japanese Daily News, hereafter Rafu), Aug. 5, 1932,
English section, 6. The name Nambu is a commonly ...
In this presentation there is a brief explanation about judo ,history of judo ,fundamentals of judo like shisei : body posture,shintai : foot movement,kumikata : method of gripping and the measurement of the arena. It also have a little intro about the founder of judo : Dr. Jigoro Kano .
It will be very helpful for the young sports person who want to acquire knowledge about judo .
This is only a few information which I tried to give best of my knowledge and some other sources.
Making Baseball Truly “America’s Pastime”Jacob Garcia
This document discusses how various groups have made baseball "their own" pastime and challenged the notion that it belongs exclusively to white American culture. It notes that Latin American players now make up a large portion of Major League Baseball. Groups like African Americans and Japanese Canadians developed unique styles of play and cultural traditions surrounding the game. However, they felt compelled to do so because they faced discrimination and hostility in American society and baseball. While baseball has become more diverse on the field, discriminatory attitudes still exist today in commentary and some organizational practices. By shaping the game to fit their own cultures and using it as a platform to protest racism, these groups have asserted that baseball will never truly belong to white America alone.
The document provides background information on the history and culture of feudal Japan. It discusses how Japan developed from an undeveloped agrarian culture in 500 BCE to establishing a feudal system between 1000-1200 CE. Key developments included the influence of Chinese culture, the arrival of Buddhism, and the rise of the samurai warrior class. The samurai developed a code of honor known as Bushido that emphasized skills, discipline, bravery and loyalty to their lords. Shinto and Buddhism also played important religious roles during this period in Japan.
The document is a biography about a Korean baseball player who had dreams of becoming a professional baseball player in Korea as a child due to his talent. However, he moved to the US for high school where he struggled and had to give up on his dreams. In his junior year, he rebuilt his skills through intense practice and was able to make his high school varsity team as a pitcher and hitter, earning an award at the end of the season.
This document provides a summary of a journal article about Max Nordau's philosophy of "Muscular Judaism" and how it influenced the development of Jewish sports organizations in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century. Some key points:
1. Nordau advocated for organized Jewish sports as a way to overcome stereotypes of Jews as weak and intellectual, and to help unite and strengthen the Zionist cause of establishing a Jewish homeland.
2. Jewish sports leagues and the Maccabi youth movement were established in both Europe and the US in this period, helping foster a sense of Jewish identity and pride.
3. In particular, the document discusses the founding and activities of the Maccabi movement
Shintoism had a significant influence on Japanese society and culture. It originated from folk religions and focused on spirits and the supernatural. Over time, other religions like Buddhism also gained influence in Japan. By the 18th century, Buddhist temples had accumulated great political and social power, and one's social class was closely tied to their religious rank. As Buddhism took on more political aspects, people turned back to Shintoism as a folk religion focused on nature, ancestors, and spirits rather than suffering.
The document discusses various martial arts from around the world, including their origins and characteristics. It describes Chinese martial arts like kung fu and tai chi, the Japanese arts of karate and jujutsu, the Brazilian art of capoeira, and internal martial arts from China. Famous martial artists like Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, and Jean-Claude Van Damme are also mentioned.
History of Physical Activity Exs101 presentation1MariayPepe
The history of martial arts began in 2600 BC in China, which became the center of martial arts. In 527 AD, an Indian monk taught 18 Buddhist fighting styles to Shaolin monks, which evolved into the 5 animal styles of Shaolin kung fu. Many different styles of martial arts developed over time, including judo from Japan which was formed in 1882 and focuses on grappling and throwing techniques without weapons. Karate originated in Okinawa and involves striking techniques, while mixed martial arts allows a variety of fighting styles and first emerged in ancient Greece in 648 BC.
A career fair will be held on Tuesday April 20th from 11am to 2:30pm at the Alliant International University Scripps Ranch Campus SportCenter. The career fair will feature over 45 companies offering full-time jobs, part-time jobs, summer jobs, internships, and volunteer positions. Attendees can email Christine Shine, the Director of Career Services, or stop by room M-2 to get a list of positions available at each company participating in the career fair.
El documento presenta una introducción sobre el uso de redes sociales para la comunicación entre personas y familias. Luego enumera los objetivos generales y específicos del documento, pero no los describe. También menciona la justificación sin dar detalles. Finalmente, identifica las secciones sobre el marco teórico y tres redes sociales principales que se analizarán: Facebook, Instagram y WhatsApp.
El documento enumera una serie de prácticas y evaluaciones para una unidad de aprendizaje. Incluye prácticas numeradas de 1 a 12, así como deberes de video, trabajos en Word y una práctica final de manejo. La unidad también incluye dos evaluaciones.
HR Generalist Practical Training with 100% placementGrabit HR
In the present day, conventional qualification alone cannot be the key to employment. To bridge the gap between the industry demands and academic supply, Dream Jobs has introduced “Skill based professional programs" after an extensive research and survey on emerging service sectors.
Services:-
Ø STATUTORY & LEGAL COMPLIANCES: EPF,ESIC,BONUS,GRATUITY
Ø DESIGINING OF SALARY BREAKUP ON CTC CONCEPT.
Ø DESIGINING OF SALARY BREAKUP ON GROSS CONCEPT.
