This short document discusses the properties of water and playing. It seems to ask whether something is waterproof or absorbent, then states "Let's play".
The document discusses green road technology and its objectives to reduce pollution, congestion, and environmental impact from road construction and transportation. A green road integrates transportation and ecological sustainability by using alternative construction materials like slag cement and fly ash that cut costs and emissions. It also explores noise-reducing pavements and barriers, permeable surfaces to manage stormwater, and technologies like electric vehicles and wildlife crossings to decrease air and water pollution. The goal is to plan road networks that promote sustainable development both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Concrete is normally not permeable but Tarmac has developed a permeable concrete called Topmix Permeable that can absorb large amounts of water quickly. It is being marketed to help with flash flooding issues by allowing water to drain through the surface into an underground base. The Topmix Permeable concrete can absorb 880 gallons of water per minute per square area by using a permeable layer on top that allows water to seep through into a loose rubble base below. This helps drain stormwater and remove pollutants before returning it to the water table while also helping to cool the surface on hot days by storing water.
Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles that causes heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when they are at different temperatures. The document discusses conductors and insulators - materials that easily allow heat to pass through them are conductors like metals and materials that do not are insulators like rubber, wood, and paper. Common examples of conductors and insulators are provided.
The document discusses different forces exerted by water and air. There are two main forces of water: upthrust force, which causes objects to float, and water resistance, which pushes against moving objects in water. Air also exerts forces, including air resistance, which slows down moving objects by pushing against them, with larger objects experiencing greater resistance. Air resistance can be useful, as seen with parachutes which use the force of air to slow a falling object.
1) Forces cause objects to move or change their motion. Applying an unbalanced force makes an object start moving, while balanced or cancelled out forces will not cause motion.
2) Friction is a type of force that opposes motion when two surfaces are touching, causing moving objects to slow down and stop. The amount of friction depends on the surfaces and how rough or smooth they are.
3) Mass and gravity determine an object's weight, with heavier objects having greater weight. Weight can be measured using a force meter or spring scale.
The document discusses magnetic and non-magnetic materials. Magnetic materials include metals like iron, nickel, cobalt and steel that are attracted to magnets. Non-magnetic materials include aluminum, silver, gold, paper, glass, plastic, rubber and wood that are not attracted to magnets. It provides examples of different objects and whether they are magnetic or non-magnetic when tested with a magnet.
To safely handle magnets, wear protective eyewear and gloves to avoid injury from breaking or flying pieces. Handle magnets gently by slowly bringing them together and avoiding dropping or banging them, which can reduce their strength. Store magnets away from devices, tapes, cards, and screens where magnetic fields can cause damage or distortion. Also, keep magnets dry and do not heat them.
Magnets have been known since ancient times when a shepherd named Magnus discovered that an unusual black rock had the power to pull iron objects like his staff and sandal nails towards it. This became known as the first recorded discovery of a magnet. Different types of magnets exist, with some able to attract or repel other magnets depending on which poles (north or south) are placed close together. Magnets have been studied for centuries but still hold mysterious properties about the forces they exert.
The document discusses green road technology and its objectives to reduce pollution, congestion, and environmental impact from road construction and transportation. A green road integrates transportation and ecological sustainability by using alternative construction materials like slag cement and fly ash that cut costs and emissions. It also explores noise-reducing pavements and barriers, permeable surfaces to manage stormwater, and technologies like electric vehicles and wildlife crossings to decrease air and water pollution. The goal is to plan road networks that promote sustainable development both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Concrete is normally not permeable but Tarmac has developed a permeable concrete called Topmix Permeable that can absorb large amounts of water quickly. It is being marketed to help with flash flooding issues by allowing water to drain through the surface into an underground base. The Topmix Permeable concrete can absorb 880 gallons of water per minute per square area by using a permeable layer on top that allows water to seep through into a loose rubble base below. This helps drain stormwater and remove pollutants before returning it to the water table while also helping to cool the surface on hot days by storing water.
Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles that causes heat. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects when they are at different temperatures. The document discusses conductors and insulators - materials that easily allow heat to pass through them are conductors like metals and materials that do not are insulators like rubber, wood, and paper. Common examples of conductors and insulators are provided.
The document discusses different forces exerted by water and air. There are two main forces of water: upthrust force, which causes objects to float, and water resistance, which pushes against moving objects in water. Air also exerts forces, including air resistance, which slows down moving objects by pushing against them, with larger objects experiencing greater resistance. Air resistance can be useful, as seen with parachutes which use the force of air to slow a falling object.
1) Forces cause objects to move or change their motion. Applying an unbalanced force makes an object start moving, while balanced or cancelled out forces will not cause motion.
2) Friction is a type of force that opposes motion when two surfaces are touching, causing moving objects to slow down and stop. The amount of friction depends on the surfaces and how rough or smooth they are.
3) Mass and gravity determine an object's weight, with heavier objects having greater weight. Weight can be measured using a force meter or spring scale.
The document discusses magnetic and non-magnetic materials. Magnetic materials include metals like iron, nickel, cobalt and steel that are attracted to magnets. Non-magnetic materials include aluminum, silver, gold, paper, glass, plastic, rubber and wood that are not attracted to magnets. It provides examples of different objects and whether they are magnetic or non-magnetic when tested with a magnet.
To safely handle magnets, wear protective eyewear and gloves to avoid injury from breaking or flying pieces. Handle magnets gently by slowly bringing them together and avoiding dropping or banging them, which can reduce their strength. Store magnets away from devices, tapes, cards, and screens where magnetic fields can cause damage or distortion. Also, keep magnets dry and do not heat them.
Magnets have been known since ancient times when a shepherd named Magnus discovered that an unusual black rock had the power to pull iron objects like his staff and sandal nails towards it. This became known as the first recorded discovery of a magnet. Different types of magnets exist, with some able to attract or repel other magnets depending on which poles (north or south) are placed close together. Magnets have been studied for centuries but still hold mysterious properties about the forces they exert.
Magnets are made of iron, nickel, cobalt, or steel. To preserve a bar magnet long term, you should store it with another magnet to maintain its magnetic field. When a magnet breaks, its magnetic field also breaks into smaller fields in each broken piece. An electromagnet generates a magnetic field through a coil of wire when electric current passes through; placing an iron core inside the coil strengthens the magnetic field. Materials can be magnetic, like iron, cobalt, and nickel, or non-magnetic, like aluminum, copper, glass, plastic, and wood.
The document discusses the properties of iron and magnets at the particle level. It asks questions about what iron particles look like, how iron is attracted to magnets, what magnets are made of, and how to preserve a bar magnet long-term. It prompts the reader to draw diagrams of magnetic fields with arrows and labels to illustrate the alignment of iron particles when brought near a magnet.
The document discusses series and parallel circuits. It provides examples of series circuits with one path and defines that if one light bulb is removed, the circuit is open and other bulbs will not light. Parallel circuits are defined as having more than one path, and if one light bulb is removed, the current passes through another path and the other bulb will still light. The document draws examples of both series and parallel circuits.
This document provides safety tips for handling electricity, advising to not play with electric sockets or plugs, not to touch electricity with wet hands, and to avoid poking fingers or other objects into electric sockets, toasters, or other appliances.
This document discusses series and parallel circuits and the properties of conductors and insulators. It explains that in a series circuit, if one bulb is removed the other bulb will not light, while in a parallel circuit the other bulbs will still light if one is removed. It provides examples of materials that are conductors, like silver, copper and aluminum, and insulators, like plastic, rubber and glass. It then has questions to determine if examples provided are conductors or insulators.
This document discusses the basics of electricity and electrical circuits. It explains that electricity is the flow of electric charges through a wire, just as water flows through a river. An electrical circuit needs three main components - a power source like a battery, a load such as a light bulb, and wires or other connectors to complete the circuit. It also discusses concepts like open versus closed circuits, and how changing components like batteries or bulbs affects brightness. Symbols are introduced for common circuit elements. Worksheets are included to have the reader draw sample circuits.
