Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. He showed prodigious musical ability from a very young age, composing from age 5 and performing before royalty in Europe. As an adult, he worked positions at Salzburg but grew restless and traveled extensively in search of better positions. He eventually settled in Vienna as a freelance composer, achieving great success but little financial security. He composed over 600 works acknowledged as pinnacles of many classical music genres.
2. Simpagan Baku atau Standar Deviasi ( S )
simpangan Baku adalah akar dari perbandingan antara jumlah kuadrat simpangan-simpangan dengan banyaknya data.
Pengujian hipotesis :
Adalah sebauah metode pengambilan keputusan yang didasarkan dari analisis data, baik dari percobaan yang terkontrol, maupun dari observasi (tidak terkontrol). Dalam statistik sebuah hasil bisa dikatakan signifikan secara statistik jika kejadian tersebut hampir tidak mungkin disebabkan oleh faktor yang kebetulan, sesuai dengan batas
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
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Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
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As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
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Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (German: ˈvɔlfɡaŋ amaˈdeus ˈmoːtsaʁt, English see fn.;1
27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus
Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart,2
was a prolific and influential composer of the
Classical era.
Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on
keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before
European royalty. At 17, he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew
restless and travelled in search of a better position, always composing abundantly.
While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He
chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security.
During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies,
concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at
the time of his death. The circumstances of his early death have been much
mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons.
Mozart learned voraciously from others, and developed a brilliance and maturity of
style that encompassed the light and graceful along with the dark and passionate. He
composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic,
concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly
popular of classical composers, and his influence on subsequent Western art music
is profound; Beethoven composed his own early works in the shadow of Mozart, and
Joseph Haydn wrote that "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years."3
•
Early life
Family and childhood
Anonymous portrait of the child Mozart, possibly by Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni; painted
in 1763 on commission from Leopold Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart (1719–
1787) and Anna Maria, née Pertl (1720–1778), at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg. This
was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a ecclesiastical principality in what is
now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.4
He was the youngest of seven
children, five of whom died in infancy.5
His elder sister was Maria Anna (1751–1829),
nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptized the day after his birth at St. Rupert's
Cathedral. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form as Joannes
Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself
"Wolfgang Amadè Mozart"6
as an adult, but his name had many variants.
Leopold Mozart, a native of Augsburg,7
was a minor composer and an experienced
teacher. In 1743, he was appointed as fourth violinist in the musical establishment of
Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the ruling Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg.8
Four
years later, he married Anna Maria in Salzburg. Leopold became the orchestra's
2. deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. During the year of his son's birth, Leopold published a
violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.9
When Nannerl was seven, she began keyboard lessons with her father while her
three-year-old brother looked on. Years later, after her brother's death, she
reminisced:
He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever
striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good.... In the fourth year of his age
his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the
clavier.... He could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping
exactly in time.... At the age of five, he was already composing little pieces, which he
played to his father who wrote them down.10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9, Salzburg, Austria
These early pieces, K. 1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch.
Biographer Maynard Solomon11
notes that, while Leopold was a devoted teacher to
his children, there is evidence that Mozart was keen to progress beyond what he was
taught. His first ink-spattered composition and his precocious efforts with the violin
were of his own initiative and came as a surprise to his father.12
Leopold eventually
gave up composing when his son's musical talents became evident.13
In his early
years, Mozart's father was his only teacher. Along with music, he taught his children
languages and academic subjects.11
Dominic Patric de Neuville
Übersetzungsbüro TRANSIT Zürich
www.transitweb.ch
1762–73: Travel
Main articles: Mozart family grand tour and Mozart in Italy
During Mozart's youth, his family made several European journeys in which he and
Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition, in 1762, at the
court of the Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial
Court in Vienna and Prague. A long concert tour spanning three and a half years
followed, taking the family to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London, The
Hague, again to Paris, and back home via Zurich, Donaueschingen, and Munich.citation
needed
3. The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl. Watercolor by
Carmontelle, ca. 176314
During this trip, Mozart met a number of musicians and acquainted himself with the
works of other composers. A particularly important influence was Johann Christian
Bach, whom Mozart visited in London in 1764 and 1765. The family again went to
Vienna in late 1767 and remained there until December 1768.
These trips were often difficult and travel conditions were primitive.15
The family had
to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the nobility and they endured long,
near-fatal illnesses far from home: first Leopold (London, summer 1764)16
then both
children (The Hague, autumn 1765).17
After one year in Salzburg, Leopold and Mozart set off for Italy, leaving Mozart's
mother and sister at home. This travel lasted from December 1769 to March 1771.