Ø SALARY SLIPS
Ø ATTENDANCE& LEAVE MANAGEMENT
Ø PAYROLL PROCESSING
Ø MIS EXCEL IN ADVANCE
Ø “5”S
Ø PMS,EMPLOYEE RELATION ,EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
Ø HR REGISTERS,HR POLICIES,GALLOP TWELVE QUESTION
Ø KRA’s, HR JARGONS
Ø JOINING &EXIT FORMALITIES,RECUIRTMENT,T&D
Ø FACTORIES ACT,LABOUR LAWS,MINIMUM WAGES ACT
Ø ATTRITION&RETENTION,COMPETENCY MAPPING
November 10, 2008, Delhi: - Grabit HR is providing Practical training in HR. When hiring key employees, there are only two qualities to look for: judgments and taste. A Practical Forms with an Each Forms Complete Exposure in All aspect of HR. We Having A Professional Team Of Corporates Faculties With Highly Experienced in Delhi ncr, south ex, Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Greater Noida, Mathura Just call on 9654840724 , 9015456062 , 9650873090 , 9650875135.
Grabit HR, HR generalist institute provide training to freshers and as well as to the professionals who wants to grab complete practical knowledge related to Human Resource Generalist profile. Many of our students are already working in corporate office holding the positions of HR Executive, Senior HR Executive, HR Manager and Head HR. Grab IT HR believes in scheduling interviews for the students till they get placed, we feel proud to see our students holding the best HR Generalist position in corporate world.
#hrgeneralisttraininginDelhincr #hrgeneralisttraininginsouthex #hrgeneralisttraininginnoida #hrtraininginnoida #hrtrainingindelhi #hrtraininginsouthex #hrtrainingindelhincr #payrollhrtrainingindelhi #payrollhrtrainingindelhincr #payrollhrtraininginnoida #payrollhrtraininginsouthex #statutorycompliancestrainingindelhi #statutorycompliancestrainingindelhincr #statutorycompliancestraininginsouthx #statutorycompliancestraininginnida #besthrtrainingindelhincr #besthrtraininginnoida #corporatehrtrainingindelhi #corporatehrtrainingindelhincr #corporatehrtraininginnoida #corporatehrtraininginsouthex
Many of our students are placed by us and are working in reputed companies NCR and other cities, we believe in arranging the interviews of the best companies till the students are placed.
Contact Us :- Corporate Office :-
B -50 south Ex. Part 1 Near Bengali Sweets Delhi (INDIA)
Call Us :- 9654840724 , 9650873090 , 9650875135
Noida Branch :-
1. Rameshwar Dayal Complex , 3rd Floor Plot No-11 DND Road sec-22 Noida, opposite Rajkiya Inter College
URL :- http://grabithr.com
HR Generalist Practical Training with 100% placementGrabit HR
This document provides information about an HR training course offered by GRABIT-HR. The course aims to groom participants as well-rounded HR professionals by providing a holistic overview of key HR domains and contemporary practices. No prior HR knowledge is required. The course covers essential HR functions, statutory compliances, recruitment practices, and provides a certification upon completion. It is suitable for freshers, MBAs, BPO executives, and junior HR professionals seeking to enter or advance their careers in HR. The training involves lectures, examples, assignments and assessments.
La persona desactivó el firewall y sonido de Windows, examinó el disco con Windows Defender y estableció páginas de inicio en los navegadores Chrome y Mozilla, borrando también el historial de navegación de ambos navegadores.
El documento presenta datos numéricos y cadenas de texto, así como funciones aplicadas a estos como concatenar, convertir a minúsculas y mayúsculas, moda, mediana, raíz, máximo, mínimo y contar. Los datos incluyen nombres como Isabel Parra e información como fechas y números.
Redes y elementos de conexion.isabel parramaisabelparra
Una LAN conecta ordenadores en un área pequeña como una habitación o edificio, una MAN conecta ordenadores en un área más grande como una ciudad, y una WAN conecta LANs a través de líneas telefónicas, radio u otras redes públicas en un área geográfica amplia como Internet.
Este documento describe los procesos de comunicación de la investigación científica a través de tres métodos: 1) la redacción de artículos de investigación para revistas científicas, 2) las presentaciones orales en congresos, y 3) los pósters para congresos. Explica las estructuras, características y análisis de ejemplos de cada método de comunicación.
Organizaciones actuales y tradicionalesdiana cepeda
El documento compara las organizaciones tradicionales y actuales, citando tres fuentes que analizan estas diferencias. Dos fuentes son blogs que discuten los modelos tradicional y moderno, mientras que la tercera es una presentación académica sobre teorías organizacionales que contrastan estas aproximaciones.
Este documento compara organizaciones tradicionales y modernas. Las organizaciones tradicionales se enfocan en obtener ganancias y miden la eficiencia, mientras que las organizaciones modernas promueven la capacitación continua, la innovación y se adaptan a los cambios del mercado. Las organizaciones modernas también fomentan el trabajo en equipo y liderazgo participativo.
InnerActive Martial Arts was created to share and extend the knowledge of Nerkin Ouj (Inner Power) and to help others find their way to achieving specific personal goals!
This document summarizes the history and development of the philosophy of sport and physical education in Japan. It discusses how sport was introduced to Japan in the 19th century during Westernization. Physical education using gymnastics became part of school curriculum, while sport was practiced among university students but was not considered an intellectual pursuit. The philosophy of physical education developed earlier than the philosophy of sport in Japan, as physical education was a core part of education, while sport was not taken seriously. The first philosophical analysis of sport in Japan was in 1933, focusing on aesthetic experiences of rowing, but this was not continued by other philosophers.
