Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by human activities, significantly affecting ecosystems and human health. Major sources include point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff, leading to various types of pollution such as nutrient pollution and chemical pollution. The effects are severe, causing health issues like cholera and environmental degradation, necessitating control measures and public awareness to mitigate the crisis.

1. WATER POLLUTION

2. What is water pollution?
•Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,
rivers, oceans and groundwater), very often by human activities.
•Any change or modification in the physical, chemical and biological
properties of water that will have a detrimental consequence on living things
is water pollution.
• It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of harmful compounds.
•Pollutants get into water mainly by human causes or factors.
•Water pollution is the second most imperative environmental concern
along with air pollution.

3. Sources of Water Pollution
•There are various classifications of water
pollution.
•The two chief sources of water pollution can be
seen as
•Point source
•Non-Point source

4. Point source
Those sources which discharge water pollutants directly into the water are
known as point sources of water pollution.
Oil wells situated near water bodies, factories, power plants, underground
coal mines, etc. are point sources of water pollution.
Non-Point source
Those sources which do not have any specific location for discharging
pollutants, in the water body are known as non-point sources of water
pollution.
Run-offs from agricultural fields, lawns, gardens, construction sites, roads
and streets are some non-point sources of water pollution.

6. 1. Nutrients Pollution
•Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels
of nutrients.
•If they end up in water bodies, they encourage algae and
weed growth in the water.
•This will make the water undrinkable, and even clog filters.
•Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water,
and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen
starvation.
What are the types of water pollution

8. 2. Surface water pollution
•Surface water includes natural water found on the earth's
surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons and oceans.
•Hazardous substances coming into contact with this surface
water, dissolving or mixing physically with the water can be
called surface water pollution.

10. 3. Oxygen Depleting
•Water bodies have micro-organisms including aerobic and
anaerobic organisms.
•When too much biodegradable matter end up in water, it
encourages more microorganism growth, and they use up more
oxygen in the water.
•If oxygen is depleted, aerobic organisms die, and anaerobic
organism grow more to produce harmful toxins such as
ammonia and sulfides.

12. 4. Ground water pollution
•When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils, they
are washed deep into the ground by rain water.
•This gets to underground water, causing pollution
underground.
•This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water
from underground, it needs to be checked for water pollution.

14. 5. Suspended Matter
•Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not
easily dissolve in water.
•This kind of material is called particulate matter.
•Some suspended pollutants later settle under the water body.
•This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of
water bodies.

15. 6. Chemical Water Pollution
•Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end
up in water.
•These include chemicals that are used to control weeds,
insects and pests.
•Metals and solvents from industries can pollute water
bodies.
•These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may
slow their development, make them infertile and kill them.

17. 7. Oil Spillage
•Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on
wildlife but can spread for miles.
•The oil can cause the death to many fish and get
stuck to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose
their ability to fly.

18. Water pollutants
River, lake and sea water may be polluted in many ways:
• Domestic sewage discharged into rivers from areas located on its banks.
• Industrial wastes effluents from urban areas containing high concentration of oil,
heavy metals and detergents.
• Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and plant remains.
• Radioactive waste from nuclear reactor.
• Excretory wastes of humans and animals in water bodies.

19. Effects of Water Pollution
•The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on
what chemicals are dumped and in which locations.
•Many water bodies near urban areas are highly polluted.
•This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals
and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by
manufacturing industries, health centers, schools and market
places.

20. Health Effects
• Consumption of polluted water is a major cause of
ill health in India.
• Polluted water causes some of the deadly diseases
like cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, tuberculosis,
jaundice, etc.
• About 80 per cent of stomach diseases in India are
caused by polluted water.

21. Effect of Nutrients- Eutrophication
• Water supports aquatic life because of the presence of nutrients in it.
• Excess fertilizers from agricultural fields may mix with surface water and
may get drained into water bodies (surface runoff).
• The enrichment of water with nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates that
triggers the growth of green algae is called eutrophication.
• This fast growth of algae followed by decomposition depletes the water
body of its dissolved oxygen.
• As a result aquatic animals die of oxygen shortage.

22. Sewage and/or fertilizer run off from fields
↓
Enriched nutrient content in lakes (Eutrophication)
↓
Algae multiply to produce an ‘algal bloom’
↓
Algae use up oxygen and begin to die
↓
Decomposers (bacteria) multiply and use more oxygen
↓
Organisms (such as fish) die due to lack of oxygen

23. Effect of Toxic Pollutants
• Toxic pollutants mainly consist of heavy metals, pesticides and other
individual xenobiotic pollutants.
• Some metals e.g., Mn, Zn and Cu present in trace quantity are important
for life as they help and regulate many physiological functions of the body.
• Some metals, however, cause severe toxicological effects on human health
and the aquatic ecosystem.

24. • Biomagnification
• Non-biodegradable pesticides, such as DDT are widely used for crop protection.
• Once they enter the food chain, their concentration keeps on increasing with each trophic level
(steps of a food chain).
• As a result, accumulation of these compounds takes place in the body of top consumers over a
period of time.
• Entry of harmful non-biodegradable chemicals in small concentrations and their accumulation
in greater concentrations in the various levels of food chain is called biomagnification.

