This document summarizes the key trends and issues related to mega-mining in Ecuador and globally:
- Exploration and mining budgets increased dramatically from 1980-2010, driven by high commodity prices and demand from China.
- Mega-mining projects in Ecuador involve the extraction of millions of tons of ore and generate hundreds of millions of tons of waste, using vast quantities of water and land.
- These projects have significant social and environmental impacts and have led to increasing conflicts with indigenous and local communities.
- Globally, the quality of ore bodies is declining, requiring even larger volumes of waste to be extracted and processed. Accidents at large tailings dams, such as in Brazil and Canada, have caused
The Iron Hub: Alderon Resource (TSXv: ADV) Sees Massive Kami ProductionResource Clips
Something big is happening in Labrador and, according to Alderon Resource (TSXv: ADV) Executive Chairman Mark Morabito, it's part of the most underreported story in mining. ResourceClips feature (September 28, 2011)
Rare earths are making a rabble-rousing comeback and Commerce Resources Corp....Stephan Bogner
Most recently, U.S. President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau committed to building an EV (“Electric Vehicle“) supply chain between both countries. “The move comes as demand for electrified transportation is set to surge over the next decade“, Reuters noted and added that “Washington is increasingly viewing Canada as a kind of ´51st State´ for mineral supply purposes and plans to deepen financial and logistical partnerships with the country’s mining sector over time, according to a U.S. government source“. In light of China still dominating the rare earth elements (“REEs“) supply chains and a supply gap emerging over the next few years, new REE projects are needed to meet future demand.
Exploration and Mining Trends in the Digital Age: Global Outlook and Issues i...Tim Alch
At CESCO Week in Santiago, Chile I spoke about the world’s need to explore for and mine copper and the importance of knowing early-on how to operate locally to manage risks. While optimistic, over the life of mining any resource, there are many variables and issues owners need to be mindful of including managing many different and often changing expectations. In the case of copper, it is core to the world being connected on smartphones, Facebook, internet, etc., Without copper, it is fair to say we cannot be connected as we all are and expect to be. While copper does have unique properties and the business differs from other commodities, other minerals share similar outlooks as more of the world’s ~7.2 billion people near term are projected to live in urban areas, enjoy higher standards of living and consume more materials.
100 Years of Resource Growth for Copper - Impact of Costs, Grade and Techn...RichardSchodde
The presentation outlines the various factors behind the 25-fold increase in the copper resource base over the last hundred years – and shows that the industry is NOT facing a “peak metal” situation. It has data on discovery rates, head grades and mining costs from 1900 to 2009.
One provocative observation is that the large decline in copper head grades over the century (from 4% to around 1%) is not necessarily bad news (or an indication that we are running out of ore). Instead it is more to do with the fact that technology and economies of scale have enabled lower grade ore to be economically mined. This allowed companies to lower their cut-off grade – thereby expanding the available resource by a factor of six. The author argues that engineers and geologists acted as equal partners in growing the resource base over the last Century.
Assuming that we continue to explore and innovate, the world will not run out of copper anytime soon.
Ring Of Fire Challenges And Opportunities North American Strategic Infras...Steve Demmings
This speech on "Ring of Fire:Challenges and Opportunities" was given at the annual North American Strategic Infrastructure Leadership Forum in Washington D.C. on October 12, 2011.
The Iron Hub: Alderon Resource (TSXv: ADV) Sees Massive Kami ProductionResource Clips
Something big is happening in Labrador and, according to Alderon Resource (TSXv: ADV) Executive Chairman Mark Morabito, it's part of the most underreported story in mining. ResourceClips feature (September 28, 2011)
Rare earths are making a rabble-rousing comeback and Commerce Resources Corp....Stephan Bogner
Most recently, U.S. President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau committed to building an EV (“Electric Vehicle“) supply chain between both countries. “The move comes as demand for electrified transportation is set to surge over the next decade“, Reuters noted and added that “Washington is increasingly viewing Canada as a kind of ´51st State´ for mineral supply purposes and plans to deepen financial and logistical partnerships with the country’s mining sector over time, according to a U.S. government source“. In light of China still dominating the rare earth elements (“REEs“) supply chains and a supply gap emerging over the next few years, new REE projects are needed to meet future demand.