Cheers for Japanese Athletes The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics an.docxmccormicknadine86
Cheers for Japanese Athletes: The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics and the Japanese American
Community
Author(s): Eriko Yamamoto
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Aug., 2000), pp. 399-430
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641715 .
Accessed: 23/12/2014 08:32
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
http://www.jstor.org
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Cheers for Japanese Athletes:
The 1932 Los Angeles Olympics and the
Japanese American Community
ERIKO YAMAMOTO
The author is a member of the faculty of literature at
Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan.
"Nambu! Banzai!! Banzai!"
Vociferously more than 5000 Japanese fans voiced their
praise of the young man who yesterday broke the world record in the
hop, step and jump with a leap of 51 feet 7 inches.
Rafu Shimpo (Los Angeles Japanese Daily News)
August 5, 1932 [English section]1
The band swings into the solemn "Kimigayo," the Japanese national
anthem.., all eyes are focused on the Olympic peristyle as the Japan-
ese flag unfolds. As we turn our eyes upon a Japanese lad who stands
on the top platform gazing up for the Japanese flag that he helped to
raise, we see not just a Japanese boy but a true son of Japanese war-
rior-Samurai.... The living memory of those men of ancient Japan
who built the tradition of Bushido becomes a guiding spirit of a new
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the fourteenth annual meet-
ing of the Association for Asian American Studies in Seattle, April 1997. The au-
thor wishes to thank Yuji Ichioka, Brian M. Hayashi, Eiichiro Azuma, Brian Niiya,
Art Hansen, Eileen Tamura, Hiroshi Yoneyama, Edward Skrzypczak, and the
anonymous Pacific Historical Review referees for their valuable comments. Appre-
ciation also goes to the Fulbright Program, UCLA's Asian American Studies Cen-
ter, and Sugiyama Jogakuen University for their support.
1. Rafu Shimpo (Los Angeles Japanese Daily News, hereafter Rafu), Aug. 5, 1932,
English section, 6. The name Nambu is a commonly ...
In this presentation there is a brief explanation about judo ,history of judo ,fundamentals of judo like shisei : body posture,shintai : foot movement,kumikata : method of gripping and the measurement of the arena. It also have a little intro about the founder of judo : Dr. Jigoro Kano .
It will be very helpful for the young sports person who want to acquire knowledge about judo .
This is only a few information which I tried to give best of my knowledge and some other sources.
Making Baseball Truly “America’s Pastime”Jacob Garcia
This document discusses how various groups have made baseball "their own" pastime and challenged the notion that it belongs exclusively to white American culture. It notes that Latin American players now make up a large portion of Major League Baseball. Groups like African Americans and Japanese Canadians developed unique styles of play and cultural traditions surrounding the game. However, they felt compelled to do so because they faced discrimination and hostility in American society and baseball. While baseball has become more diverse on the field, discriminatory attitudes still exist today in commentary and some organizational practices. By shaping the game to fit their own cultures and using it as a platform to protest racism, these groups have asserted that baseball will never truly belong to white America alone.
The document provides background information on the history and culture of feudal Japan. It discusses how Japan developed from an undeveloped agrarian culture in 500 BCE to establishing a feudal system between 1000-1200 CE. Key developments included the influence of Chinese culture, the arrival of Buddhism, and the rise of the samurai warrior class. The samurai developed a code of honor known as Bushido that emphasized skills, discipline, bravery and loyalty to their lords. Shinto and Buddhism also played important religious roles during this period in Japan.
The document is a biography about a Korean baseball player who had dreams of becoming a professional baseball player in Korea as a child due to his talent. However, he moved to the US for high school where he struggled and had to give up on his dreams. In his junior year, he rebuilt his skills through intense practice and was able to make his high school varsity team as a pitcher and hitter, earning an award at the end of the season.
This document provides a summary of a journal article about Max Nordau's philosophy of "Muscular Judaism" and how it influenced the development of Jewish sports organizations in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century. Some key points:
1. Nordau advocated for organized Jewish sports as a way to overcome stereotypes of Jews as weak and intellectual, and to help unite and strengthen the Zionist cause of establishing a Jewish homeland.
2. Jewish sports leagues and the Maccabi youth movement were established in both Europe and the US in this period, helping foster a sense of Jewish identity and pride.
3. In particular, the document discusses the founding and activities of the Maccabi movement
Shintoism had a significant influence on Japanese society and culture. It originated from folk religions and focused on spirits and the supernatural. Over time, other religions like Buddhism also gained influence in Japan. By the 18th century, Buddhist temples had accumulated great political and social power, and one's social class was closely tied to their religious rank. As Buddhism took on more political aspects, people turned back to Shintoism as a folk religion focused on nature, ancestors, and spirits rather than suffering.
The document discusses various martial arts from around the world, including their origins and characteristics. It describes Chinese martial arts like kung fu and tai chi, the Japanese arts of karate and jujutsu, the Brazilian art of capoeira, and internal martial arts from China. Famous martial artists like Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, and Jean-Claude Van Damme are also mentioned.
History of Physical Activity Exs101 presentation1MariayPepe
The history of martial arts began in 2600 BC in China, which became the center of martial arts. In 527 AD, an Indian monk taught 18 Buddhist fighting styles to Shaolin monks, which evolved into the 5 animal styles of Shaolin kung fu. Many different styles of martial arts developed over time, including judo from Japan which was formed in 1882 and focuses on grappling and throwing techniques without weapons. Karate originated in Okinawa and involves striking techniques, while mixed martial arts allows a variety of fighting styles and first emerged in ancient Greece in 648 BC.