25. • Water → Algae → Fish → Pelican bird (top consumer)
• DDT used in small quantities to kill mosquitoes can enter the food chain and may get
concentrated in large concentration due to its non-biodegradable nature in the body of birds
(top) consumer.
• This causes adverse effects, such as weak egg shells, resulting in decreased population.
0.2 ppm 77 ppm 500-600 ppm 1700
ppm

26. Control of water pollution
• Recycling and Reuse of water
• Treating industrial effluents before discharging into rivers, separate
channels for river and sewage water
• Avoid contamination of rivers, lakes and ponds by washing clothes,
bathing. etc.
• Not throwing waste, food materials, paper, biodegradable vegetables and
plastic into open drains.

27. • Qualified and experienced people must be consulted from time to
time for effective control of water pollution.
• Public awareness must be initiated regarding adverse effects of
water pollution using the media.
• Laws, standards and practices should be established to prevent water
pollution and these laws should be modified from time to time based
on current requirements and technological advancements.

28. CHOLERA

29. MORPHOLOGY AND
IDENTIFICATION
 Vibrio cholerae :comma shaped,curved and
rod shaped bacteria of 2-4 µm long.
 motile by means of a polar flagella.
 colonies: convex ,smooth ,round, opague
V.cholerae and other Vibrios
grow well at 37°c on
many diff. media .

30.  V.cholerae grow best on
Thiosulphate-citrate-bile-
sucrose(TCBS)agar on which it
produce yellow colonies that are
readily visible against the dark
green background of the agar.

31.  Vibrios grows at a very high ph(8.5-9.5) and are readily killed by acid. Therefore
infective dose 50 is very high
CHOLERA GROWTH
CHARACTERISTICS
V. Cholerae ferments both sucrose and mannose,
oxidase +ve, Most of the vibrios are halotolerent
and NaCl often stimulates their growth
Vibrios grows on media which containing 6%
NaCl.
Therefore alkaline water of pH 9 with high salt
is used as transport medium, even sterile sea
water is a good enough medium for transport and
maintaining viability.

32. ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND
BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
 V. cholerae has O lipopolysaccharides that confer
serologic specificity. There are at least 139 O-
antigen groups.
 V. cholerae strains of O-group 1 and O-group 139
cause classic cholera. Non –O1/non-O139 V.
cholerae cause cholera like disease.
 Antibodies to the O-antigen tend to protect
laboratory animals against infection with V.
cholerae.
 The V. cholerae serogroups O1 antigen has
determinants that make possible further typing :
1. Ogava
2.Inaba
3.Hikojima

33.  Two biotype of epidemic V.cholerae are : Classic and E1 tor.
 The E1 tor biotypes produces a hemolysin , VP +ve and are
resistant to polymycin B.
 V.cholerae O139 is very similar to V. cholerae O1 E1 tor biotype.
 V.cholerae O139 does not produce the O1 lipopolysaccharide
but has polysac capsule unlike O1 biotype.

34. VIBRIO CHOLERAE ENTEROTOXIN
 produce a heat labile enterotoxin (MW-84000) -has two subunit
A and B (chromosome encoded).
 Ganglioside GM₁ -receptor for subunit B, which promotes the
entry of subunit A into the cell.
 Activation of subunit A, increase the level of intracellular cAMP
and result in prolonged hypersecretion of water and
electrolytes . There is increased Na-dependent Cl-secretion and
absorption of Na and chloride is inhibited.
 Diarrhae occurs –with resulting dehydration, shock, acidosis
and death.

35. PATHOGENESIS AND
PATHOLOGY
 V.cholerae is pathogenic only for the humans .
 ID 50= 10¹⁰ or more, when the vehical is water, because the
organism are susceptible to acid . When the vehical is food
id50 is as few as 10²-10⁴ because of buffering capacity of food .
 The organism do not reach to the bloodstream but remains
within the intestinal tract.

36.  Virulant V.cholerae organisms attack the microvilli of the
brush border of epithelial cell . There they multiply and
liberate cholera toxin and perhaps mucinases and
endotoxin.

37. CLINICAL
FINDINGFS
 About 60% of infections are asymptomatic with classic and
about 75% with E1 Tor type .
 IP=1-4 days.
 Stools contains mucus , epithelial cells and large no. of vibrios
(rice water stool) and no blood cells . There is a rapid loss of
fluid and electrolytes , which lead to profound
dehydration ,circulatory collapse.
 The mortality rate without treatment is between 25% and
50%.
 The diagnosis of a full blown case of cholerae presents no
problem in the presence of an epidemic . However ,sporadic
or mild cases are not readily differentiated from other
diarrheal diseases.
 The E1 Tor biotype tends to cause milder disease than the
classic biotype .

38. An adult cholera victim. The hands show wrinkled skin, known
as the "Washer Woman's sign" because the body has lost so
much water that it cannot maintain cell turgor and the skin
collapses.