Exploration and Mining Trends in the Digital Age: Global Outlook and Issues i...Tim Alch
At CESCO Week in Santiago, Chile I spoke about the world’s need to explore for and mine copper and the importance of knowing early-on how to operate locally to manage risks. While optimistic, over the life of mining any resource, there are many variables and issues owners need to be mindful of including managing many different and often changing expectations. In the case of copper, it is core to the world being connected on smartphones, Facebook, internet, etc., Without copper, it is fair to say we cannot be connected as we all are and expect to be. While copper does have unique properties and the business differs from other commodities, other minerals share similar outlooks as more of the world’s ~7.2 billion people near term are projected to live in urban areas, enjoy higher standards of living and consume more materials.
100 Years of Resource Growth for Copper - Impact of Costs, Grade and Techn...RichardSchodde
The presentation outlines the various factors behind the 25-fold increase in the copper resource base over the last hundred years – and shows that the industry is NOT facing a “peak metal” situation. It has data on discovery rates, head grades and mining costs from 1900 to 2009.
One provocative observation is that the large decline in copper head grades over the century (from 4% to around 1%) is not necessarily bad news (or an indication that we are running out of ore). Instead it is more to do with the fact that technology and economies of scale have enabled lower grade ore to be economically mined. This allowed companies to lower their cut-off grade – thereby expanding the available resource by a factor of six. The author argues that engineers and geologists acted as equal partners in growing the resource base over the last Century.
Assuming that we continue to explore and innovate, the world will not run out of copper anytime soon.
Ring Of Fire Challenges And Opportunities North American Strategic Infras...Steve Demmings
This speech on "Ring of Fire:Challenges and Opportunities" was given at the annual North American Strategic Infrastructure Leadership Forum in Washington D.C. on October 12, 2011.
THE SILVER-COPPER SUPER-CYCLE: SilverSqueeze NOW CopperCrunch NEXTStephan Bogner
The Gamestop short squeeze, followed by the latest #SilverSqueeze frenzy around the globe, are a testament to how powerful social media communities have become and what force they can unleash simply by spreading information in no time. People never invested in silver before are now rushing into the shiny metal as if there was no tomorrow, or more in an attempt to trigger a short-squeeze to one of the world‘s most shorted commodities. It remains to be seen if this turns out as “The Greatest Short Squeeze in History“. With copper expected to turn into a supply-demand deficit on the strength of the “green wave“ around the globe, the red metal already entered a “super-cycle“ as analysts have figured. With copper being tagged as “the world‘s most important industrial metal“, more and more investors are waking up to the reality that much higher commodity prices are necessary, and probably unpreventable.
June 2021 - Sonoro Gold - Summary Cerro Caliche FocusMomentumPR
Sonoro Gold is a publicly listed exploration and development company with a portfolio of exploration-stage precious metal properties in Sonora state, Mexico. The company has highly experienced operational and management teams with proven records for the discovery and development of natural resource deposits.
Partnering with Teck Resources to Develop World Class Copper Resources in Namibia
Deep-South is listed on TSX Venture, V-DSM
Haib Copper Project – world class resource potential:
• 30% interest in an existing 5.7 billion lbs Cu Historical Estimate*, open near surface and at depth;
• World class partner – Teck Resources;
• Teck owns 70% of the Haib project;
• Teck manages the exploration program at Haib;
• Over 50,000 metres of diamond drilling by 5 mining companies in the last 50 years;
• Teck is the first company to apply modern porphyry exploration techniques on Haib Copper; ! Excellent mining jurisdiction – Namibia:
• Best investment jurisdiction in Africa;
• Politically and economically stable country;
• Solid infrastructure; ! Seasoned and renowned technical management team, experienced board of directors.
✓ Silver Spruce Resources Inc. is a Canadian publicly traded company that trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol SSE with 91 MM shares outstanding.
✓ The Company has an experienced management team in the areas of exploration, prospect development, corporate finance, legal and public company management.