The document discusses the basics of static electricity and atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles that attract or repel depending on their charges. Static electricity occurs when objects come into contact and transfer electrons, resulting in an imbalance of charges. Examples given include rubbing a balloon or ruler to build up an excess of electrons, causing it to stick to other surfaces. Lightning is also described as a large-scale discharge of built up static charges between storm clouds and the ground.
The document discusses reversible and irreversible changes. Reversible changes can go forward and backward, such as folding paper or melting butter. Irreversible changes cannot go backward, like burning wood or rusting iron. Examples are provided of changes that are reversible, like freezing orange juice or dissolving salt in water, and those that are irreversible, including burning a matchstick or toasting bread.
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes and provides examples of evidence of irreversible chemical changes. Specifically, it notes that physical changes are reversible while chemical changes are irreversible. It then lists four main types of evidence that can indicate an irreversible chemical change has occurred: 1) a change in color, 2) a change in scent, 3) the presence of bubbles or fizzing, and 4) heat being released or absorbed during the change. Examples like iron rusting and silver tarnishing are given as illustrations of changes in color, while toasting marshmallows represents a change in scent.
The food pyramid outlines the major food groups including carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, protein, and oils. It recommends filling your plate with fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat to create a balanced meal and get the necessary nutrients. A balanced meal incorporates foods from all the major food groups.
There are three main types of teeth: incisors, canines, and molars. Incisors are flat teeth located at the front of the mouth that cut food. Canines are sharp, pointed teeth on the sides of the mouth after the incisors that hold and tear food. Molars are flat, wide teeth located at the back of the mouth that grind and chew food. Humans have two sets of teeth, milk (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Milk teeth number 20 total while permanent teeth number 32 total. Bacteria in the mouth feed on sugar from leftover food and produce acid that causes tooth decay if plaque is not removed by brushing.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are three main states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. The state that matter exists in depends on how closely or loosely packed the particles are and the strength of attraction between the particles. Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, and gases have indefinite shapes and volumes. Matter can change between states, such as ice melting into water when heat is applied, changing the phase from solid to liquid.
This document describes the different types of teeth and their functions. It discusses the four types of teeth: incisors, which cut food; canines, which tear and hold food; premolars, which have a grinding function; and molars, which grind and chew food. It also notes that humans have two sets of teeth - milk (primary) teeth when young, which are later replaced by permanent adult teeth starting around age 6 or 7 years old.
Teeth have the function of breaking down food into pieces small enough to swallow. There are different types of teeth suited to specific functions, such as incisors for biting, canines for tearing, and premolars and molars for grinding food. Teeth break down food through biting, tearing, and grinding motions.
Soils are mixtures of rock particles, organic matter, air, and water that support plant growth. The type of soil depends on the size of its particles, with sandy soil having large particles and many air gaps allowing for good drainage, clay soil having tiny particles and few air gaps so it drains poorly, and silt soil being intermediate. Different plant types grow best in different soil types depending on their drainage and composition.
Minerals are found in rocks and there are over 3000 known types of minerals. Minerals have different properties like color, hardness, streak, and luster that can be used to identify them. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks which form from cooling magma or lava, sedimentary rocks which form from compressed and cemented sediment, and metamorphic rocks which form from other rocks being subjected to heat and pressure below the earth's surface. Common rocks like granite, shale, and marble are used for construction materials, building monuments, and other purposes due to their unique properties.
This document discusses what animals need to survive, including water, oxygen, shelter, and food. It explains that animals and plants are alike in that they are living things that need water, gases, and space. However, animals can move and respond to their environments using senses, while plants cannot move or find their own food. The document then covers specific needs in more detail, such as how different animals obtain and use water, oxygen, shelter, and food depending on their body structures and behaviors. It also categorizes animals as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores based on their diets and teeth shapes.
