This document provides an in-depth analysis of active shooter situations in the workplace. It examines the relationships between active shooters and their victims and analyzes statistics on the frequency of these incidents. A trend analysis finds that more recent active shooter incidents are occurring in tighter timeframes, resulting in higher fatality rates. The document also investigates commonalities among real-life active shooters and the facilities they target. It discusses preventative measures for both employees and employers, emphasizing the importance of workplace violence programs and active shooter preparedness training to minimize casualties from these tragic incidents.
This document analyzes predictors of violent crime rates in the United States using regression analysis. The analysis uses data from 50 states and the District of Columbia across multiple variables related to policy areas like law enforcement, economics, and education. The regression found that the percentage of black population in a state had the strongest correlation with higher violent crime rates. When the District of Columbia was excluded from the model, education levels also showed correlation with lower crime rates. Overall, the analysis suggests further study of gun control, education policy, and demographic factors could help reduce violent crime, but larger predictive models may be needed.
This study uses regression analysis to examine the relationship between state-level firearm death rates in the US and several independent variables representing prevailing theories about the causes of gun deaths. The analysis finds that states with weaker gun laws and higher unemployment rates have statistically significant higher firearm death rates, while personal income, mental illness rates, and income inequality were not significant predictors. This provides support for the argument that lax gun regulation and poor economic conditions contribute to higher rates of gun deaths in the US.
This report analyzes mass public shootings since 2009. It finds that claims of an "explosion" in such shootings over the last 5 years are inaccurate, as the number of attacks and deaths have slightly declined. These shootings differ from other mass killings in that the attackers usually intend to die at the scene and over half have a documented mental illness. The report also finds major errors and exaggerations in a recent analysis of mass shootings by Everytown for Gun Safety. Specifically, Everytown incorrectly classified some incidents as mass shootings and made mistakes in reporting the mental health and demographic data of the attackers.
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Violent Crime Rates in the USDr. Amarjeet Singh
The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting violent crime rates in the US. It is hypothesized that an increase in the gun ownership rate tends to increase violent crimes in the US. It is hypothesized that urban areas in the US tend to have more violent crimes than rural areas. An OLS regression model is formulated using cross-sectional data set across 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2019. The endogenous variable is the violent crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The independent variables used in the OLS regression model are population density per square mile, unemployment rate, percentage of the population living in poverty, and gun ownership rate. The four exogenous variables that are found to be statistically significant are gun ownership, unemployment rate, population density per square mile, and percentage of population living in property. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in reducing violent crime rates in the US.
Aid, Gender and Security: The Gendered Nature of Security Events Affecting Ai...Insecurity Insight
Men and women experience security events affecting aid workers in gendered ways. The data analyzed comes from 1,361 aid workers affected in 615 incidents between 2008-2010, though gender information was missing for 583 victims. While men comprised the majority (622) of reported victims, the data is limited and does not indicate differing risk levels. The analysis found that women experience proportionally more threats and crime-related events in urban areas and at residences/workplaces. Men experience more injuries/deaths from state militaries and non-state actors during travel or in rural areas. Regionally, men are more affected in the Middle East and Asia while women face more events in Africa and Latin America.
Gabriella Grant, Director of the California Center of Excellence for Trauma Informed Care, presented at the 8th Annual Fall Trauma Conference on trends in violence over time. She summarized that while the US homicide and violent crime rates have significantly decreased over the long term, it remains more armed than other nations due to high gun ownership. The pandemic saw a rise in homicides but an overall crime decrease. Firearm deaths have increased disproportionately in the US compared to other countries with stricter gun laws and lower ownership rates.
This document summarizes and analyzes a research paper about the gender pay gap in the United States. It discusses the commonly cited statistic that women earn 77% of what men earn, but argues this does not necessarily mean women are paid less than men for the same work. The statistic is based on median annual earnings across all jobs and career fields, without accounting for variables like experience, time worked, and occupation. Gender discrimination and workforce segregation into lower-paying female-dominated fields explain much of the remaining pay gap. The document also outlines how to build a statistical case that could prove discrimination under the Equal Pay Act or Title VII in court.
This document analyzes predictors of violent crime rates in the United States using regression analysis. The analysis uses data from 50 states and the District of Columbia across multiple variables related to policy areas like law enforcement, economics, and education. The regression found that the percentage of black population in a state had the strongest correlation with higher violent crime rates. When the District of Columbia was excluded from the model, education levels also showed correlation with lower crime rates. Overall, the analysis suggests further study of gun control, education policy, and demographic factors could help reduce violent crime, but larger predictive models may be needed.
