Plants need five things to survive and grow: oxygen from the air, water, nutrients found in soil, space to grow freely, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth, while light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Plants obtain needed minerals from soil for healthy growth. The temperature must also be suitable for a plant, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact its development.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: oxygen from the air, water, nutrients found in soil, space to grow freely, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and air to grow. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and make their own food. Nutrients from the soil provide minerals for healthy growth. Light, air, and water allow plants to photosynthesize and produce food to support growth and health.
Plants need sunlight, water, temperature regulation, nutrients from soil, space to grow both above and below ground, and fresh air and healthy soil to survive. Without these key requirements, plants will become stressed, stunted, and ultimately die. The document outlines the specific needs of plants for sunlight, water, temperature regulation, nutrients, space, air, and soil.
Plants need sunlight, water, nutrients from soil, space to grow, and suitable temperatures to thrive. Sunlight allows plants to perform photosynthesis to produce their own food. Water is necessary for various plant functions including photosynthesis, maintaining cell structure, and preventing wilting. Soil provides minerals and nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants uptake through their roots. Crowded conditions can stunt plant growth. Temperatures should generally match a plant's native climate or it may not survive freezing weather. Proper watering is important to replace water lost through transpiration.
Plants require air, water, light, and nutrients to grow. They breathe in carbon dioxide from the air and absorb water and nutrients from the soil, using these along with sunlight for photosynthesis to produce oxygen and fuel their growth.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: air, water, nutrients from soil, space, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth, while light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Plants obtain needed minerals from soil for healthy growth. The temperature must also be suitable for a plant, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact its development.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: oxygen from the air, water, nutrients found in soil, space to grow freely, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and air to grow. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and make their own food. Nutrients from the soil provide minerals for healthy growth. Light, air, and water allow plants to photosynthesize and produce food to support growth and health.
Plants need sunlight, water, temperature regulation, nutrients from soil, space to grow both above and below ground, and fresh air and healthy soil to survive. Without these key requirements, plants will become stressed, stunted, and ultimately die. The document outlines the specific needs of plants for sunlight, water, temperature regulation, nutrients, space, air, and soil.
Plants need sunlight, water, nutrients from soil, space to grow, and suitable temperatures to thrive. Sunlight allows plants to perform photosynthesis to produce their own food. Water is necessary for various plant functions including photosynthesis, maintaining cell structure, and preventing wilting. Soil provides minerals and nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants uptake through their roots. Crowded conditions can stunt plant growth. Temperatures should generally match a plant's native climate or it may not survive freezing weather. Proper watering is important to replace water lost through transpiration.
Plants require air, water, light, and nutrients to grow. They breathe in carbon dioxide from the air and absorb water and nutrients from the soil, using these along with sunlight for photosynthesis to produce oxygen and fuel their growth.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: air, water, nutrients from soil, space, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
What do plants need to grow ?
WATER
Water is necessary for proper germination of seeds.
Plants need water for growth.
LIGHT
Green plants need sunlight in to make their own food.
NUTRIENTS
Plants need the minerals found in soil for healthy growth.
WARMTH
Plants only grow well in the right conditions.
Temperatures that are too cold or too hot may affect how the plant grows.
Plants need water, air, nutrients, and sunlight to grow.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=plants&imgrc=zZol8-3s3BbYkM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water&imgrc=PPFuoqF0BDb2EM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water+plants+clipart&imgrc=b7wMWmxxPdUzQM%3A
Plants need sunlight, air, water, and nutrients from the soil to grow. The main parts of a plant are the roots, stem, leaves, and flowers. The roots hold the plant in place and take in water and nutrients from the soil. The stem supports the plant and transports water and nutrients between the roots and leaves. Leaves use sunlight, air, water, and nutrients to photosynthesize and produce food for the plant.
Plants need water, soil, space, sunlight, and air to survive and grow healthily. Water and minerals from the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported throughout the plant. Sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and food. Plants also require adequate space to spread their roots and access nutrients from the soil. Air supplies the oxygen necessary for plant respiration. Without these basic requirements, plants are unable to grow.
What do plants & animals need to liveArun Gupta
This document discusses the basic needs of plants and animals and different environments where they live. It explains that plants need air, light, water to grow and get these things from the sun, air, and through their roots. Animals need food, water, air and shelter to survive, with different animals eating different types of food and finding shelter from storms and other animals. The document then defines environment as all living and non-living things in one place and provides examples of different environments including dry deserts, wet rainforests, shady swamps, and sunny savannahs.
Living things need food, water, and air to survive, grow, and change over time unlike non-living things. They require nourishment from food and water, and breathe air through respiration. Living things are able to grow and undergo changes throughout their lifetime.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and warmth to grow. Water helps plants grow, light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food, nutrients from soil provide healthy growth, and warmth from the sun alongside light creates the right conditions for plants to thrive.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis to produce their own food. Plants also need minerals from soil to grow healthily. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can affect plant growth, and plants only thrive in suitable temperature conditions.