This document discusses ecosystems and how living and non-living things interact within them. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, and food webs. Producers (plants) produce their own food, consumers (animals) eat other organisms, and decomposers (fungi, bacteria) break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients. Food chains show energy transfer between organisms, while complex food webs connect multiple chains in an ecosystem. All organisms depend on each other for survival.
Plants have several key parts that allow them to grow and survive. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Some plants store food in their roots. Roots can be taproots or fibrous. Stems support the plant, carry water and nutrients throughout, and come in different forms like flexible green stems or stiff woody trunks. Leaves contain chlorophyll and are the main site of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and food (sugar). While plants vary in shape and size, they all share characteristics like having the same basic parts, producing their own food, and being unable to move.
A habitat is the place where a living thing lives and finds food, water, air and shelter. It includes not just a home but the surrounding area as well. Some examples of habitats include ponds for ducks and frogs, oceans for whales, grass for butterflies, trees for birds, deserts for camels, soil for earthworms, tundra for polar bears, and fields for cows.
Magnets are made of iron, nickel, cobalt, or steel. To preserve a bar magnet long term, you should store it with another magnet to maintain its magnetic field. When a magnet breaks, its magnetic field also breaks into smaller fields in each broken piece. An electromagnet generates a magnetic field through a coil of wire when electric current passes through; placing an iron core inside the coil strengthens the magnetic field. Materials can be magnetic, like iron, cobalt, and nickel, or non-magnetic, like aluminum, copper, glass, plastic, and wood.
The document discusses the properties of iron and magnets at the particle level. It asks questions about what iron particles look like, how iron is attracted to magnets, what magnets are made of, and how to preserve a bar magnet long-term. It prompts the reader to draw diagrams of magnetic fields with arrows and labels to illustrate the alignment of iron particles when brought near a magnet.
The document discusses series and parallel circuits. It provides examples of series circuits with one path and defines that if one light bulb is removed, the circuit is open and other bulbs will not light. Parallel circuits are defined as having more than one path, and if one light bulb is removed, the current passes through another path and the other bulb will still light. The document draws examples of both series and parallel circuits.
This document provides safety tips for handling electricity, advising to not play with electric sockets or plugs, not to touch electricity with wet hands, and to avoid poking fingers or other objects into electric sockets, toasters, or other appliances.
This document discusses series and parallel circuits and the properties of conductors and insulators. It explains that in a series circuit, if one bulb is removed the other bulb will not light, while in a parallel circuit the other bulbs will still light if one is removed. It provides examples of materials that are conductors, like silver, copper and aluminum, and insulators, like plastic, rubber and glass. It then has questions to determine if examples provided are conductors or insulators.
This document discusses the basics of electricity and electrical circuits. It explains that electricity is the flow of electric charges through a wire, just as water flows through a river. An electrical circuit needs three main components - a power source like a battery, a load such as a light bulb, and wires or other connectors to complete the circuit. It also discusses concepts like open versus closed circuits, and how changing components like batteries or bulbs affects brightness. Symbols are introduced for common circuit elements. Worksheets are included to have the reader draw sample circuits.
The document discusses the basics of static electricity and atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles that attract or repel depending on their charges. Static electricity occurs when objects come into contact and transfer electrons, resulting in an imbalance of charges. Examples given include rubbing a balloon or ruler to build up an excess of electrons, causing it to stick to other surfaces. Lightning is also described as a large-scale discharge of built up static charges between storm clouds and the ground.
The document discusses reversible and irreversible changes. Reversible changes can go forward and backward, such as folding paper or melting butter. Irreversible changes cannot go backward, like burning wood or rusting iron. Examples are provided of changes that are reversible, like freezing orange juice or dissolving salt in water, and those that are irreversible, including burning a matchstick or toasting bread.