This study uses regression analysis to examine the relationship between state-level firearm death rates in the US and several independent variables representing prevailing theories about the causes of gun deaths. The analysis finds that states with weaker gun laws and higher unemployment rates have statistically significant higher firearm death rates, while personal income, mental illness rates, and income inequality were not significant predictors. This provides support for the argument that lax gun regulation and poor economic conditions contribute to higher rates of gun deaths in the US.
This report analyzes mass public shootings since 2009. It finds that claims of an "explosion" in such shootings over the last 5 years are inaccurate, as the number of attacks and deaths have slightly declined. These shootings differ from other mass killings in that the attackers usually intend to die at the scene and over half have a documented mental illness. The report also finds major errors and exaggerations in a recent analysis of mass shootings by Everytown for Gun Safety. Specifically, Everytown incorrectly classified some incidents as mass shootings and made mistakes in reporting the mental health and demographic data of the attackers.
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Violent Crime Rates in the USDr. Amarjeet Singh
The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting violent crime rates in the US. It is hypothesized that an increase in the gun ownership rate tends to increase violent crimes in the US. It is hypothesized that urban areas in the US tend to have more violent crimes than rural areas. An OLS regression model is formulated using cross-sectional data set across 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2019. The endogenous variable is the violent crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The independent variables used in the OLS regression model are population density per square mile, unemployment rate, percentage of the population living in poverty, and gun ownership rate. The four exogenous variables that are found to be statistically significant are gun ownership, unemployment rate, population density per square mile, and percentage of population living in property. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in reducing violent crime rates in the US.
Aid, Gender and Security: The Gendered Nature of Security Events Affecting Ai...Insecurity Insight
Men and women experience security events affecting aid workers in gendered ways. The data analyzed comes from 1,361 aid workers affected in 615 incidents between 2008-2010, though gender information was missing for 583 victims. While men comprised the majority (622) of reported victims, the data is limited and does not indicate differing risk levels. The analysis found that women experience proportionally more threats and crime-related events in urban areas and at residences/workplaces. Men experience more injuries/deaths from state militaries and non-state actors during travel or in rural areas. Regionally, men are more affected in the Middle East and Asia while women face more events in Africa and Latin America.
Gabriella Grant, Director of the California Center of Excellence for Trauma Informed Care, presented at the 8th Annual Fall Trauma Conference on trends in violence over time. She summarized that while the US homicide and violent crime rates have significantly decreased over the long term, it remains more armed than other nations due to high gun ownership. The pandemic saw a rise in homicides but an overall crime decrease. Firearm deaths have increased disproportionately in the US compared to other countries with stricter gun laws and lower ownership rates.
This document summarizes and analyzes a research paper about the gender pay gap in the United States. It discusses the commonly cited statistic that women earn 77% of what men earn, but argues this does not necessarily mean women are paid less than men for the same work. The statistic is based on median annual earnings across all jobs and career fields, without accounting for variables like experience, time worked, and occupation. Gender discrimination and workforce segregation into lower-paying female-dominated fields explain much of the remaining pay gap. The document also outlines how to build a statistical case that could prove discrimination under the Equal Pay Act or Title VII in court.
This document analyzes a series of 10 sexual assaults and 1 murder that occurred in Massachusetts between 2006 and 2010. The key findings are that the crimes only occurred on Saturdays and Sundays, near major holidays, and in the fall, winter and spring when colleges are in session. The times of the crimes followed patterns on Saturdays vs Sundays. The document provides recommendations for increased police patrols on likely dates and locations for the next crime based on the patterns identified. It also provides a description of the suspected offender and likely victim based on victimology.
The document is a research paper that explores the relationship between drug use and convictions for robbery or theft. It summarizes previous research finding a connection between substance use and criminal behavior motivated by needs related to addiction. The paper aims to determine if illegal drug use increases the likelihood of robbery or theft convictions using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. It presents a theory that drug-addicted individuals are more likely to commit robbery or theft due to monetary needs to fund their addiction. The dependent variable is robbery/theft conviction and the independent variable is illegal drug use, which will be measured using survey responses.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written assignmentElizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It summarizes five categories of victimization proposed by victimologists Sellin and Wolfgang: 1) primary victimization where a specific victim is targeted, 2) secondary victimization where victims are not the objective, 3) tertiary victimization where the general public is affected, 4) mutual victimization between criminal perpetrators, and 5) no clear victimization. Hate crimes fall under primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, newer polls show declining confidence in Obama's impact on race as media coverage influences public opinion. Criminological data shows hate crime rates have actually
- The document analyzes the relationship between unemployment and crime rate. It hypothesizes that unemployment has a positive effect on crime rates.