Jackie Robinson: The Man, The Baseball Legend, The IconSusan Murray
It is rare in our lifetimes to truly see greatness that changes the face of society and sport. History is littered with only a few stories of epic human greatness, especially in the sporting world, that has broken down barriers, stood the test of time and still resonates with the sport, the nation and the world. One of those stories is that of the great baseball player, Jackie Robinson. http://www.ripit.com/
The document is a presentation by Melissa Parnaby about her EPQ project exploring the impact of religion on Japanese culture today. She became interested in the topic after living in Japan and realizing she did not understand Japanese religion. Her project aims to examine religion's involvement in cultural history and traditions. Some key findings from her research include: Shintoism is inherently Japanese with nature-based beliefs; Buddhism was introduced in the 6th century and now complements Shintoism; the Imperial family is seen as direct descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu in Shinto mythology; samurai embraced Zen Buddhism which aligned with their values; and Shinto and Buddhist festivals are important cultural traditions but now treated more as cultural rather than religious
This document provides an overview of Shintoism in 3 pages. It discusses the history and core beliefs of Shintoism, including that it originated in Japan as a system of animistic beliefs and nature worship. It does not have a founder or major religious texts. Key beliefs include worshipping kami (spirits) and ancestors to achieve harmony. During the Meiji period, Shintoism became intertwined with Japanese nationalism and the emperor was promoted as a divine being. After World War 2, Shinto shrines were separated from state control.
This document provides background information on samurai society in ancient Japan and introduces the story of Chie Fuji, a samurai woman. It explains that arranged marriages were common and organized by matchmakers. The excerpt then describes Chie's family background as coming from a prestigious samurai lineage. It proceeds to detail Chie and her parents meeting with a matchmaker to consider an arranged marriage for Chie according to traditional customs.
Similar to Yakyū-do - Baseball as a Microcosm of Japanese National Character (15)
Yakyū-do - Baseball as a Microcosm of Japanese National Character
1. 1
Yakyū-dō: Japanese Baseball as a Microcosm of
National Character
By Mike Griffen
“Baseball is more than a just a game. It has eternal value.
Through it, one learns the beautiful and noble spirit of Japan.”1
- Suishi Tobita, Besuboru Magajin, vol. 2, 1960.
When Hideki Matsui announced his decision to sign with the New York Yankees in 2003
he knew it would not be a popular one with the notoriously ruthless Japanese sports media.
Matsui, affectionately nicknamed “Godzilla” for his prowess and power at the plate, knew
he would have to publicly explain his choice. He was the cornerstone of by far the most
popular team in Japan, the Yomiuri Giants, in a position analogous to the Yankee Captaincy.
1 Ikei, Masaru. “Tobita Suishu senshu,” Besuboru Magajin Sha., vol. 2. pp.30-31,1960.
2. 2
At the press conference, Matsui humbly apologized for his decision and expressed his
shame his selfishness stating simply, “I have to do this. Even if people think I’m a traitor.” He
had built up enough equity with his fans that they quickly forgave him.
Matsui was the perfect ambassador for Japanese baseball. He was a shining
representation of both the Japanese personality and the way they played baseball. He was
an unabashedly nice guy, polite and deferential; he trained extremely hard and sacrificed
for the sake of his team. He exemplified the Japanese yakyū-dō (“way of baseball”), a code
which whose tenets were derived from the core principles bushidō (“way of the warrior.”)
Players like Hideki and the various other aspects of Japanese baseball, provide a window
into the Japanese as a people. There, baseball is its own entity, overtly different from the
American game and uniquely adapted to fit the Japanese culture and life. And although the
country and the game hav seen a bit of shift since the 1980s, the philosophies encompassed
in yakyū-dō remain prevalent.
The Genesis and Assimilation of Besuborū
On May 23, 1896, Tokyo’s First Higher School, Japan’s foremost preparatory school,
crushed a team of amateur American ballplayers in Yokohama by the score of 29-4. For the
players of Ichikō, as the school was called, and the Japanese people as a whole, the
domination of Americans in their own game carried a significance that extended beyond
baseball.
The match was five years in the making. The Yokohama Athletic Club had
continually rejected the school’s semi-annual challenges, ostensibly due to ill-feelings
stemming an incident of violence involving an American reverend and members of the First
3. 3
Higher’s judo club during a match with a foreign run missionary school in 1890. Below the
surface, the foreigners in Yokohama viewed an engagement on the ballfield with a Japanese
team as an admission of cultural equality, a concession they were loath to make at the time.
The foreign squad had gone so far as to public declare the Ichikō players as culturally and
physically unfit to engage in athletic competition with foreigners. Their perception of
superiority over the Japanese ballplayers quickly imploded after the first game and
disintegrated entirely after each of the nine rematches. In the twelve games against foreign
competition from 1897 to 1904, Ichikō outscored their opponents by a total of 259 runs to
only 68 for the American teams.
For the Japanese, Ichikō’s dominance over the Americans in their own national
pastime during this period not only helped popularize the game in Japan but led to the
recognition of baseball as an effective tool for the rectification of national image and pride.
The players were hailed as national heroes. They viewed themselves as combatants in a
struggle for national dignity. Their victories were merely a service to the nation.
