The document discusses transitioning accessibility evaluation tools to the new WCAG 2.0 standards. It presents an interactive framework for managing guidelines that allows users to create, edit, search and share guidelines. It also details how the framework was used to update an evaluation tool to incorporate WCAG 2.0, decomposing success criteria into automatic and semi-automatic test cases. Over 55% of success criteria could be evaluated automatically using this framework.
Guideline Aggregation: Web AccessibilitySimon Harper
Web site evaluation methodologies and validation engines take the
view that all accessibility guidelines must be met to gain
compliance. Problems exist in this regard as contradictions within
the rule set may arise, and the type of impairment or its severity
is not isolated. The Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method goes someway to
addressing these issues by enabling barrier types derived from
guidelines to be applied to different user categories such as motor
or hearing impairment, etc. In this paper, we use set theory to
create a validation scheme for older users by combining barrier
types specific to motor impaired and low vision users,
thereby creating a new ``older users'' category from the results of
this set addition. To evaluate this approach, we have conducted a BW
study with four pages, 19 expert and 48 non-expert judges. This
study shows that the BW generates reliable data for the proposed
aggregated user category and shows how experts and non-experts
evaluate pages differently. The study also highlights a limitation
of the BW by showing that a better aggregated user category would
have been created by having a severity level of disability for
different impairment types. By extending the BW with these
impairment levels, we argue that the BW would become more useful for
validating Web pages when dealing with users which multiple
disabilities and thus we would be able to create a ``Personalised
Validation and Repair'' method.
Combining SADIe and AxsJAX To Improve AccessibilitySimon Harper
The advent of Web 2.0 technologies has allowed once static Web documents to be transformed into online interactive applications. To facilitate the accessibility of this dynamic content, Google have developed the AxsJAX framework that can insert Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) statements into the content dynamically. Such statements allow assistive technologies to interact with dynamic content and make it accessible to users. SADIe is an approach that uses semantic annotations of a Website's Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) to drive a transformation process that can improve access to Web pages for visually impaired users who use a screen reader. Previously SADIe transcoded static pages by refactoring the content into a format more suited to the sequential audio output of a screen reader. In this paper we present a prototype SADIe transcoder that uses CSS annotations to generate AxsJAX framework code and insert it into Web pages. Such an approach allows users to access static content using a consistent set of key presses in a manner akin to an online application. This demonstrates the flexibility of the SADIe approach as the same annotations can be used to generate an alternative transcoding format. It also supports the use of SADIe as a lightweight method for allowing Web designers to make use of AxsJAX without requiring knowledge of the underlying AxsJAX technologies.
Guideline Aggregation: Web AccessibilitySimon Harper
Web site evaluation methodologies and validation engines take the
view that all accessibility guidelines must be met to gain
compliance. Problems exist in this regard as contradictions within
the rule set may arise, and the type of impairment or its severity
is not isolated. The Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method goes someway to
addressing these issues by enabling barrier types derived from
guidelines to be applied to different user categories such as motor
or hearing impairment, etc. In this paper, we use set theory to
create a validation scheme for older users by combining barrier
types specific to motor impaired and low vision users,
thereby creating a new ``older users'' category from the results of
this set addition. To evaluate this approach, we have conducted a BW
study with four pages, 19 expert and 48 non-expert judges. This
study shows that the BW generates reliable data for the proposed
aggregated user category and shows how experts and non-experts
evaluate pages differently. The study also highlights a limitation
of the BW by showing that a better aggregated user category would
have been created by having a severity level of disability for
different impairment types. By extending the BW with these
impairment levels, we argue that the BW would become more useful for
validating Web pages when dealing with users which multiple
disabilities and thus we would be able to create a ``Personalised
Validation and Repair'' method.