- A survey and correlation analysis was conducted, which found a positive relationship between unemployment and crime rates such as violent crimes and property crimes. Areas with higher unemployment generally had higher crime.
- The conclusion is that unemployment increases criminal activity as people with no jobs or income seek illegal means to make money. Employment provides opportunities and income that discourage crime.
The document summarizes a research paper that argues pornography has led to a decline in rape in the United States. It notes that rape has declined 85% over the past 25 years as access to pornography has increased. States with the lowest internet access saw increases in rape, while states with the highest access saw declines. The author argues this correlation suggests pornography may satisfy urges that might otherwise lead to rape, though others may propose additional explanations for the relationship between increased porn and lower rape rates. Critics have argued pornography causes violence, but the author claims their conclusions are not supported by evidence.
Unit 8 project identifying crime patterns e hallElizabeth Hall
The crime data from the Coeur D'Alene Police Department shows an overall increase in Part I crimes from 2003 to 2004, with robberies, aggravated assaults, and homicides increasing significantly. The only crime that did not change was motor vehicle theft. More information on population changes and location data could provide context for the increases. Strategic analysis of robbery, homicide, and aggravated assault trends may help identify patterns.
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUEUnderstanding Police Violence acheryllwashburn
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUE
Understanding Police Violence as a
Mutual Problem
See also Morabia, p. 421, and Gilbert, p. 457.
This past Thanksgiving, I was
in Chicago visiting family when
a cellphone video of a police
officer taking down a man hit
the local airwaves. The images
showed an officer using an emer-
gency maneuver that resulted
in the man’s head hitting the
pavement. There was an imme-
diate outcry; it was said that the
takedown was unwarranted, yet
another case of “rogue policing.”
Lost in the clamor was that the
man was intoxicated and had
verbally threatened, licked, and
spit on the officer. The man
further refused ambulance
transport, and the officers them-
selves took him to the hospital
for care. At the time of this writ-
ing, two officers remain under in-
vestigation, while the man was
bailed out of jail (he had out-
standing parole violations) amid
claims that he was “thrown onto
the sidewalk with no regard for
his life” (https://bit.ly/37piikW).
Is this another example of
police violence or simply an of-
ficer trying to protect himself? If
all politics are local, then most
opinions are personal. I will freely
admit that my view of law en-
forcement comes from more than
20 years of working night shifts
in the emergency department,
watching officers and deputies
protect society’s most vulnerable.
To be quite honest, I am most
often impressed at the restraint
police officers exhibit when
dealing with violent and abusive
people and when faced with
imminent threats to life and limb.
The idea that unthinking vio-
lence is somehow basic to law
enforcement system seems con-
tradictory to my lived experi-
ence. Individuals and institutions
within the law enforcement
community want to do right, and
while one might argue that they
do so not out of goodness but out
of fear of public backlash, every-
one recognizes that law enforce-
ment officers can only dotheir job
well if they do so with restraint,
impartiality, and integrity. There
are bad cops, just as there are those
ill-suited to any profession, and
sometimes people who clearly do
not belong in police work can slip
through the cracks. But it is a
certainty that within law en-
forcement nobody likes a bad
cop.
WHAT IS POLICE
VIOLENCE?
Part of the problem is that we
do not know what “police vio-
lence” really is or the true scope
of the problem. Obasogie and
Newman note that the exact
definition of police violence
is vague, and is most often a
subjective interpretation of
the constitutional minimum
that the “use of force must be
reasonable.”1(p286)
Statistics on police violence as
a whole are hard to come by, but
data on police shootings are more
available. The 2015 Police Vio-
lence report from the Mapping
PoliceViolenceWebsiteindicates
that there were 1152 people
killed in police shootings that
year. The context of the event
is also important: more than
1000 of these fatalities were
reported to be armed (https://
mappingpoliceviolence.org). In
these cases, a true threat m ...