***
The genesis of baseball in Japan is relatively straightforward and generally accepted,
unlike that of its American progenitor. In the infancy of the Meiji Era, the new government
implemented a state-sanctioned modernization program recruited nearly three-thousand
foreign experts and teachers, known as oyatoi, as part of the country’s reluctant “opening”
up to the West. One of these oyatoi was Horace E. Wilson, a twenty-eight-year-old American
who started teaching at Tokyo’s Daigaku Nankō – which would later combine with other
schools to become the famous First Higher School – in 1872. There, aside from his
4. 4
classroom duties, Wilson taught military style calisthenics he had learned during his time
in the Union army. During recess and after-hours, he introduced a new game called
besuboru, played with a ball, bat, and bases. This new exotic spectacle was immediately
popular with the students, who enjoyed both watching and participating.
Prior to the “opening” to the West, the concept of exercise for exercise’s sake was an
alien concept in Japan. But within a decade, Wilson’s game, which the Japanese had begun
calling yakyū (field ball), had spread throughout the nation. Its proliferation was aided by
the reciprocal relationship between baseball and the government’s institution of physical
education in public schools, for which the game was partly responsible.
By the 1880s, formal teams began to form at the high school and college levels after
the formal solidification of a two-tier higher educational system consisting of three-year
prep schools and four-year colleges. This development gave the school system enough
stability to serve as an incubator for the Japanese game and allowed ground for the
application of Japanese philosophical, spiritual, and cultural ideology to the sport.
Doryoku to Gattsu: Effort and Guts
In feudal Japan, the land was dominated by the samurai, a warrior-class of nobles,
loosely analogous to knights. Nearly every aspect of the life of a samurai was guided by
bushidō or “the way of the warrior.” The code of bushidō is built on the concepts of extreme
self-discipline, endless training, unquestioning obedience, Zen spirituality, group harmony,
self-denial, selflessness, loyalty, and most importantly, honor. Despite the virtual extinction
of the samurai class around the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the tenets of bushidō have
found a foothold, or in some cases been implanted, in a multiple sectors of Japanese culture.
5. 5
***
Yakyū-dō or “the way of baseball,” is a term commonly used among baseball
aficionados in Japan. What the term amounts to – as might be inferred – is bushidō on the
ballfield. In this way, baseball is one of the most conspicuous remnants of samurai ideology.
Yakyū-dō involves, among other things, the spiritualization of training, obsession with
form, mutual sacrifice for the sake of the team, complete deference to managers, coaches,
and those in positions of authority, and conservative highly thought out play.
One of the driving forces behind the development and spread of the yakyū-dō
philosophy was legendary manager Suishu Tobita, known in Japan as “The God of Baseball.”
Tobita had played for Waseda University during his college years in the early part of the
20th century and was an average player by all accounts. Nine years after he played his last
game for Waseda, the school offered him the managerial position. He accepted. Influenced
by his former Waseda coach’s philosophy that baseball could be a modern replacement for
war, Tobita approached the game with the mindset and intensity of a drill instructor and
treated the players as soldiers. His men were expected to act any soldier would. Nearly all
aspects of their lives were controlled by the coaching staff, down to minute details such as
how and when to brush one’s teeth. Players, in his view, should love their team in much the
same way that they loved their country. That meant complete and total obedience to
authority, in this case, the manager and his staff.
He deliberately incorporated tenets of bushido into his philosophy, putting
particular emphasis on the necessity of mental and spiritual fortitude and incorporated Zen
practices to create “morally correct athletes.” The result was exceptionally intense
6. 6
practices which were designed not so much for the honing of skills or even physical
conditioning but for the hardening honing of the spirit and the conditioning of the mind.
The training eventually became known as death training for its intensity and brutality. He
would make his players field ground balls, “until they were half dead, motionless, and froth
was coming out of their mouths.”
As Tobita himself described his methods:
“Thepurpose of training is not health but the forging of the soul and a
stronger soul is only born from strong practice.
To hit like a shooting star, to catch a ball beyond one’s
capabilities…such beautiful plays are not the result of technique but
good deeds. For all these are made possible by a strong spiritual
power.
Student baseball must be the baseball of self-discipline, or trying to
attain the truth, just as in Zen Buddhism. It must be much more than
a hobby. In many cases it must be a baseball of pain and a baseball
practice of savage treatment. If the players do not try so hard as to
vomitblood in practice, they cannot hope to wingames. Only withthe
constant cultivation of tears, sweat, and bleeding can a player secure
his position as such. One must suffer to be good.”2
To most Americans, Tobita’s method may seem shocking, even barbaric, but despite
the undeniable cruelty, Waseda won, a lot. His success elicited a turn away from the more
lax, “rational” American approached which some favored at the time, to Tobita’s seishin
yakyū (“spiritual baseball) as it sometimes called. Variations of his methods remain the
predominant approach to baseball in Japan, as evidenced by a 2004 survey conducted by
2 Robert K. Fitts. Mashi: The Unfulfilled Baseball Dreams of Masanori Murakami, the First Japanese Major
Leaguer. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.
7. 7
Fuji-Sankei, which found that over 90% of all professional managers and players in Japan
adhered to elements of “spiritual baseball.”
Take, for example, the story of Choji Murata, a highly successful pitcher in the NPB
in the 70’s and 80’s. Murata believed fervently in the idea of constant hard work. He
pitched over a hundred pitches a day, throwing all as hard as he could, and like many other
Japanese, he always tried to “pitch through the pain.” But in 1982, his elbow began causing
him incessant pain. He tried to pitch through it despite barely being able to lift it, and was
eventually put on the disabled list. Even so, he kept trying to throw, hoping to will the pain
away. His effort and dedication was undeniable, but so was the fact that none of his
attempts at treatment were working. He wasn’t getting better.