✓ Silver Spruce has signed an option agreement to acquire 100% of the 2,124 hectare Melchett Lake project is located within an historically active exploration and mining region including Copper Lake’s Marshall Lake VMS project, Centerra and Premier Gold’s Hardrock-Greenstone Au project and past-producing Anaconda-Dofasco iron mine. Surface samples yielded up to 28.8 g/t Gold and 19% Zinc.
✓ The Company has map staked an additional 1,872 hectares in November 2019 to complete coverage of Melchett Lake mineralization reported over a total strike length of 20 kilometres.
✓ Silver Spruce also has an option to acquire 100% of the Pino de Plata project, 15km west from the Coeur Mining’s flagship mine at Palmarejo, Chihuahua, that produced 7.5 million ounces of silver and 122,722 ounces of gold in 2018.
✓ Surface sampling at Pino de Plata yielded silver grades over 1,100 g/t Ag with highly anomalous grades of lead, zinc and gold.
Deep South Resources Presentation September 2017MomentumPR
TSX-V-DSM, 52 million shares issued; Teck Resources holds 35% of DSM; Board and Management hold 16% of DSM;
Haib Copper Project – world class resource potential:
An existing 2 billion lbs Cu Historical Estimate*, open near surface and at depth; Over 65,000 metres of diamond drilling by 5 mining companies in the last 50 years including 14,000 metres of drilling by Teck in the recent years; Excellent mining jurisdiction – Namibia: Best investment jurisdiction in Africa; politically and economically stable country and Solid infrastructure;
INALProject – Major gold and Lithium potential
Neighboring and along trend to the Kinross Tasiast 21 Moz gold mine; Pegmatites bodies with spodumen over a length of 40 km and 10km width; Strongly under-explored country – Mauritania;
Seasoned and renowned technical management team, experienced board of directors.
In the Heart of Major Gold-Copper Mining & Development ProjectsStephan Bogner
With today‘s spot price of $1,730 USD, gold has appreciated by 19% since December and needs to rise another 12% to break above its previous all-time high of $1,923 USD, which was marked 9 years ago in 2011. Even more impressively, the gold price in Canadian dollars (CAD) has appreciated by about 25% since December and has been trading above its 2011-high for 9 months already. Last at $2,405 CAD, an ounce of gold in Canada is now worth 33% more than at its peak in 2011. As such, some senior and junior gold stocks have been performing well recently, especially those with active projects in Canada. One of them is IMC International Mining Corp., whose share price has increased by about 160% since December.
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference
Opening Keynote: Demand, supply and price of copper – an exploration perspective
30 Sep 2009
by Eric Finlayson, Rio Tinto
TRANS CANADA GOLD CORP. RECEIVES FORMAL APPROVAL FROM THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT AND MINES AND NATURAL RESOURCES FOR A 3 YEAR EXPLORATION DRILLING PERMIT FOR ITS 100% WHOLLY OWNED DISTRICT SCALE DINORWIC GOLD PROJECT SITUATED NEAR DRYDEN, ONTARIO
THE SILVER-COPPER SUPER-CYCLE: SilverSqueeze NOW CopperCrunch NEXTStephan Bogner
The Gamestop short squeeze, followed by the latest #SilverSqueeze frenzy around the globe, are a testament to how powerful social media communities have become and what force they can unleash simply by spreading information in no time. People never invested in silver before are now rushing into the shiny metal as if there was no tomorrow, or more in an attempt to trigger a short-squeeze to one of the world‘s most shorted commodities. It remains to be seen if this turns out as “The Greatest Short Squeeze in History“. With copper expected to turn into a supply-demand deficit on the strength of the “green wave“ around the globe, the red metal already entered a “super-cycle“ as analysts have figured. With copper being tagged as “the world‘s most important industrial metal“, more and more investors are waking up to the reality that much higher commodity prices are necessary, and probably unpreventable.
June 2021 - Sonoro Gold - Summary Cerro Caliche FocusMomentumPR
Sonoro Gold is a publicly listed exploration and development company with a portfolio of exploration-stage precious metal properties in Sonora state, Mexico. The company has highly experienced operational and management teams with proven records for the discovery and development of natural resource deposits.