Plants need water, light, nutrients from soil, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Plants absorb minerals and water from soil for growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Nutrients from soil provide minerals for healthy growth. Growth is optimal only within certain temperature ranges, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact a plant's development.
Plants need water, sunlight, nutrients from soil, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for plants' growth and survival. Green plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants also require minerals found in soil for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions in order to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients. Growth is optimal only within a certain temperature range, as temperatures that are too cold or too hot can negatively impact a plant.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions in order to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients. Growth is optimal only within a certain temperature range, as temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's development.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis to produce their own food. Plants also need minerals from soil for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact how well a plant thrives.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth, while light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Plants obtain needed minerals from soil for healthy growth. The temperature must also be suitable for a plant, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact its development.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and warmth to grow properly. Water helps plants grow and without it they will dry up and die. Light from the sun allows green plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Nutrients from the soil provide healthy growth. Warmth from the sun provides the right growing conditions, as plants will not thrive if it is too cold or too hot.
The document lists the 7 key factors necessary for plant growth: room to grow, the right temperature, light, water, air, nutrients, and time. It explains that plants need space for their leaves and roots to expand, a cooler temperature, sunlight, watering when soil is slightly dry, carbon dioxide from the air, important nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and sufficient time to mature.
Plants need water, light, soil, and warmth to grow properly. Water helps plants grow and without it they will dry up and die. Light from the sun allows plants to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Soil provides plants with nutrients for healthy growth. Plants grow best when the temperature is not too cold or too hot and the sun provides both light and warmth.
Ch.5.less.1.how can we describe earth's featuresDinaOmarah1
The document describes several key features of the ocean floor:
1) The continental shelf is the shallow ocean floor along a continent's coast that slopes gradually downward.
2) The continental slope is the sharp decline where the continental shelf ends.
3) The continental rise is the gentle slope below the continental slope.
4) An abyssal plain is a wide, flat area of the deep ocean floor, sometimes found near the mouths of large rivers.
How do fronts and air masses change the weather?DinaOmarah1
Fronts and air masses change the weather by interacting at boundaries called fronts. There are four main types of air masses - cold/dry, cold/wet, warm/dry, warm/wet - determined by whether they form over land or water. Cold fronts bring stormy weather as warm air is forced upwards, while warm fronts bring steady rain. Stationary fronts cause prolonged rain. Weather maps use symbols to depict current conditions and colored areas to show temperatures. Forecasts predict future weather. Severe storms include tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes, which people prepare for using safety measures like watching weather reports, sounds sirens, and evacuation signs.
Pandas, rhinoceroses, and turtles are endangered species, as there are very few left of each kind. When an animal population becomes endangered, conservation efforts are needed to help the species survive and avoid going extinct, like some animals such as dinosaurs that are no longer in existence. Scientists can determine what animals lived in the past by discovering fossils, which are remains or evidence left behind of ancient living things.
There are three main reasons why habitats change: nature, animals, and humans. Habitats can change naturally through fires caused by lightning, droughts due to lack of rain, or floods from excessive rain. Animals like beavers can change habitats by building dams that form ponds. Humans impact habitats through deforestation, hunting animals for their fur, and construction of buildings over land.
What do plants need to grow ?
WATER
Water is necessary for proper germination of seeds.
Plants need water for growth.
LIGHT
Green plants need sunlight in to make their own food.
NUTRIENTS
Plants need the minerals found in soil for healthy growth.
WARMTH
Plants only grow well in the right conditions.
Temperatures that are too cold or too hot may affect how the plant grows.
Plants need water, air, nutrients, and sunlight to grow.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=plants&imgrc=zZol8-3s3BbYkM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water&imgrc=PPFuoqF0BDb2EM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=water+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKpO6HkevNAhWCopQKHXnSBrUQ_AUICCgB&biw=1366&bih=624#tbm=isch&q=water+plants+clipart&imgrc=b7wMWmxxPdUzQM%3A
Plants need sunlight, air, water, and nutrients from the soil to grow. The main parts of a plant are the roots, stem, leaves, and flowers. The roots hold the plant in place and take in water and nutrients from the soil. The stem supports the plant and transports water and nutrients between the roots and leaves. Leaves use sunlight, air, water, and nutrients to photosynthesize and produce food for the plant.
Plants need water, soil, space, sunlight, and air to survive and grow healthily. Water and minerals from the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported throughout the plant. Sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and food. Plants also require adequate space to spread their roots and access nutrients from the soil. Air supplies the oxygen necessary for plant respiration. Without these basic requirements, plants are unable to grow.