Combining SADIe and AxsJAX To Improve AccessibilitySimon Harper
The advent of Web 2.0 technologies has allowed once static Web documents to be transformed into online interactive applications. To facilitate the accessibility of this dynamic content, Google have developed the AxsJAX framework that can insert Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) statements into the content dynamically. Such statements allow assistive technologies to interact with dynamic content and make it accessible to users. SADIe is an approach that uses semantic annotations of a Website's Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) to drive a transformation process that can improve access to Web pages for visually impaired users who use a screen reader. Previously SADIe transcoded static pages by refactoring the content into a format more suited to the sequential audio output of a screen reader. In this paper we present a prototype SADIe transcoder that uses CSS annotations to generate AxsJAX framework code and insert it into Web pages. Such an approach allows users to access static content using a consistent set of key presses in a manner akin to an online application. This demonstrates the flexibility of the SADIe approach as the same annotations can be used to generate an alternative transcoding format. It also supports the use of SADIe as a lightweight method for allowing Web designers to make use of AxsJAX without requiring knowledge of the underlying AxsJAX technologies.
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At Skynet Technologies, our team of accessibility experts performs automated, semi-automated, and manual audits of websites and web applications as per WCAG 2.2 level AA, ADA, and section 508. Based on evaluations of the accessibility compliance level of the website’s UI, design, source code, navigation, interactive elements, and overall usability, we will provide a digital accessibility evaluation report with in-depth details of potential accessibility barriers and remediation recommendations.
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WCAG 2.0 was published in December 2008. It has many differences to WCAG 1.0 as to rationale, structure and content. Two years later there are still few tools supporting WCAG 2.0, and none of them fully mirrors the WCAG 2.0 approach organized around principles, guidelines, success criteria, situations and techniques. This paper describes the on-going development of an update to the Hera-FFX Firefox extension to support WCAG 2.0. The description is focused on the challenges that we have found and our resulting decisions.
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W4a09
1. Transition of Accessibility
Evaluation Tools to New Standards
A. Aizpurua, M. Arrue, Markel Vigo, and J. Abascal
University of the Laboratory of HCI
Basque Country for Special Needs
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
2. Introduction
• The advent of WCAG 2.0 calls for accessibility guidelines
review tools adaptation and update
• It is expected that international policies will adopt WCAG 2.0
• How to do this transition in the less painful way
• An interactive framework for guidelines management is
provided
• Help users in the process of guideline creation and edition
Introduction Management Framework Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
3. Introduction
• Web application universally accessible from the browser
• WCAG 1.0 compliant and empowers people with disabilities to
contribute
• Centralized system so that users, developers and practitioners
can share information
• It contains an evaluation component
• No need for evaluation engine update
Introduction Management Framework Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
4. Guidelines Management Framework
The foundations: Unified Guidelines Language (UGL)
• Unified Guidelines Language (UGL), a XML-based language to
define guidelines.
• Developed by considering diverse guideline sets:
→ General purpose: WCAG 1.0 and IBM Accessibility Guidelines
→ Device: Mobile Web Best Practices 1.0
→ Application: Accessible Educational Sites [Freed et al., 2003]
→ Specific audiences: usability guidelines for the elderly [Kurniawan and
Zaphiris, 2005]
• Flexible enough to handle heterogeneous guidelines
• We cannot force users to learn UGL
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
5. Guidelines Management Framework
The foundations: Unified Guidelines Language (UGL)
• We cannot force users to learn UGL
<checkpoints id=quot;2quot; title=quot;HTML elements and their attributesquot;>
<priority>1</priority>
<description/>
<evaluation_type>auto-semi</evaluation_type>
<techniques id=quot;1quot;>
<type>HTML</type><description>Compulsory</description>
<test_case id=quot;7quot;>
<type>7</type>
<evaluation_type>auto</evaluation_type>
<evaluation_result>error</evaluation_result>
<element>
<label>IMG</label>
<test_e>check attribute</test_e>
<related_attribute>
<atb>alt</atb>
<test_a>compulsory</test_a>
</related_attribute>
</element>
</test_case>
</techniques>
<techniques id=quot;2”>
<test_case id=quot;8quot;>
<type>8</type>
<evaluation_type>auto</evaluation_type>
<evaluation_result>error</evaluation_result>
<element>
<label>FRAME</label>
<test_e>check attribute</test_e>
<related_attribute>
<atb>title</atb>
<test_a>compulsory</test_a>
<content analysis=quot;not emptyquot;/>
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
6. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Technique edition: “for each id attribute in textarea check there
is a label where for=id”
1. select textarea tag