Partnering with Teck Resources to Develop World Class Copper Resources in Namibia
Deep-South is listed on TSX Venture, V-DSM
Haib Copper Project – world class resource potential:
• 30% interest in an existing 5.7 billion lbs Cu Historical Estimate*, open near surface and at depth;
• World class partner – Teck Resources;
• Teck owns 70% of the Haib project;
• Teck manages the exploration program at Haib;
• Over 50,000 metres of diamond drilling by 5 mining companies in the last 50 years;
• Teck is the first company to apply modern porphyry exploration techniques on Haib Copper; ! Excellent mining jurisdiction – Namibia:
• Best investment jurisdiction in Africa;
• Politically and economically stable country;
• Solid infrastructure; ! Seasoned and renowned technical management team, experienced board of directors.
✓ Silver Spruce Resources Inc. is a Canadian publicly traded company that trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol SSE with 91 MM shares outstanding.
✓ The Company has an experienced management team in the areas of exploration, prospect development, corporate finance, legal and public company management.
✓ Silver Spruce has signed an option agreement to acquire 100% of the 2,124 hectare Melchett Lake project is located within an historically active exploration and mining region including Copper Lake’s Marshall Lake VMS project, Centerra and Premier Gold’s Hardrock-Greenstone Au project and past-producing Anaconda-Dofasco iron mine. Surface samples yielded up to 28.8 g/t Gold and 19% Zinc.
✓ The Company has map staked an additional 1,872 hectares in November 2019 to complete coverage of Melchett Lake mineralization reported over a total strike length of 20 kilometres.
✓ Silver Spruce also has an option to acquire 100% of the Pino de Plata project, 15km west from the Coeur Mining’s flagship mine at Palmarejo, Chihuahua, that produced 7.5 million ounces of silver and 122,722 ounces of gold in 2018.
✓ Surface sampling at Pino de Plata yielded silver grades over 1,100 g/t Ag with highly anomalous grades of lead, zinc and gold.
Deep South Resources Presentation September 2017MomentumPR
TSX-V-DSM, 52 million shares issued; Teck Resources holds 35% of DSM; Board and Management hold 16% of DSM;
Haib Copper Project – world class resource potential:
An existing 2 billion lbs Cu Historical Estimate*, open near surface and at depth; Over 65,000 metres of diamond drilling by 5 mining companies in the last 50 years including 14,000 metres of drilling by Teck in the recent years; Excellent mining jurisdiction – Namibia: Best investment jurisdiction in Africa; politically and economically stable country and Solid infrastructure;
INALProject – Major gold and Lithium potential
Neighboring and along trend to the Kinross Tasiast 21 Moz gold mine; Pegmatites bodies with spodumen over a length of 40 km and 10km width; Strongly under-explored country – Mauritania;
Seasoned and renowned technical management team, experienced board of directors.
In the Heart of Major Gold-Copper Mining & Development ProjectsStephan Bogner
With today‘s spot price of $1,730 USD, gold has appreciated by 19% since December and needs to rise another 12% to break above its previous all-time high of $1,923 USD, which was marked 9 years ago in 2011. Even more impressively, the gold price in Canadian dollars (CAD) has appreciated by about 25% since December and has been trading above its 2011-high for 9 months already. Last at $2,405 CAD, an ounce of gold in Canada is now worth 33% more than at its peak in 2011. As such, some senior and junior gold stocks have been performing well recently, especially those with active projects in Canada. One of them is IMC International Mining Corp., whose share price has increased by about 160% since December.