What do plants & animals need to liveArun Gupta
This document discusses the basic needs of plants and animals and different environments where they live. It explains that plants need air, light, water to grow and get these things from the sun, air, and through their roots. Animals need food, water, air and shelter to survive, with different animals eating different types of food and finding shelter from storms and other animals. The document then defines environment as all living and non-living things in one place and provides examples of different environments including dry deserts, wet rainforests, shady swamps, and sunny savannahs.
Living things need food, water, and air to survive, grow, and change over time unlike non-living things. They require nourishment from food and water, and breathe air through respiration. Living things are able to grow and undergo changes throughout their lifetime.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and warmth to grow. Water helps plants grow, light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food, nutrients from soil provide healthy growth, and warmth from the sun alongside light creates the right conditions for plants to thrive.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis to produce their own food. Plants also need minerals from soil to grow healthily. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can affect plant growth, and plants only thrive in suitable temperature conditions.
Plants need water, light, nutrients from soil, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Plants absorb minerals and water from soil for growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Nutrients from soil provide minerals for healthy growth. Growth is optimal only within certain temperature ranges, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact a plant's development.
Plants need water, sunlight, nutrients from soil, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for plants' growth and survival. Green plants use sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants also require minerals found in soil for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions in order to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients. Growth is optimal only within a certain temperature range, as temperatures that are too cold or too hot can negatively impact a plant.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's growth.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions in order to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight to photosynthesize and produce their own food. Plants obtain minerals from soil as nutrients. Growth is optimal only within a certain temperature range, as temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact a plant's development.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperatures to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth. Green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis to produce their own food. Plants also need minerals from soil for healthy growth. Temperatures that are too cold or too hot can impact how well a plant thrives.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and the right temperature conditions to grow properly. Water is necessary for seed germination and plant growth, while light allows plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Plants obtain needed minerals from soil for healthy growth. The temperature must also be suitable for a plant, as conditions that are too cold or hot can impact its development.
Plants need water, light, nutrients, and warmth to grow properly. Water helps plants grow and without it they will dry up and die. Light from the sun allows green plants to photosynthesize and make their own food. Nutrients from the soil provide healthy growth. Warmth from the sun provides the right growing conditions, as plants will not thrive if it is too cold or too hot.
The document lists the 7 key factors necessary for plant growth: room to grow, the right temperature, light, water, air, nutrients, and time. It explains that plants need space for their leaves and roots to expand, a cooler temperature, sunlight, watering when soil is slightly dry, carbon dioxide from the air, important nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and sufficient time to mature.
Plants need water, light, soil, and warmth to grow properly. Water helps plants grow and without it they will dry up and die. Light from the sun allows plants to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Soil provides plants with nutrients for healthy growth. Plants grow best when the temperature is not too cold or too hot and the sun provides both light and warmth.
Ch.5.less.1.how can we describe earth's featuresDinaOmarah1
The document describes several key features of the ocean floor:
1) The continental shelf is the shallow ocean floor along a continent's coast that slopes gradually downward.
2) The continental slope is the sharp decline where the continental shelf ends.
3) The continental rise is the gentle slope below the continental slope.
4) An abyssal plain is a wide, flat area of the deep ocean floor, sometimes found near the mouths of large rivers.
How do fronts and air masses change the weather?DinaOmarah1
Fronts and air masses change the weather by interacting at boundaries called fronts. There are four main types of air masses - cold/dry, cold/wet, warm/dry, warm/wet - determined by whether they form over land or water. Cold fronts bring stormy weather as warm air is forced upwards, while warm fronts bring steady rain. Stationary fronts cause prolonged rain. Weather maps use symbols to depict current conditions and colored areas to show temperatures. Forecasts predict future weather. Severe storms include tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes, which people prepare for using safety measures like watching weather reports, sounds sirens, and evacuation signs.
Pandas, rhinoceroses, and turtles are endangered species, as there are very few left of each kind. When an animal population becomes endangered, conservation efforts are needed to help the species survive and avoid going extinct, like some animals such as dinosaurs that are no longer in existence. Scientists can determine what animals lived in the past by discovering fossils, which are remains or evidence left behind of ancient living things.
There are three main reasons why habitats change: nature, animals, and humans. Habitats can change naturally through fires caused by lightning, droughts due to lack of rain, or floods from excessive rain. Animals like beavers can change habitats by building dams that form ponds. Humans impact habitats through deforestation, hunting animals for their fur, and construction of buildings over land.