Over the course of his injure, Murata had tried acupuncture, electrical shock,
massage, even naked meditation under a freezing cold waterfall at the guidance of a Zen
priest. None of it worked. The priest told him that he must heal his arm himself, no one
could do it for him. Murata was desperate and finally turned to medicine. An American
doctor named Frank Jobe had repaired a pitcher named Tommy John’s torn UCL with a
revolutionary procedure and was willing to help Murata. Murata acquiesced at the behest
of his wife and Jobe repaired his torn UCL using a ligament from his wrist. Choji returned to
play the next season, where he went 17-5 and won Comeback Player of the Year.
In the years following his surgery, the revelation that modern medical techniques
could be applied to baseball and other athletic injuries led many players with similar
injuries to seek surgery right away. Murata criticized the increase in younger players who
he thought did not suffer long enough to build character from the experience before getting
8. 8
surgery. They lacked the self-discipline and self-control needed to resist the urge to fix the
pain without first learning and drawing strength from the experience.
Ballplayers or Sararīman?: Corporate Control Over Baseball
A common sentiment about Japanese ballplayers when compared to their American
counterparts is that, “Americans play baseball, Japanese work it.” The saying may be a bit of
an oversimplification but it is a reasonable assessment given the businesslike aura
surrounding the Japanese game.
In the years following the American Occupation, Japan began to emerge as an
economic powerhouse and by the 1980s, the country had become the second largest
economic power on the planet. Forming the foundation of Japanese corporate capitalist
success during this “economic miracle” was the sararīman or salaryman. A salaryman is a
particular breed of white-collar worker – usually male – in the large bureaucracy of a
corporate firm or governmental institution whose position is based on ability rather than
seniority. The lives of these workers are almost entirely defined by their jobs. Many are
hired directly out of school and are expected to stay with the company until retirement to
display their loyalty. They are known for working long hours –as many as eighty per week
in some cases – and expected to sacrifice their home life for the sake of the company, even
if it means forgoing efforts to start a family. Absolute subservience to their superiors is
expected. In many ways, a salaryman’s job is a lifelong commitment; their life is not entirely
their own.
The same workplace warrior mentality and structure extends to the baseball field.
Players are often treated like sararīman. Managers exert dictatorial control over them, just
9. 9
as a manager would in a corporate setting. Players are worked hard, often operating under
the same “work ‘til you drop” mindset and, until recently, most players were expected to
remain with their teams for the duration of their careers.
***
The incorporation of businesslike operations into Japanese baseball can be traced to
the pre-World War II era, when the game was beginning to evolve into the quasi-religious
spectacle it would one day become. For decades following the game’s introduction the
game was almost exclusively played on an amateur scale. Nearly every level of the school
system, from Middle school to High school to collegiate, enjoyed immense popularity.
It did not take long for private businesses to recognize the marketing opportunity
that school baseball could provide. Mizuno, Japanese first and largest sporting goods
producer, was the first to organize and sponsor a large-scale middle school tournament in
1913. Two years later, the Osaka Asahi Shimbun, a major newspaper, created the first fully-
national tournament, drastically increasing their distribution, readership, and brand
recognition numbers across the country. The Osaka Mainichi Shimbun quickly organized a
rival tournament – also held at Kōshien Stadium, only in the spring – to counter Asahi’s. In
the years that followed, corporate-sponsored tournaments popped up like dandelions, but
those sponsored by Asahi and Mainichi have evolved into nearly sacred events akin to
national holidays.
Industrial semipro teams also enjoyed immense success during this period. These
clubs were sponsored by successful companies, primarily in the steel and railroad sectors.
The semi-pro teams became the destination for many former college and high school stars.
10. 10
The players continued playing baseball almost full-time, with the assurance of a stable,
comfortable job after their playing days were over. Predictably, industrial teams were
(micro)managed in the same way that any other company employee would be. In this case,
the label “Work ball,” was literal.
***
The industrial semi-pro teams may have occupied the murky grey area between
amateur and employee, but there was little opposition to their continued existence. After
all, they were working for the company. They would join the workforce in due time. They
were working-athletes. The idea of an entirely professional team, let alone a professional
league, worried a number of fans who that play-for-pay would corrupt the integrity of the
game and diminish the purity some associated with amateurism.
In 1935, Matsutaro Shiroki, owner Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, created the first
professional team in Japan. He named it Dai Nippon Tokyo Yaku Kurabu (The Great Japan
Tokyo Baseball Club). Within a year he was able to persuade five other corporations, all
either railways or newspapers, to join his new league. The Japanese Baseball League was
an instant hit, even managing to emerge relatively unscathed after The War ended. The
success of the league reflected the nation’s perseverance and rapid recovery during those
years.
In 1950, the league underwent a transformation. The name was changed from the
Japanese Baseball League to the Nippon Professional Baseball League (NPB) to reflect
national pride and solidarity in the wake of US Occupation - Nippon being the Japanese
name for their country. A team was established in Hiroshima in 1950, just five years after
11. 11
the city was obliterated by the atomic bomb, further reinforced the resiliency of the
Japanese people.
The addition of Hiroshima and six other teams helped solidify the NPB as a
legitimate professional enterprise. Unsurprisingly, the corporate capitalist cultural
explosion that gripped the nation during the years of the Japanese “economic miracle”
became the driving influence behind the way teams and the league itself was and still is
run.