As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son's abilities as a performer
and a rapidly maturing composer. Mozart met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista
Martini in Bologna and was accepted as a member of the famous Accademia
Filarmonica. In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice in performance in
the Sistine Chapel and wrote it out from memory, thus producing the first
unauthorized copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican.1819
In Milan, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed
with success. This led to further opera commissions. He returned with his father later
twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) for the
composition and premieres of Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold
hoped these visits would result in a professional appointment for his son in Italy, but
these hopes were never realized.20
Toward the end of the final Italian journey, Mozart wrote the first of his works to be
still widely performed today, the solo motet Exsultate, jubilate, K. 165.
1773–77: Employment at the Salzburg court
After finally returning with his father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was
employed as a court musician by the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop
Hieronymus Colloredo. The composer had a great number of friends and admirers in
Salzburg21
and had the opportunity to work in many genres, including symphonies,
sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades, and a few minor operas. Between April
and December 1775, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos,
producing a series of five (the only ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in
their musical sophistication. The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples
of the repertoire. In 1776 he turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the
E-flat concerto K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to be a breakthrough
work.22
Despite these artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontented with
Salzburg and redoubled his efforts to find a position elsewhere. One reason was his
low salary, 150 florins a year;23
Mozart longed to compose operas, and Salzburg
provided only rare occasions for these. The situation worsened in 1775 when the
4. court theater was closed, especially since the other theater in Salzburg was largely
reserved for visiting troupes.24
Two long expeditions in search of work interrupted this long Salzburg stay: Mozart
and his father visited Vienna from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich from 6
December 1774 to March 1775. Neither visit was successful, though the Munich
journey resulted in a popular success with the premiere of Mozart's opera La finta
giardiniera.25
1777–78: The Paris journey
Portrait of Mozart wearing the Order of the Golden Spur, received in 1770 from Pope
Clement XIV in Rome, c. 177726
In August 1777, Mozart resigned his Salzburg position27
and, on 23 September,
ventured out once more in search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim,
Paris, and Munich.28
Mozart became acquainted with members of the famous orchestra in Mannheim, the
best in Europe at the time. He also fell in love with Aloysia Weber, one of four
daughters in a musical family. There were prospects of employment in Mannheim,
but they came to nothing,29
and Mozart left for Paris on 14 March 177830
to continue
his search. One of his letters from Paris hints at a possible post as an organist at
Versailles, but Mozart was not interested in such an appointment.31
He fell into debt
and took to pawning valuables.32
The nadir of the visit occurred when Mozart's
mother was taken ill and died on 3 July 1778.33
There had been delays in calling a
doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a lack of funds.34
While Mozart was in Paris, his father was pursuing opportunities for his son back in
Salzburg.35
With the support of local nobility, Mozart was offered a post as court
organist and concertmaster. The yearly salary was 450 florins,36
but he was reluctant
to accept.37
After leaving Paris in September 1778, he tarried in Mannheim and
Munich, still hoping to obtain an appointment outside Salzburg. In Munich, he again
encountered Aloysia, now a very successful singer, but she was no longer interested
in him.38
Mozart finally reached home on 15 January 1779 and took up the new
position, but his discontent with Salzburg was undiminished.citation needed
Among the better known works that Mozart wrote on the Paris journey are the A
minor piano sonata K. 310/300d and the "Paris" Symphony (no. 31); these were
performed in Paris on 12 and 18 June 1778.39
Vienna
See also: List of operas by Mozart
1781: Departure
The Mozart family c. 1780. The portrait on the wall is of Mozart's mother.
5. In January 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable success" in
Munich.40
The following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where his
employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the celebrations for the accession of
Joseph II to the Austrian throne. Fresh from the adulation he had earned in Munich,
Mozart was offended when Colloredo treated him as a mere servant and particularly
when the archbishop forbade him to perform before the Emperor at Countess Thun's
for a fee equal to half of his yearly Salzburg salary. The resulting quarrel came to a
head in May: Mozart attempted to resign and was refused. The following month,
permission was granted but in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed
literally "with a kick in the arse", administered by the archbishop's steward, Count
Arco. Mozart decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer and composer.41
The quarrel with the archbishop went harder for Mozart because his father sided
against him. Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back to
Salzburg, Mozart's father exchanged intense letters with his son, urging him to be
reconciled with their employer. Mozart passionately defended his intention to pursue
an independent career in Vienna. The debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by
the archbishop, freeing himself both of his employer and his father's demands to
return. Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation as a "revolutionary step", and it
greatly altered the course of his life.42
Early years
See also: Haydn and Mozart and Mozart and Freemasonry
Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He performed often as a pianist, notably
in a competition before the Emperor with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781,41
and he soon "had established himself as the finest keyboard player in Vienna".41
He
also prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entführung aus
dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July 1782
and achieved a huge success. The work was soon being performed "throughout
German-speaking Europe",41
and fully established Mozart's reputation as a
composer.