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes and provides examples of evidence of irreversible chemical changes. Specifically, it notes that physical changes are reversible while chemical changes are irreversible. It then lists four main types of evidence that can indicate an irreversible chemical change has occurred: 1) a change in color, 2) a change in scent, 3) the presence of bubbles or fizzing, and 4) heat being released or absorbed during the change. Examples like iron rusting and silver tarnishing are given as illustrations of changes in color, while toasting marshmallows represents a change in scent.
The food pyramid outlines the major food groups including carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, protein, and oils. It recommends filling your plate with fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat to create a balanced meal and get the necessary nutrients. A balanced meal incorporates foods from all the major food groups.
There are three main types of teeth: incisors, canines, and molars. Incisors are flat teeth located at the front of the mouth that cut food. Canines are sharp, pointed teeth on the sides of the mouth after the incisors that hold and tear food. Molars are flat, wide teeth located at the back of the mouth that grind and chew food. Humans have two sets of teeth, milk (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Milk teeth number 20 total while permanent teeth number 32 total. Bacteria in the mouth feed on sugar from leftover food and produce acid that causes tooth decay if plaque is not removed by brushing.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are three main states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. The state that matter exists in depends on how closely or loosely packed the particles are and the strength of attraction between the particles. Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container, and gases have indefinite shapes and volumes. Matter can change between states, such as ice melting into water when heat is applied, changing the phase from solid to liquid.
This document describes the different types of teeth and their functions. It discusses the four types of teeth: incisors, which cut food; canines, which tear and hold food; premolars, which have a grinding function; and molars, which grind and chew food. It also notes that humans have two sets of teeth - milk (primary) teeth when young, which are later replaced by permanent adult teeth starting around age 6 or 7 years old.
Teeth have the function of breaking down food into pieces small enough to swallow. There are different types of teeth suited to specific functions, such as incisors for biting, canines for tearing, and premolars and molars for grinding food. Teeth break down food through biting, tearing, and grinding motions.
Soils are mixtures of rock particles, organic matter, air, and water that support plant growth. The type of soil depends on the size of its particles, with sandy soil having large particles and many air gaps allowing for good drainage, clay soil having tiny particles and few air gaps so it drains poorly, and silt soil being intermediate. Different plant types grow best in different soil types depending on their drainage and composition.
Minerals are found in rocks and there are over 3000 known types of minerals. Minerals have different properties like color, hardness, streak, and luster that can be used to identify them. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks which form from cooling magma or lava, sedimentary rocks which form from compressed and cemented sediment, and metamorphic rocks which form from other rocks being subjected to heat and pressure below the earth's surface. Common rocks like granite, shale, and marble are used for construction materials, building monuments, and other purposes due to their unique properties.
This document discusses what animals need to survive, including water, oxygen, shelter, and food. It explains that animals and plants are alike in that they are living things that need water, gases, and space. However, animals can move and respond to their environments using senses, while plants cannot move or find their own food. The document then covers specific needs in more detail, such as how different animals obtain and use water, oxygen, shelter, and food depending on their body structures and behaviors. It also categorizes animals as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores based on their diets and teeth shapes.
This document discusses ecosystems and how living and non-living things interact within them. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, and food webs. Producers (plants) produce their own food, consumers (animals) eat other organisms, and decomposers (fungi, bacteria) break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients. Food chains show energy transfer between organisms, while complex food webs connect multiple chains in an ecosystem. All organisms depend on each other for survival.
Plants have several key parts that allow them to grow and survive. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Some plants store food in their roots. Roots can be taproots or fibrous. Stems support the plant, carry water and nutrients throughout, and come in different forms like flexible green stems or stiff woody trunks. Leaves contain chlorophyll and are the main site of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and food (sugar). While plants vary in shape and size, they all share characteristics like having the same basic parts, producing their own food, and being unable to move.
A habitat is the place where a living thing lives and finds food, water, air and shelter. It includes not just a home but the surrounding area as well. Some examples of habitats include ponds for ducks and frogs, oceans for whales, grass for butterflies, trees for birds, deserts for camels, soil for earthworms, tundra for polar bears, and fields for cows.