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference
Opening Keynote: Demand, supply and price of copper – an exploration perspective
30 Sep 2009
by Eric Finlayson, Rio Tinto
TRANS CANADA GOLD CORP. RECEIVES FORMAL APPROVAL FROM THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT AND MINES AND NATURAL RESOURCES FOR A 3 YEAR EXPLORATION DRILLING PERMIT FOR ITS 100% WHOLLY OWNED DISTRICT SCALE DINORWIC GOLD PROJECT SITUATED NEAR DRYDEN, ONTARIO
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2. • 1980-2000: CONSENSO DE WASHINGTON
• 2000-2010: CONSENSO DE LOS COMMODITIES
• 2010-…. : CONSENSO DE BEIJING
SITUACIÓN POLÍTICO-LEGAL
COYUNTURA ECONÓMICA GLOBAL
• CRISIS
• PRECIOS ALTOS
• ALTA DEMANDA
• PRODUCCIÓN CRECIENTE
1947 1967 1987 2007
Indicio CRB de los precios de los metales (valores reales)
100
300
500
700
900
crisis petroleras
crisis asiáticas
demanda china
fuente: Roseneau-Tornow et al., 2009
1930 1940 1980 2010
Producción de varios metales (millones de toneladas)
5
10
1950 1960 1970 1990 2000
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Aluminio
Cobre
Zinc
Plomo
fuente: SIM/BRGM/USGS
3. 3
TAL
exploration estimate is based
more than 3,500 mining
ldwide, of which more than
reported in the CES study.
ing at least $100,000)
on for nonferrous exploration,
t 95% of worldwide
ous exploration spending.
ts that we could not obtain,
oration budget reached
emains outside the scope
in the analysis throughout
e began coverage of iron ore
tially surveyed companies
above and beyond the core
Figure 1: Estimated Global Nonferrous Exploration Budget Totals,
1993-2013
0
1
2
3
4
5
$0
$4
$8
$12
$16
$20
$24
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
IndexedMetalsPrice(1993=1)
NonferrousExploration(US$bil)
Nonferrous Exploration Total SNL Metals & Mining Indexed Metals Price
aggressively increased their exploration budgets, lifting the
industry’s budget total by 44% in 2010 to $11.51 billion,
« SUPERCICLO » MINERO
4. Volúmenes de “estériles” en Mt en minas de oro de
Australia, Canadá, E.E.U.U y Papúa Nueva Guinea
(Mudd, 2007).
GIGANTISMO MINERO
5. Mirador:
Gigantismo minero
Tundayme
Escombrera
total: 438 millones de T
= 5 panecillos
Relavera 2
447 millones de m3
= 3 x Lago San Pablo
Relavera 1
44 millones de m3
Tundayme
Cráter
diámetro: 1,5 km
profundidad: 1 km
Consumo (y contaminación) de agua / día = Ibarra Desechos / día = 6 x Quito
7. 26 PROYECTOS
6 GRANDES PROYECTOS AVANZADOS
Proyecto Metal
Empresa en
Ecuador
Empresa
matriz
País
Llurimagua Cobre Enami E.P Codelco Chile
Río Blanco Oro Ecuagold S.A Junefields Hong Kong
Loma
Larga
Oro
INV Ecuador
S.A
INV Canadá
Fruta del
Norte
Oro
Aurelian
Ecuador S.A
Lundin
Gold
Suecia/
Canadá
Panantza-
San Carlos
Cobre EXSA
Tongling-
CRCC
China
Mirador Cobre ECSA
Tongling-
CRCC
China
Concesiones en trámite (1.768.677 Ha)
Concesiones inscritas (828.649 Ha)
Bloques mineros prioritarios (654.043 Ha)
Quito
Guayaquil
Cuenca
Loja
Llurimagua
Cascabel
Curipamba
Río Blanco Loma Larga
Ruta del Cobre
Gaby Gold
Shyri
Cangrejos
Zaruma
Caña Brava
Dynasty Gold
Panantza-San Carlos
Mirador-Mirador Norte
Fruta del Norte
Condor Gold
El Hito
Jerusalén
Río Zarza
Caya 21
Tola Norte
La Bonita
Pacto
Telimbela
El Torneado
Nanguipa
Sangola
Megaproyectos Mineros
Megaproyectos Mineros de la ENAMI
Ciudades
8. Antes de
04/2016
enero de 2017
Superficie
Concesionada
~ 790.000 Ha 2.657.306 Ha
% del país ~ 3 % ~ 11 %
Desde abril de 2016:
un nuevo
« Festín minero »
Ejemplo: Aurania Resources
420.000 Ha de concesiones incritos y
en trámite en Morona-Santiago
Concesiones en trámite
(1.828.666 Ha)
Concesiones inscritas (828.649 Ha)
Bloques mineros prioritarios
(654.043 Ha)
9.