1782 portrait of Constanze Mozart by her brother-in-law Joseph Lange
Near the height of his quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart moved in with the Weber
family, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The father, Fridolin, had died, and
the Webers were now taking in lodgers to make ends meet.43
Aloysia, who had
earlier rejected Mozart's suit, was now married to the actor and artist Joseph Lange.
Mozart's interest shifted to the third Weber daughter, Constanze. The courtship did
not go entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Mozart and
Constanze briefly separated in April 1782.44
Mozart faced a very difficult task in
getting his father's permission for the marriage.45
The couple were finally married on
4 August 1782 in St. Stephen's Cathedral, the day before his father's consent arrived
in the mail.45
The couple had six children, of whom only two survived infancy:
• Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783)
6. • Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858)
• Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)
• Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 –
29 June 1788)
• Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 25 December 1789)
• Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)
In the course of 1782 and 1783, Mozart became intimately acquainted with the work
of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel as a result of the influence of
Gottfried van Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters.
Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in Baroque style, and later
influenced his personal musical language, for example in fugal passages in Die
Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") and the finale of Symphony No. 41.8
In 1783, Mozart and his wife visited his family in Salzburg. His father and sister were
cordially polite to Constanze, but the visit prompted the composition of one of
Mozart's great liturgical pieces, the Mass in C minor. Though not completed, it was
premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part.46
Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Vienna around 1784, and the two composers became
friends. When Haydn visited Vienna, they sometimes played together in an
impromptu string quartet. Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421,
K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are
judged to be a response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from 1781.47
Haydn in 1785 told
Mozart's father: "I tell you before God, and as an honest man, your son is the
greatest composer known to me by person and repute, he has taste and what is
more the greatest skill in composition."48
From 1782 to 1785 Mozart mounted concerts with himself as soloist, presenting three
or four new piano concertos in each season. Since space in the theaters was scarce,
he booked unconventional venues: a large room in the Trattnerhof (an apartment
building), and the ballroom of the Mehlgrube (a restaurant).49
The concerts were very
popular, and the concertos he premiered at them are still firm fixtures in the
repertoire. Solomon writes that during this period Mozart created "a harmonious
connection between an eager composer-performer and a delighted audience, which
was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection of a major
musical genre".49
With substantial returns from his concerts and elsewhere, Mozart and his wife
adopted a rather plush lifestyle. They moved to an expensive apartment, with a
yearly rent of 460 florins.50
Mozart bought a fine fortepiano from Anton Walter for
about 900 florins, and a billiard table for about 300.50
The Mozarts sent their son Karl
Thomas to an expensive boarding school,5152
and kept servants. Saving was
therefore impossible, and the short period of financial success did nothing to soften
the hardship the Mozarts were later to experience.5354
On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to the lodge Zur
Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence").55
Freemasonry played an important role in the
remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his friends were
Masons, and on various occasions he composed Masonic music, e. g. the
Maurerische Trauermusik.citation needed
7. Dominic Patric de Neuville
Übersetzungsbüro TRANSIT Zürich
www.transitweb.ch
1786–87: Return to opera
See also: Mozart and dance
Despite the great success of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic
writing for the next four years, producing only two unfinished works and the one-act
Der Schauspieldirektor. He focused instead on his career as a piano soloist and
writer of concertos. Around the end of 1785, Mozart moved away from keyboard
writing56page needed
and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettist
Lorenzo Da Ponte. 1786 saw the successful premiere of The Marriage of Figaro in
Vienna. Its reception in Prague later in the year was even warmer, and this led to a
second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in
October 1787 to acclaim in Prague, and also met with success in Vienna in 1788.