Natural resources like air, water, plants, and animals are found in nature and used by people to survive. There are two types of water resources: fresh water from sources like rivers and lakes that is used for drinking, and salt water like oceans that is not potable. Fresh water is transported to homes through aqueducts, stored in reservoirs, or accessed from underground wells. Water is treated before human consumption by allowing impurities to settle, filtering through sand and gravel, using chemicals to kill harmful organisms, and pumping the clean water to the population.
This document discusses habitats and the different animals that live in each of the five main habitats. It defines a habitat as a place where animals can find food, water, and shelter. It then lists some examples of animals that live in each of the five main habitats: the ocean habitat (crabs, urchins, whales, seals), the forest habitat (squirrels, monkeys, owls), the desert habitat (snakes, scorpions, camels), the grasslands habitat (lions, giraffes, zebras, koalas, ostriches), and the Antarctica habitat (penguins, polar bears).
Each plant part has an important role in helping the plant grow. The stem holds up the plant and transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. The leaves use sunlight, air, water, and nutrients to produce food for the plant through photosynthesis. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant, functioning like the plant's roots.
The document discusses how natural disasters and diseases can change the environment and affect living organisms. It provides examples of floods and droughts as natural disasters that can occur due to heavy rain or lack of rain. Droughts can cause wildfires that damage plant and animal habitats. Diseases from mold, bacteria, and mildew can also spread and harm living things. The environment is changed when disasters and diseases destroy forests and force animals to migrate, adapt, or die off if unable to adjust to the new conditions.
Animals need four things to survive - food, water, oxygen, and shelter. Food provides nutrients for animals to grow, water is also vital for survival, oxygen is required for breathing, and shelter offers a safe place for animals to live. Different types of animal shelters include kennels, stables, beehives, nests, and aquariums.
How do an organism's trait help it survive?DinaOmarah1
Organisms exhibit traits that help them survive in their environments through adaptations like camouflage, mimicry, nocturnal behavior, hibernation, and migration. Camouflage allows animals to blend into their surroundings and hide from predators while hunting prey. Mimicry enables some animals to disguise their appearance and resemble other organisms or objects like stones. Nocturnal habits, hibernation, and migration are also adaptive behaviors that help animals find food or escape harsh environments. Plants in deserts and wetlands similarly display adaptations like deep root systems and water storage to cope with their ecological conditions.
The document discusses the water cycle and the three states of matter that water can be present in - solid, liquid, and gas. It explains that water can change between these states through heating and cooling processes like evaporation, where heating liquid water turns it into gas water vapor, and condensation, where cooling water vapor turns it back into a liquid.
There are 3 main types of clouds: cumulus clouds which are white and puffy like cotton-candy, cirrus clouds which are long and thin resembling feathers, and stratus clouds which look like blankets covering the sky.
Hurricanes are storms that start over the ocean, have very strong winds that make huge waves, while blizzards are also known as snow storms with heavy snow and strong wind.
There are three main types of storms: 1) Thunderstorms which occur when there is lightning, thunder, strong winds and heavy rain. 2) Tornadoes which are very fast and strong columns of air rotating in circles above land. Storms happen when there is very strong wind and extreme weather.
Liquids and gases take the shape of their container, unlike solids which do not. Volume is defined as the space occupied by matter, and can be measured using tools like measuring cups. Common units for measuring volume include liters and milliliters.
Solids have their own definite shapes and do not change shape when moved or turned over. Examples of solids include rocks, books, toys, and other everyday objects. Solids maintain their own shapes rather than taking the shape of whatever container they are placed in.
The document compares different ecosystems by describing their climates and key characteristics. Forest ecosystems discussed include tropical rainforests, which are hot and wet year-round, supporting many species, and temperate forests, which experience distinct seasons from warm summers to cold winters. Deserts have hot, dry climates that animals and plants like camels and cacti adapt to for survival. Wetlands are areas covered by water most of the year and act as buffers against flooding. Oceans represent the largest ecosystem and most marine life resides in the sunlit, shallow waters near the surface.
This document discusses how different pets react to different weather conditions. It notes that in winter, dogs and cats curl up to stay warm while birds fluff their feathers. It states that in summer, dogs try to lay on the ground or swim to stay cool. The document also mentions that cats can sense when it is about to rain and run to hide because they are afraid of water, and birds hide in trees when it rains and can sense when storms are coming.
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that living things get energy from food and this energy passes from one organism to another in a food chain, which always starts with a plant and shows the flow of energy. A food web is made up of interconnected food chains, as organisms can be eaten by more than one other organism.
The document discusses mass and defines it as the amount of matter in an object. It then provides examples of asking about the mass of different objects like a box of toys, bag, lunchbox, and bottle of water. For each, it states that the mass is the amount of whatever is inside - toys, books, food, or water. The document concludes by comparing the mass of different objects, noting that a rock has more mass than paper, a balloon has less mass than a book, and a desk has more mass than a feather.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.