This document summarizes a study of workplace injury data from seven large multinational corporations. The study found:
1) While minor workplace injuries have decreased significantly in recent decades, serious injuries and fatalities have decreased at a slower rate.
2) An analysis of over 1,000 injury cases revealed that a subset of reported non-serious injuries actually had potential to result in serious injury or fatality if circumstances were different.
3) Current safety management systems may not be adequately addressing the precursors and risk factors for serious injuries and fatalities. New approaches are needed to drive further reductions in serious and fatal workplace events.
Conceptualising violence at work through a gender lens: Regulation and strate...Dania
This document provides an overview of conceptualizing violence at work through a gender lens. It first defines different types of workplace violence including physical, psychological, sexual, and discriminatory violence. It then examines the prevalence of these forms of violence, noting that women are disproportionately exposed or victims of certain types. The document discusses the importance of using a gender lens to understand the causes and impacts of occupational violence. It concludes by presenting different regulatory approaches from international and national frameworks, and argues for an integrated approach to regulation in order to better prevent violence and promote safe workplaces for all genders.
Workplace safety has been a significant priority in the United States for decades and, from some perspectives, an area in which we have made a great deal of progress. OSHA, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, regularly employs more than 2,100 inspectors at more than eight million work sites from coast to coast who are tasked with overseeing the health and safety of more than 130 million workers. In the more than four decades since OSHA was established, to say it has dramatically impacted workplace safety is something of an understatement.
Workplace violence has become a major safety issue, and includes threats, harassment, intimidation, and physical harm. Incidents of workplace violence have tripled in the last decade, and it is now the second leading cause of death for women at work. Proper identification of potential threats and preventative measures are needed to address this growing problem.
Navigating Workplace Violence - A Managers GuideTom Huskerson
A manger's guide to understanding how workplace violence happens. This presentation offers various statistics and other information that helps managers identify and prevent workplace violence. This presentation shows how simple triggers can lead to horrendous events. Learning the escalation scale of potential violence helps to prevent violence in the workplace.
Workplace Violence in America- By Richard GarrityRichard Garrity
Workplace violence has been a growing problem in America since the late 1980s. It includes physical assaults, threats, harassment, and other abusive behaviors that occur in work settings. The CDC collects statistics on workplace homicides and nonfatal assaults from sources like the Bureau of Labor Statistics. From 1992 to 2012, there were over 14,000 workplace homicide victims in the US, averaging over 700 per year. Nonfatal workplace violence also results in over 100,000 emergency room visits annually. While affecting all industries, certain occupations like sales, protective services, and transportation face higher risks.
Literary Analysis on Solving Problems in America's Law EnforcementStewart Fountain
This document analyzes previous research on police brutality. It discusses how underreporting of crimes and excessive use of force cases has led to uncertainty around the true extent of the problem. Sociological studies have attempted to understand why police brutality occurs and why some communities are unhappy with law enforcement. However, the document notes that reliable data is limited due to underreporting. Overall, the analysis finds that police brutality remains an issue that must be addressed to rebuild trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve.
This white paper from GLP Security Solutions addresses the issues of domestic violence spilling over into the workplace. It notes that domestic violence is one of the leading causes of death for women at work. The paper outlines preventative measures employers can take, such as appointing floor marshals and collecting emergency contact information from employees. It details how domestic violence can negatively impact employee productivity and the bottom line costs to businesses. The paper recommends planning emergency response procedures and providing employees with safety resources.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2021 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey conducted by Zogby Analytics. Some key points:
- 30% of U.S. adults reported directly experiencing abusive conduct at work, while 19% witnessed it. In total, 49% were affected by bullying.
- Applying these rates to the U.S. civilian labor force estimates that 48.6 million workers have been directly bullied and 30.6 million have witnessed it.
- 4.1% of respondents admitted to being a bully, which would equate to approximately 6.6 million individuals in the U.S. workforce.