The two are among Mozart's most important works and are mainstays of the operatic
repertoire today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty
for both listeners and performers. These developments were not witnessed by
Mozart's father, who had died on 28 May 1787.citation needed
In December 1787, Mozart finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic
patronage. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his "chamber composer", a post that
had fallen vacant the previous month on the death of Gluck. It was a part-time
appointment, paying just 800 florins per year, and required Mozart only to compose
dances for the annual balls in the Redoutensaal. This modest income became
important to Mozart when hard times arrived. Court records show that Joseph's aim
was to keep the esteemed composer from leaving Vienna in pursuit of better
prospects.57
In 1787 the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to
study with Mozart.58
No reliable records survive to indicate whether the two
composers ever met.
Later years and death
1788–90
See also: Mozart's Berlin journey
Drawing of Mozart in silverpoint, made by Dora Stock during Mozart's visit to
Dresden, April 1789
8. Toward the end of the decade, Mozart's circumstances worsened. Around 1786 he
had ceased to appear frequently in public concerts, and his income shrank.59
This
was a difficult time for musicians in Vienna because of the Austro-Turkish War, and
both the general level of prosperity and the ability of the aristocracy to support music
had declined.56
By mid-1788, Mozart and his family had moved from central Vienna to the suburb of
Alsergrund.59
Although it has been thought that Mozart reduced his rental expenses,
research shows that by moving to the suburb, Mozart had not reduced his expenses
(as claimed in his letter to Puchberg), but merely increased the housing space at his
disposal.60
Mozart began to borrow money, most often from his friend and fellow
Mason Michael Puchberg; "a pitiful sequence of letters pleading for loans" survives.61
Maynard Solomon and others have suggested that Mozart was suffering from
depression, and it seems that his output slowed.62
Major works of the period include
the last three symphonies (Nos. 39, 40, and 41, all from 1788), and the last of the
three Da Ponte operas, Così fan tutte, premiered in 1790.
Around this time, Mozart made long journeys hoping to improve his fortunes: to
Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin in the spring of 1789, and to Frankfurt, Mannheim, and
other German cities in 1790. The trips produced only isolated success and did not
relieve the family's financial distress.citation needed
1791
Mozart's last year was, until his final illness struck, a time of great productivity—and
by some accounts, one of personal recovery.63
He composed a great deal, including
some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic Flute; the final piano concerto
(K. 595 in B-flat); the Clarinet Concerto K. 622; the last in his great series of string
quintets (K. 614 in E-flat); the motet Ave verum corpus K. 618; and the unfinished
Requiem K. 626.
Mozart's financial situation, a source of extreme anxiety in 1790, finally began to
improve. Although the evidence is inconclusive,64
it appears that wealthy patrons in
Hungary and Amsterdam pledged annuities to Mozart in return for the occasional
composition. He is thought to have benefited from the sale of dance music written in
his role as Imperial chamber composer.64
Mozart no longer borrowed large sums
from Puchberg, and made a start on paying off his debts.64
He experienced great satisfaction in the public success of some of his works, notably
The Magic Flute (which was performed several times in the short period between its
premiere and Mozart's death)65
and the Little Masonic Cantata K. 623, premiered on
15 November 1791.66
Final illness and death
Main article: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Posthumous painting by Barbara Krafft in 1819
Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the 6 September 1791 premiere of his opera La
clemenza di Tito, written in that same year on commission for the Emperor's
9. coronation festivities.67
He continued his professional functions for some time, and
conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September. His health deteriorated
on 20 November, at which point he became bedridden, suffering from swelling, pain,
and vomiting.68
Mozart was nursed in his final illness by his wife and her youngest sister, and was
attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. He was mentally occupied with
the task of finishing his Requiem, but the evidence that he actually dictated passages
to his student Franz Xaver Süssmayr is minimal.6970
Mozart died in his home on 5 December 1791 (aged 35) at 1:00 am. The New Grove
describes his funeral:
Mozart was interred in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese
custom, at the St. Marx Cemetery outside the city on 7 December. If, as later reports
say, no mourners attended, that too is consistent with Viennese burial customs at the
time; later Jahn (1856) wrote that Salieri, Süssmayr, van Swieten and two other