10.
11. Cordillera del Cóndor
Cuenca
Loja
Zamora
Panantza -San Carlos
Mirador -Mirador Norte
Fruta del Norte
Megaproyectos en la
Cordillera del Cóndor
• Mirador-Mirador Norte
• Panantza-San Carlos
• Fruta del Norte
12. Mirador-
Mirador Norte
Panantza-
San Carlos
Superficie
concesionada
9.786 Ha 38.549 Ha
El Pangui
Gualaquiza
Panantza
San Carlos
Mirador Norte
Mirador
Tundayme
Nankintz
Megaproyectos mineros
de la Tongling-CRCC
Ciudades y comunidades
Concesiones de la Tongling-CRCC
asociadas a los megaproyectos mineros
Otras concesiones de la Tongling-CRCC
Otras concesiones mineras inscritas
Otras concesiones mineras en trámite
Territorio del Pueblo Shuar Arutam
13. Panantza-
San Carlos:
Gigantismo minero
Following immediately below is a 3D representation of the company’s current view of the proposed Panantza – San Carlos mine
site, based upon the Preliminary Assessment Technical Report referenced above.
Other opportunities within the Corriente Copper Belt include the La Florida, San Miguel, San Luis, San Marcos and Sutzu
porphyry prospects, all of which are located within 10 to 12 kilometres of the Panantza prospect, as well as the Dolorosa
sediment-hosted copper prospect, located mid-way between the Panantza and Mirador properties.
Cráter de Panantza Cráter de San Carlos
Relavera
~720 millones de m3
= 5 x Lago San Pablo
Desechos / día = 10 x Quito
Nankints
14. MIRADOR Y PANANTZA-SAN CARLOS:
DESECHOS PRODUCIDOS
Proyecto Metales
Empresa en
Ecuador
Empresa
matriz
País
Superficie
concesionada
Tratamiento
diario
previsto
Desechos
sólidos
diarios
Desechos
totales
Equivalente
en
Panecillos
Mirador -
Mirador
Norte
Cobre / Oro ECSA
Tongling-
CRCC
China 9.928 Ha 60.000 t/d 106.800 t/d 970 Mt 12
Panantza-
San Carlos
Cobre EXSA
Tongling-
CRCC
China 38.549 Ha 90.000 t/d 178.200 t/d 1.414,27 Mt 17
15. BAJA TENDENCIA DE LA CALIDAD DE LOS YACIMIENTOS
Calidad de los yacimientos (1840-2010)
16. Exploración
identificación del yacimiento
« Desarrollo »
Construcción de las infraestructuras
Extracción
remoción y tratamiento de la
roca
« Cierre »
remoción y tratamiento de la roca
Duración Presupuesto
$US
5-20 años
2-3 años
8-30 años
~ 10-50 M
~1000-5000 M
~1000-5000 M
ETAPAS DE UN MEGAPROYECTO
MINERO METALÍFERO
17. GIGANTISMO MINERO
1 t de Cu = 300-500 t de
desechos sólidos +
contaminación de 170.000
litros de agua
354 Industrial Ecology at the Sectoral/Materials Level
Coal
Gross production = 18444MMT
Net production = 3787MMT
Building Stone
& Aggregates
Gross production = 14186MMT
Net production = 10430MMT
Brown Coal & Lignite
Gross production = 9024MMT
Net production = 930MMT
Copper
Gross production = 4190MMT
Net production = 9.3MMT
Petroleum
Gross production = 3489MMT
Net production = 3065MMT
Iron
Gross production = 3138MMT
Net production = 604MMT
Gold
Gross production = 2138MMT
Net production = 0.002MMT
Phosphate
Gross production = 477MMT
Net production = 119MMT
Nickel
Gross production = 403MMT
Net production = 0.72MMT
Bauxite
Gross production = 302MMT
Net production = 101MMT
Clay
Gross production = 231MMT
Net production = 154MMT
Zinc
Gross production = 222MMT
Net production = 6.9MMTWaste
Mineral
produced
Figure 28.1 World mineral production and total ‘hidden flows’ for the 12 commodities
1 onza de oro (30g ~un
anillo) = 20-400 t de
desechos + contaminación
de 20.000 litros de agua
18. GRANDES ACCIDENTES: BRASIL, 2015 Nombre: Samarco,
Empresa: Vale, Brasil -
BHP, Australia