- Awareness of bullying is
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each quest.docxgerardkortney
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each question
1. Describe the burden of non-communicable diseases on mortality and morbidity in the United States
2. Identify the roles that vaccinations can play in preventing communicable diseases
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 1
Unit 8 draft proposal: Neighborhood Watch Programs
Student Name
University
CJ 490 Research Methods in Criminal Justice
Professor
Date
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 2
Neighborhood Watch Programs
The term “home,” can have several meanings to many different people. But most
people associate this word with their place of residence or where they seek refuge. Of all places,
a person’s home should not be a place they fear falling victim to crime, but instead, as a place
where they feel safe and secure. When a person comes home after a long day of work to discover
their home has been broken into and all of their prized possessions have been stolen, it is normal
to feel angry, and violated because that’s what it is, a violation. For the most part, burglaries are
a crime of opportunity. A burglar can sit and watch someone’s house all day and know exactly
what time they go to work and return home. According to the Texas Crime Statistics and Rates
Report, in 2009 there were 240,233 burglary incidents and a total of 995,145 property crime
incidents in Texas (“Texas Crime Statistics,” n.d.). Reports from 2012 are already showing an
increase in these numbers compared to 2009 (“Texas crime statistics,” n.d.). This is alarming and
neighborhood watch could be the solution. In 1972, the National Sheriffs’ Association founded
the Neighborhood Watch Program with the intentions of helping police reduce crimes in
neighborhoods (Campbell, n.d.). While the main focuses of Neighborhood Watch programs are
to prevent crime, they may also educate and strengthen the community.
Review of Literature:
Almost 2 years ago, residents of Salisbury, New Hampshire lost their police department
when their 2-man force suddenly resigned. Since then, they have been unable to fill the empty
positions, so the state police have been providing coverage for the community. Members of the
Salisbury community are now looking to create a neighborhood watch program, not to replace
law enforcement, but to enhance the coverage already being supplied by the state (McCrystal,
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 3
2012). The idea of a neighborhood watch program in this community already exists, it’s just not
formalized. Many residents already watch for suspicious people or behavior so formalizing the
program will simply give them someone to call when suspicious behavior or activity does take
place. Members of the Salisbury community have great reason to push for the implementation of
Neighborhood Watch programs. Not only is it believed to reduce crime, but it is also thought to
bring the community tog.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed media coverage of three mass shooting cases to determine if there is media bias in the portrayal of homicide victims. The study used computerized content analysis to examine news articles about mass shootings in Mattapan, MA (2010), Tucson, AZ (2011), and Oak Creek, WI (2012). The hypothesis was that media coverage would be biased based on extralegal factors of victims and offenders, like race. The findings provided mixed support for this hypothesis. Specifically, the Mattapan case received only local coverage focused on the later trial, while the Tucson and Oak Creek cases received prolonged national attention, with Tucson focused more on victims and Oak Creek on the investigation.
3Statistics in Criminal JusticeHomework 6 Each question is.docxrhetttrevannion
3
Statistics in Criminal Justice
Homework 6
Each question is worth 3 points unless otherwise noted
1. When do we use a chi square? Give an original example that is relevant to criminology or criminal justice.
2. I want to run a chi square on the variables relationship between offender and victim in an assault and whether that assault was reported to the police. Which is my independent variable and which is my dependent variable?
3. Using Chapter 17 Dataset 2, run a chi square to determine whether there is a relationship between relationship between victim and offender in an assault and whether the assault was reported to the police.
Copy and paste your output here.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Incident Reported To Police * Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim
23003
96.0%
966
4.0%
23969
100.0%
Incident Reported To Police * Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim Crosstabulation
Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim
Total
stranger
slightly known
casual acquiant
well known
Incident Reported To Police
Not Reported
Count
3487
1624
2776
4721
12608
Expected Count
3529.8
1593.9
2471.4
5012.9
12608.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
27.7%
12.9%
22.0%
37.4%
100.0%
Incident Reported to Police
Count
2953
1284
1733
4425
10395
Expected Count
2910.2
1314.1
2037.6
4133.1
10395.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
28.4%
12.4%
16.7%
42.6%
100.0%
Total
Count
6440
2908
4509
9146
23003
Expected Count
6440.0
2908.0
4509.0
9146.0
23003.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
28.0%
12.6%
19.6%
39.8%
100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
123.111a
3
.000
Likelihood Ratio
123.984
3
.000
Linear-by-Linear Association
6.291
1
.012
N of Valid Cases
23003
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1314.12.
Questions 4-6 are based on the output you generated in Question 3.
4. What is the chi square value?
5. Is there a relationship between the variables? Or are they independent? How can you tell?
6. When is the victim least likely to report the assault to the police, when the offender is a stranger, is slightly known, a casual acquaintance, or well known? How can you tell?