musicians were present. The tale of a storm and snow is false; the day was calm and
mild.71
The expression "common grave" refers to neither a communal grave nor a pauper's
grave, but to an individual grave for a member of the common people (i.e., not the
aristocracy). Common graves were subject to excavation after ten years; the graves
of aristocrats were not.72
The cause of Mozart's death cannot be known with certainty. The official record has it
as "hitziges Frieselfieber" ("severe miliary fever", referring to a rash that looks like
millet seeds), a description that does not suffice to identify the cause as it would be
diagnosed in modern medicine. Researchers have posited at least 118 causes of
death, including trichinosis, influenza, mercury poisoning, and a rare kidney ailment.73
One of the most widely accepted hypotheses is that Mozart died of acute rheumatic
fever.7374
Mozart's modest funeral did not reflect his standing with the public as a composer:
memorial services and concerts in Vienna and Prague were well-attended. Indeed, in
the period immediately after his death, his reputation rose substantially: Solomon
describes an "unprecedented wave of enthusiasm"75
for his work; biographies were
written (first by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Nissen); and publishers vied to
produce complete editions of his works.75
Appearance and character
See also: Mozart and Roman Catholicism and Mozart and scatology
Unfinished portrait of Mozart by his brother-in-law Joseph Lange
Mozart's physical appearance was described by tenor Michael Kelly, in his
Reminiscences: "a remarkably small man, very thin and pale, with a profusion of fine,
fair hair of which he was rather vain". As his early biographer Niemetschek wrote,
"there was nothing special about his physique. ... He was small and his countenance,
except for his large intense eyes, gave no signs of his genius." His facial complexion
10. was pitted, a reminder of his childhood case of smallpox. There is a photofit of
Mozart, created from four contemporary portraits.76
He loved elegant clothing. Kelly
remembered him at a rehearsal: "He was on the stage with his crimson pelisse and
gold-laced cocked hat, giving the time of the music to the orchestra." Of his voice his
wife later wrote that it "was a tenor, rather soft in speaking and delicate in singing, but
when anything excited him, or it became necessary to exert it, it was both powerful
and energetic".77
Mozart usually worked long and hard, finishing compositions at a tremendous pace
as deadlines approached. He often made sketches and drafts; unlike Beethoven's
these are mostly not preserved, as his wife sought to destroy them after his death.78
He was raised a Roman Catholic and remained a member of the Church throughout
his life.citation needed
Mozart lived at the center of the Viennese musical world, and knew a great number
and variety of people: fellow musicians, theatrical performers, fellow Salzburgers,
and aristocrats, including some acquaintance with the Emperor Joseph II. Solomon
considers his three closest friends to have been Gottfried von Jacquin, Count August
Hatzfeld, and Sigmund Barisani; others included his older colleague Joseph Haydn,
singers Franz Xaver Gerl and Benedikt Schack, and the horn player Joseph Leutgeb.
Leutgeb and Mozart carried on a curious kind of friendly mockery, often with Leutgeb
as the butt of Mozart's practical jokes.79
He enjoyed billiards and dancing, and kept pets: a canary, a starling, a dog, and a
horse for recreational riding.80
He had a startling fondness for scatological humor,
which is preserved in his surviving letters, notably those written to his cousin Maria
Anna Thekla Mozart around 1777–1778, and in his correspondence with his sister
and parents.81
Mozart also wrote scatological music, a series of canons that he sang
with his friends.citation needed
Works, musical style, and innovations
See also: List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Mozart's
compositional method
Style
Mozart's music, like Haydn's, stands as an archetype of the Classical style. At the
time he began composing, European music was dominated by the style galant, a
reaction against the highly evolved intricacy of the Baroque. Progressively, and in
large part at the hands of Mozart himself, the contrapuntal complexities of the late
Baroque emerged once more, moderated and disciplined by new forms, and adapted
to a new aesthetic and social milieu. Mozart was a versatile composer, and wrote in
every major genre, including symphony, opera, the solo concerto, chamber music
including string quartet and string quintet, and the piano sonata. These forms were
not new, but Mozart advanced their technical sophistication and emotional reach. He
almost single-handedly developed and popularized the Classical piano concerto. He
wrote a great deal of religious music, including large-scale masses, but also dances,
divertimenti, serenades, and other forms of light entertainment.citation needed
11. A facsimile sheet of music from the Dies Irae movement of the Requiem Mass in D
minor (K. 626) in Mozart's own handwriting. It is located at the Mozarthaus in Vienna.