Each team is owned and operated by major corporations, rather than a single owner
as is common in America. For most Major League owners, the team is their foremost
concern, their primary job. Most who own business ventures turn the organization over to
a trusted, experience professional while they focus on the team. Japanese teams are often
considered corporate subsidies, mere tax write-off for their parent companies. They are
run as if they were simply another branch of the company’s overall business operation, just
part of the bigger picture. Owners who have no real affection for the game acquire
organizations for purely promotional purposes. Teams are usually named after their parent
companies, rather than their cities, as is customary in American profession sports. This can
result in some grating and unattractive names such as Nippon-Ham Fighter, SoftBank
Hawks, or DeNA Bay Stars.
That this unabashedly direct method of promotion influences company business is
unquestionable. Whether the effect is always desirable or not is an entirely different
question. The visibility of the companies which own baseball teams and the level to which a
team’s identity is intertwined with that of the company can lead to adverse effects in sales.
12. 12
Statistical studies indicate that, when one team defeats another team – in a playoff series
for example– business in the areas where there is a heavy concentration of fans of the
opposing team plummets temporarily. This principle is evidence tenfold when the
opposing team is the Yomiuri Giants.
The Giants popularity in Japan has been compared to that of the New York Yankees
in America and Manchester United in the English Premier League combined. An estimated
60% of the country identifies as Giants fans. To be a Giants fan is, to many Japanese, like
being a member of an exclusive national club, one that anyone can join.
The effect of the Giant’s status as Japan’s “national team” has helped their parent
corporation, the Yomiuri Group, become the largest media conglomerate in Japan. The
company’s flagship subsidiary, the Yomiuri Shimbun, become the largest circulating
newspaper in the world, with over ten million copies purchased daily. The team’s
relationship with the newspaper allows ownership to create a clean, regal image for the
Giants, which further contributes the people’s love affair with the team.
Organized Cheering – The Oendan
Japanese baseball fans are of a different breed than their U.S. counterparts. The
basic aspects of fandom – pride, loyalty, investment of time and emotion, etc. – are present
in Japanese fans, only amplified substantially. An American baseball fan attending or
watching a Nippon Baseball League game is likely to see more similarities with a Premier
or Champions League soccer match than a Major League Baseball game.
The first and most obvious distinction when watching a game of besoboru in Japan is
the noise. Unlike at U.S. stadiums, where the noise level fluctuates according to what’s
13. 13
happening on the field, Japanese games feature a near-static roar though the duration of
the action. Thousands of men and women with noise-makers, drums, blow-horns, cow
bells, megaphones, and, of course, their vocal chords, drown out nearly all other sound.
They shout encouragement at their favorite players while refraining from insulting the
opposition. Between innings cheerleaders, often accompanied by at least one mascot of
some sort or another, entertain the crown with a performance that is sure to confuse
anyone unfamiliar with modern Japanese culture. Team songs and personalized player
hitting chants are sung over and over beginning prior to the first pitch, continuing
throughout the game and often into the streets after fan pour out of the stadium after
particularly special wins. For example, the chorus team song of the Hanshin Tigers goes:
The wind blows from Mount Rokko
The sun beats high in the sky;
The passion of youth is beautiful,
Oh, glorious Hanshin Tigers.
Ohh . . . ohh . . . ohh . . .
Hanshin Tigers,
Fure . . . fure . . . fure . . .
Hooray . . . hooray . . . hooray.
From “The Hanshin TigersSong”
lyrics by Sonosuke Sato3
At the core of all the ruckus is the oendan, a highly structured and boisterous
cheering section composed mostly of white-collar workers unwinding from a long work
day. Most fans, although highly engaged in the action on the field, tend to watch a game
quietly, “behaving with proverbial Japanese decorum, eschewing the sort of loud and
3 Robert Whiting. You Gotta Have Wa. New York, NY: Random House Publishers, 1988. 111.
14. 14
vulgar conduct common in many U.S. ballparks…Yet, put him in an [oendan]… and he
quickly sheds his traditional restraint…he becomes a veritable wildman, yelling and
screaming for three solid hours.”4
The majority of oendan members are corporate day-workers, seeking a respite from
their grueling jobs. Anyone can join. They are even free to form their own group if they
choose. However, for those with career aspirations who work for a corporation that owns a
NPB club, membership in an oendan is often a requisite for advancement within the
company.
Given these circumstances, it is no surprise to reason that the same sort of order
and group unity that defines Japanese would extend to group cheering. At present, the
number of oendans in Japanese professional baseball is in excess of 230 – the largest of
which has a membership of over 55 thousand fans. While some oendan are less organized
than others, the majority utilize a hierarchical system. At top is the cheerleader, who
usually stands in front of his group with a megaphone and conducts and coordinates the
cheering. Some assign seating and even require members to arrive at the stadium hours
before the game to “practice” their cheers. The oendan hierarchy, excluding those
controlled by corporations, is merit-based. Whoever makes the most noise can improve
their seating, even become cheerleader, regardless of background, age, or gender
(hypothetically, at least.)
4 Robert Whiting. You Gotta Have Wa, New York, NY: Vintage Books, (1989), 113-14.
15. 15
A Sluggish Transition into a New Era
Ask an average oendan member about yakyū-dō and there’s a good chance they’ll be
familiar with it, they may even be a proponent of it, at least in theory. But it is becoming
more and more evident that the modern game and the way it is played is slowly but
inexorably changing. The doryoku to gattsu (blood and guts) mindset and method of
management has by no means, died off. However, it is being toned down due in part to
modern medical advance, Japan’s cultural shift starting in the mid-1980s, and most
importantly, the departure of Japanese players to the MLB.