7. Does the finding in Question 6 make sense to you? Why or why not?
8. When do we use a correlation? Give an original example that is relevant to criminology or criminal justice.
9. What two things does the correlation value tell us about the relationship between two variables?
10. I want to run a correlation on the variables age at first arrest and number of delinquent friends. Which is my independent variable and which is my dependent variable?
11. Using Chapter 15 Dataset 2, run a correlation to determine whether there is a relationship between age at first arrest and number of delinquent f.
This document analyzes a series of 10 sexual assaults and 1 murder that occurred in Massachusetts between 2006 and 2010. The key findings are that the crimes only occurred on Saturdays and Sundays, near major holidays, and in the fall, winter and spring when colleges are in session. The times of the crimes followed patterns on Saturdays vs Sundays. The document provides recommendations for increased police patrols on likely dates and locations for the next crime based on the patterns identified. It also provides a description of the suspected offender and likely victim based on victimology.
The document is a research paper that explores the relationship between drug use and convictions for robbery or theft. It summarizes previous research finding a connection between substance use and criminal behavior motivated by needs related to addiction. The paper aims to determine if illegal drug use increases the likelihood of robbery or theft convictions using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. It presents a theory that drug-addicted individuals are more likely to commit robbery or theft due to monetary needs to fund their addiction. The dependent variable is robbery/theft conviction and the independent variable is illegal drug use, which will be measured using survey responses.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written assignmentElizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It summarizes five categories of victimization proposed by victimologists Sellin and Wolfgang: 1) primary victimization where a specific victim is targeted, 2) secondary victimization where victims are not the objective, 3) tertiary victimization where the general public is affected, 4) mutual victimization between criminal perpetrators, and 5) no clear victimization. Hate crimes fall under primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, newer polls show declining confidence in Obama's impact on race as media coverage influences public opinion. Criminological data shows hate crime rates have actually
- The document analyzes the relationship between unemployment and crime rate. It hypothesizes that unemployment has a positive effect on crime rates.
- A survey and correlation analysis was conducted, which found a positive relationship between unemployment and crime rates such as violent crimes and property crimes. Areas with higher unemployment generally had higher crime.
- The conclusion is that unemployment increases criminal activity as people with no jobs or income seek illegal means to make money. Employment provides opportunities and income that discourage crime.
The document summarizes a research paper that argues pornography has led to a decline in rape in the United States. It notes that rape has declined 85% over the past 25 years as access to pornography has increased. States with the lowest internet access saw increases in rape, while states with the highest access saw declines. The author argues this correlation suggests pornography may satisfy urges that might otherwise lead to rape, though others may propose additional explanations for the relationship between increased porn and lower rape rates. Critics have argued pornography causes violence, but the author claims their conclusions are not supported by evidence.
Unit 8 project identifying crime patterns e hallElizabeth Hall
The crime data from the Coeur D'Alene Police Department shows an overall increase in Part I crimes from 2003 to 2004, with robberies, aggravated assaults, and homicides increasing significantly. The only crime that did not change was motor vehicle theft. More information on population changes and location data could provide context for the increases. Strategic analysis of robbery, homicide, and aggravated assault trends may help identify patterns.
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUEUnderstanding Police Violence acheryllwashburn
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUE
Understanding Police Violence as a
Mutual Problem
See also Morabia, p. 421, and Gilbert, p. 457.
This past Thanksgiving, I was
in Chicago visiting family when
a cellphone video of a police
officer taking down a man hit
the local airwaves. The images
showed an officer using an emer-
gency maneuver that resulted
in the man’s head hitting the
pavement. There was an imme-
diate outcry; it was said that the
takedown was unwarranted, yet
another case of “rogue policing.”
Lost in the clamor was that the
man was intoxicated and had
verbally threatened, licked, and
spit on the officer. The man
further refused ambulance
transport, and the officers them-
selves took him to the hospital
for care. At the time of this writ-
ing, two officers remain under in-
vestigation, while the man was
bailed out of jail (he had out-
standing parole violations) amid
claims that he was “thrown onto
the sidewalk with no regard for
his life” (https://bit.ly/37piikW).
Is this another example of
police violence or simply an of-
ficer trying to protect himself? If
all politics are local, then most
opinions are personal. I will freely
admit that my view of law en-
forcement comes from more than
20 years of working night shifts
in the emergency department,
watching officers and deputies
protect society’s most vulnerable.