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
7. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Technique edition: “for each id attribute in textarea check there
is a label where for=id”
1. select textarea tag
2. select id attribute
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
8. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Technique edition: “for each id attribute in textarea check there
is a label where for=id”
1. select textarea tag
2. select id attribute
3. select label tag
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
9. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Technique edition: “for each id attribute in textarea check there
is a label where for=id”
1. select textarea tag
2. select id attribute
3. select label tag
4. select for attribute
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
10. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Technique edition: “for each id attribute in textarea check there
is a label where for=id”
1. select textarea tag
2. select id attribute
3. select label tag
4. select for attribute
5. define element order
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
11. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Guidelines can be shared: general search, specific search,
mark-up dependent search
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
12. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Definition Manager
• Search results: guidelines can be retrieved, edited and used
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
13. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Pre-processor
• Created guidelines are stored in a centralized database
• Data aretransformed into UGL files
• Decompose resulting UGL file into XQuery queries
• This process does not require human intervention
Guidelines Evaluation Component
• Select the guidelines
• Type URL
• Evaluation type:
1. single URL
2. website
3. source code
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
14. Guidelines Management Framework
Guidelines Pre-processor
• Created guidelines are stored in a centralized database
• Data are transformed into UGL files
• Decompose resulting UGL file into XQuery queries
• This process does not require human intervention
Guidelines Evaluation Component
• Select the guidelines
• Type URL
• Evaluation type:
1. single URL
2. website
3. source code
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
15. Guidelines Management Framework
Summary
2: guidelines are guidelines and evaluates web page
3: user A selects stored intoremote repository
1: UGL are decomposedin a shares UGL
5:
4: B creates,transformedXQuery
searches, into guidelines
browser server
· create
1 2
· search
· share
Definition
user A
· update
manager Guidelines
repository
3
Guidelines
pre-processor
· select
Evaluation XQuery1
guidelines
user B
component
· evaluate 4
XQuery2
get XQuery2
...
5
XQueryi
...
XQueryn
Management Framework
Introduction Updating to WCAG 2.0 Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
16. Updating to WCAG 2.0
• Case study with WCAG 2.0
• Taking advantage of the features of the guidelines
management framework
• Test-case definition: ”Test-cases are the minimum pieces of
knowledge required for the evaluation of guidelines”
guidelines evaluation techniques test cases
1.
2. XHTML tag or attribute dependent
3. Test-cases can be grouped into test-case types
IMG [@alt]
TABLE [@summary]
4. there is a predefined evaluation pattern for each test-case type
• Focusing on automatic and semi-automatic issue
Updating to WCAG 2.0
Introduction Management Framework Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
17. Updating to WCAG 2.0
• Decomposing success criteria into test-cases
Success automatic semi-automatic
Principle criteria test-cases test-cases
Perceivable 22 17 38
Operable 20 8 16
Understandable 17 10 9
Robust 2 4 3
Total 61 39 66
• Results obtained with the guidelines management framework:
Automatic test-cases: 55%
Semi-automatic: 16%
Updating to WCAG 2.0
Introduction Management Framework Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
18. Updating to WCAG 2.0
• Results obtained with the guidelines management framework:
Automatic test-cases: 55%
Semi-automatic: 16%
• It is not a limitation of UGL but of the management framework
• They can be manually included
• By adapting the framework almost all automatic test cases can
be defined
• Except those that are not hypertext dependent
E.g.:”check that the value of longdesc is a valid URI ”
• Strike a balance between guiding the user or letting him free
Updating to WCAG 2.0
Introduction Management Framework Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
19. Conclusions
• The framework for guidelines management is a sound tool to
share and spread knowledge on web accessibility
• Cooperative tool enabling collaboration between
researchers, practitioners and users
• It can be used in the development process for:
Search for the set of guidelines which is relevant to the current
development
Remove guideline overlap and verify coherence
Perform frequent accessibility evaluations
• WCAG 2.0 deployment has been less painful
• Updating the framework in order to express more test-cases
Updating to WCAG 2.0
Introduction Management Framework Conclusions
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009
20. Transition of Accessibility
Evaluation Tools to New Standards
Any question?
A. Aizpurua, M. Arrue, Markel Vigo, and J. Abascal
University of the Laboratory of HCI
Basque Country for Special Needs
International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility, W4A 2009