At the beginning of the 1980s, a new generation of Japanese youth began to emerge.
They were dubbed the shinjin-rui or “New Breed.” They brazenly embraced Western
concepts of individualism while openly rejecting long accepted Japanese cultural values
such as self-sacrifice, subservience to superiors, and unflinching loyalty. The New Breed
infiltrated baseball in Japan, just as they did every other aspect of society. A number of
these players began to stand up to accepted tradition. They questioned the logic (and
sanity) of extreme workouts in which players injured themselves for the sake of building
mental fortitude. They scoffed at blind loyalty, deference to superiors, and advocated
individualism both on and off the field. The banner-men for this new type of ballplayer
were a brash, overweight infielder with a golden bat.
***
Hiromitsu Ochiai is considered by some to be the best Japanese ballplayer of the
1980s. In his nineteen year career, the third baseman would belt over 500 home runs, hit
over .300 ten times and set the single season record for batting average and win three
16. 16
Triple Crowns (all of which he publically predicted prior the season.) He did all of this
while flatly refusing to take part in any of the team training, showing up late to spring
training, and delighted the media with his immodesty.
Ochiai baffled the Japanese. He was a purebred native of Japan, yet he was so-unlike
any other homegrown athlete they’d seen. He had a low threshold for self-denial and
believed in conserving energy for games rather than exhausting himself in pre-game
workouts. While his teammates labored on the hot field and took hundreds of swings
before the game, Ochiai sat on the sideline and relaxed. “I only need ten swings,” he would
tell his manager, and he was always right.
His self-confidence was always on display whenever the talked to the media. He
once caused a stir with his analysis of the Japanese game by telling a reporter:
“The history of Japanese baseball is the history of pitchers throwing until their arms
fall off for the team. It’s crazy. Like dying for your country – doing a banzai yell . . .
with yourlast breath. That mentality is why Japan lost the war. . . . Spirit, effort, those
are words I absolutely cannot stand.”5
Despite Ochiai’s immense success and popularity with the younger generation, very
few players followed his example at the time. A few players, such as Suguru Egawa, the
volatile, outspoken pitching ace for the squeaky clean Giants, diverged from the traditional
mold. But things did not really start to change until a young flamethrower named Hideo
Nomo came along and changed the Japanese game forever.
Nomo was due a new contract from his team, the Kintetsu Buffaloes, following the
conclusion of the 1994 season. Nomo had always dreamed of playing the MLB. He was fed
5 Robert Whiting. You Gotta Have Wa. New York, NY: Random House Publishers, 1988. 203-04
17. 17
up the intensity of Japanese baseball, which prioritized harmony and training over the
health and future of the players. After a heated contract dispute Nomo’s agent, Don
Nomura, exploited a loophole in the outdated Japanese Uniform Players Contract. To this
point, the situation for Japanese baseball players was much the same as that of the
sarariman. Players were expected to remain with the team that had drafted them for the
duration of their careers. Free agency was unheard of. The “voluntary retirement clause,”
as the loophole would be known, made it possible for players to become free-agents if they
declared their retirement. Kintetsu management, unaware of the situation and fed up with
the futility of the contract talks, challenged Nomo to do just that. Nomo enthusiastically did,
then signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Initially, the Japanese sports press were outraged by Nomo’s bait-and-switch. They
labelled him an “ingrate,” a “traitor,” even gaijin (Japanese for “outsider” or “foreigner.”)
But when the MLB season began the Japanese sports media began singing a different tune.
Nomo was extremely successful as a rookie. He won Rookie of the Year, made the All-Start
team, and finished fourth in Cy Young voting. Suddenly, Nomo was a source of Japanese
pride, a national hero. A scene which would become familiar in the years to come played
out around Nomo. The Japanese media fawned over him and throngs of journalist followed
him, documenting his every move. It appeared that he had open Pandora’s Box, but only a
crack.
The NPB reformed and rewrote the rules for player contracts, allowing certain
players to leave for the United States after a prescribed amount of years playing in Japan.
Teams who wish to talk to a player were to pay an exorbitant fee to the Japanese team
18. 18
currently holding his rights. The massive sums of money that this “posting system”
required MLB clubs to divulge for the possibility of signing a player has not stopped them
from signing Japanese stars.
Some of the biggest stars in Japanese baseball have made the leap. Ichiro Suzuki, one
of the greatest hitters in the history of baseball at any level, became the first position
players from Japan to go the Majors. He signed with the Seattle Mariners in 2001. In his
first season he would lead the Mariners to the best record in the history of professional
baseball (116-46) while leading the league in hits, batting average and stolen bases, making
the All-Star team, winning Rookie of the Year, a Gold Glove, and being named the league’s
Most Valuable Player. He set the single-season record for most hits in a season in 2004 and
is poised to pass the 3,000 hit mark in the Majors and Pete Rose for all-time combined hits
record this upcoming season.
Despite the enormous Major League success of Nomo, Ichiro and players like Hideki
Matsui, the rate at which are players leaving Japan has been more of a trickle than the
deluge that some expected. Since 1995, fifty-nine Japanese players have played in the
Majors, a rate of just 2.38 players per year. In 2015 the well appeared to temporarily dry up
when, for the first time since Nomo, no player made the jump. Granted, a number of
extenuating circumstances contributed to this conspicuous absence but it is indicative of
the fact that not all players have abandoned the old ways of loyalty, dedication, and yakyū-
dō.
19. 19
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