A 2020 study by Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) found that of the applicants granted PR through Express Entry, 95% were established economically (with both high employment rates, and level of income). Of these, 83% were working in their primary field, and nearly half were working in professions that usually required a university degree. In addition, successful applicants were earning higher salaries than the average Canadian worker. In light of this, it is important to note that there are costs associated with applying for Express Entry that applicants will have to incur, to successfully move through the program.