The central traits of the Classical style are all present in Mozart's music. Clarity,
balance, and transparency are the hallmarks of his work, but simplistic notions of its
delicacy mask the exceptional power of his finest masterpieces, such as the Piano
Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491; the Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550; and
the opera Don Giovanni. Charles Rosen makes the point forcefully:
It is only through recognizing the violence and sensuality at the center of Mozart's
work that we can make a start towards a comprehension of his structures and an
insight into his magnificence. In a paradoxical way, Schumann's superficial
characterization of the G minor Symphony can help us to see Mozart's daemon more
steadily. In all of Mozart's supreme expressions of suffering and terror, there is
something shockingly voluptuous.82
Especially during his last decade, Mozart exploited chromatic harmony to a degree
rare at the time, with remarkable assurance and to great artistic effect.citation needed
Mozart always had a gift for absorbing and adapting valuable features of others'
music. His travels helped in the forging of a unique compositional language.83
In
London as a child, he met J. C. Bach and heard his music. In Paris, Mannheim, and
Vienna he met with other compositional influences, as well as the avant-garde
capabilities of the Mannheim orchestra. In Italy he encountered the Italian overture
and opera buffa, both of which deeply affected the evolution of his own practice. In
London and Italy, the galant style was in the ascendent: simple, light music with a
mania for cadencing; an emphasis on tonic, dominant, and subdominant to the
exclusion of other harmonies; symmetrical phrases; and clearly articulated partitions
in the overall form of movements.84
Some of Mozart's early symphonies are Italian
overtures, with three movements running into each other; many are homotonal (all
three movements having the same key signature, with the slow middle movement
being in the relative minor). Others mimic the works of J. C. Bach, and others show
the simple rounded binary forms turned out by Viennese composers.
As Mozart matured, he progressively incorporated more features adapted from the
Baroque. For example, the Symphony No. 29 in A major K. 201 has a contrapuntal
main theme in its first movement, and experimentation with irregular phrase lengths.
Some of his quartets from 1773 have fugal finales, probably influenced by Haydn,
who had included three such finales in his recently published Opus 20 set. The
influence of the Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress") period in music, with its brief
foreshadowing of the Romantic era, is evident in the music of both composers at that
time. Mozart's Symphony No. 25 in G minor K. 183 is another excellent example.
Mozart would sometimes switch his focus between operas and instrumental music.
He produced operas in each of the prevailing styles: opera buffa, such as The
Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte; opera seria, such as
Idomeneo; and Singspiel, of which Die Zauberflöte is the most famous example by
any composer. In his later operas he employed subtle changes in instrumentation,
orchestral texture, and tone color, for emotional depth and to mark dramatic shifts.
Here his advances in opera and instrumental composing interacted: his increasingly
sophisticated use of the orchestra in the symphonies and concertos influenced his
12. operatic orchestration, and his developing subtlety in using the orchestra to
psychological effect in his operas was in turn reflected in his later non-operatic
compositions.85
Dominic Patric de Neuville
Übersetzungsbüro TRANSIT Zürich
www.transitweb.ch
Influence
Mozart's most famous pupil, whom the Mozarts took into their Vienna home for two
years as a child, was probably Johann Nepomuk Hummel, a transitional figure
between Classical and Romantic eras.86
More important is the influence Mozart had
on composers of later generations. Ever since the surge in his reputation after his
death, studying his scores has been a standard part of the training of classical
musicians.
Ludwig van Beethoven, Mozart's junior by fifteen years, was deeply influenced by his
work, with which he was acquainted as a teenager. He is thought to have performed
Mozart's operas while playing in the court orchestra at Bonn,87
and he traveled to
Vienna in 1787 hoping to study with the older composer. Some of Beethoven's works
have direct models in comparable works by Mozart, and he wrote cadenzas
(WoO 58) to Mozart's D minor piano concerto K. 466. For further details see Mozart
and Beethoven.
A number of composers have paid homage to Mozart by writing sets of variations on
his themes. Beethoven wrote four such sets (Op. 66, WoO 28, WoO 40, WoO 46).
Others include Frédéric Chopin's Variations on "Là ci darem la mano" from Don
Giovanni (1827); Max Reger's Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart (1914),
based on the variation theme in the piano sonata K. 331;88
Fernando Sor's
Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart (1821); and Mikhail Glinka's
Variations on a Theme from Mozart's Opera Die Zauberflöte (1822). Pyotr Ilyich
Tchaikovsky wrote his Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G, "Mozartiana" (1887), as a tribute
to Mozart.
Köchel catalogue
Main article: Köchel catalogue
For unambiguous identification of works by Mozart, a Köchel catalogue number is
used. This is a unique number assigned, in regular chronological order, to every one
of his known works. A work is referenced by the abbreviation "K." followed by this
number. The first edition of the catalogue was completed in 1862 by Ludwig von
Köchel. It has since been repeatedly updated, as scholarly research improves
knowledge of the dates and authenticity of individual works.