Ubicación: Minas Geiras, Brasil
Fecha: 5/11/2015
Ruptura de relavera
mina de hierro
32.000.000 metros
cúbicos de lodos
contaminados
17 muertos, 800 km de
río contaminados
19. GRANDES ACCIDENTES: CANADÁ, 2014
Ruptura de relavera mina de cobre
14.500.000 metros cúbicos de lodos
contaminados
> 50.000 Ha de Bosque Boreal
destruídos
> 10.000 personas sin agua potable
Nombre: Mount Polley
Empresa: Imperial Metals, Canadá
Ubicación: Colombia Británica, Canadá
Fecha: 08/2014
20. CONSEQUENCIA 1: « SUPERCICLO » MINERO
1991-1999: inversión en exploración
x 5 en AL
(Mining Journal, citado en Borg, 1998)
2003-2012: inversión en exploración
x 10 a nivel global
25% en AL
(MEG, 2013)
3
BASIS FOR ESTIMATED
NONFERROUS EXPLORATION TOTAL
SNL Metals & Mining’s 2013 exploration estimate is based
on information collected from more than 3,500 mining
and exploration companies worldwide, of which more than
2,100 had exploration budgets reported in the CES study.
These companies (each budgeting at least $100,000)
together allocated $14.43 billion for nonferrous exploration,
which we estimate covers about 95% of worldwide
commercially oriented nonferrous exploration spending.
Adding our estimates of budgets that we could not obtain,
the 2013 worldwide total exploration budget reached
$15.19 billion.
Although iron ore exploration remains outside the scope
of the CES and is not included in the analysis throughout
the remainder of this report, we began coverage of iron ore
explorers in 2011 when we initially surveyed companies
for their total ferrous budgets above and beyond the core
targets detailed in the CES. Including the allocations by
a number of pure iron ore producers and explorers that
were not otherwise part of the study, we compiled a total
exploration budget of $1.74 billion for iron ore in 2013,
down from $2.89 billion in 2012. Aggregating the iron ore
budgets with the budgets for the other commodities covered
by the CES, the total 2013 exploration budget rises to
$16.17 billion, of which 11% is attributable to iron ore.
SUMMARY OF OVERALL TRENDS
Figure 1 shows SNL Metals & Mining’s estimate of annual
Figure 1: Estimated Global Nonferrous Exploration Budget Totals,
1993-2013
0
1
2
3
4
5
$0
$4
$8
$12
$16
$20
$24
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
IndexedMetalsPrice(1993=1)
NonferrousExploration(US$bil)
Nonferrous Exploration Total SNL Metals & Mining Indexed Metals Price
aggressively increased their exploration budgets, lifting the
industry’s budget total by 44% in 2010 to $11.51 billion,
and by a further 50% in 2011 to $17.25 billion.
Continued uncertainty in Europe and the United States,
along with concerns over waning demand in China, caused
most metals prices to dip or at best level off through 2012.
Nevertheless, most metals prices remained well above their
ten-year averages, and exploration budgets continued to
increase in 2012 (up 19%), setting a new all-time high of
$20.53 billion. Despite the increase, 2012 represented
a year of change for the industry. Beginning in April,
investors became increasingly wary of the junior sector,
causing many companies to struggle to raise funds for their
21. MARCO LEGAL MINERO EN EL ECUADOR
1991: Ley 126
2000: Ley Trole II
2001: Reglamento de la Ley de Minería
2009: Ley de Minería
2009: Reglamento de la Ley de Minería
2013: Reforma a la Ley de Minería
Pos-neoliberal
2008: Mandato Minero
Neoliberal