To be quite honest, I am most
often impressed at the restraint
police officers exhibit when
dealing with violent and abusive
people and when faced with
imminent threats to life and limb.
The idea that unthinking vio-
lence is somehow basic to law
enforcement system seems con-
tradictory to my lived experi-
ence. Individuals and institutions
within the law enforcement
community want to do right, and
while one might argue that they
do so not out of goodness but out
of fear of public backlash, every-
one recognizes that law enforce-
ment officers can only dotheir job
well if they do so with restraint,
impartiality, and integrity. There
are bad cops, just as there are those
ill-suited to any profession, and
sometimes people who clearly do
not belong in police work can slip
through the cracks. But it is a
certainty that within law en-
forcement nobody likes a bad
cop.
WHAT IS POLICE
VIOLENCE?
Part of the problem is that we
do not know what “police vio-
lence” really is or the true scope
of the problem. Obasogie and
Newman note that the exact
definition of police violence
is vague, and is most often a
subjective interpretation of
the constitutional minimum
that the “use of force must be
reasonable.”1(p286)
Statistics on police violence as
a whole are hard to come by, but
data on police shootings are more
available. The 2015 Police Vio-
lence report from the Mapping
PoliceViolenceWebsiteindicates
that there were 1152 people
killed in police shootings that
year. The context of the event
is also important: more than
1000 of these fatalities were
reported to be armed (https://
mappingpoliceviolence.org). In
these cases, a true threat m ...
This document summarizes a study of workplace injury data from seven large multinational corporations. The study found:
1) While minor workplace injuries have decreased significantly in recent decades, serious injuries and fatalities have decreased at a slower rate.
2) An analysis of over 1,000 injury cases revealed that a subset of reported non-serious injuries actually had potential to result in serious injury or fatality if circumstances were different.
3) Current safety management systems may not be adequately addressing the precursors and risk factors for serious injuries and fatalities. New approaches are needed to drive further reductions in serious and fatal workplace events.
Conceptualising violence at work through a gender lens: Regulation and strate...Dania
This document provides an overview of conceptualizing violence at work through a gender lens. It first defines different types of workplace violence including physical, psychological, sexual, and discriminatory violence. It then examines the prevalence of these forms of violence, noting that women are disproportionately exposed or victims of certain types. The document discusses the importance of using a gender lens to understand the causes and impacts of occupational violence. It concludes by presenting different regulatory approaches from international and national frameworks, and argues for an integrated approach to regulation in order to better prevent violence and promote safe workplaces for all genders.
Workplace safety has been a significant priority in the United States for decades and, from some perspectives, an area in which we have made a great deal of progress. OSHA, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, regularly employs more than 2,100 inspectors at more than eight million work sites from coast to coast who are tasked with overseeing the health and safety of more than 130 million workers. In the more than four decades since OSHA was established, to say it has dramatically impacted workplace safety is something of an understatement.
Workplace violence has become a major safety issue, and includes threats, harassment, intimidation, and physical harm. Incidents of workplace violence have tripled in the last decade, and it is now the second leading cause of death for women at work. Proper identification of potential threats and preventative measures are needed to address this growing problem.
Navigating Workplace Violence - A Managers GuideTom Huskerson
A manger's guide to understanding how workplace violence happens. This presentation offers various statistics and other information that helps managers identify and prevent workplace violence. This presentation shows how simple triggers can lead to horrendous events. Learning the escalation scale of potential violence helps to prevent violence in the workplace.
Workplace Violence in America- By Richard GarrityRichard Garrity
Workplace violence has been a growing problem in America since the late 1980s. It includes physical assaults, threats, harassment, and other abusive behaviors that occur in work settings. The CDC collects statistics on workplace homicides and nonfatal assaults from sources like the Bureau of Labor Statistics. From 1992 to 2012, there were over 14,000 workplace homicide victims in the US, averaging over 700 per year. Nonfatal workplace violence also results in over 100,000 emergency room visits annually. While affecting all industries, certain occupations like sales, protective services, and transportation face higher risks.
Literary Analysis on Solving Problems in America's Law EnforcementStewart Fountain
This document analyzes previous research on police brutality. It discusses how underreporting of crimes and excessive use of force cases has led to uncertainty around the true extent of the problem. Sociological studies have attempted to understand why police brutality occurs and why some communities are unhappy with law enforcement. However, the document notes that reliable data is limited due to underreporting. Overall, the analysis finds that police brutality remains an issue that must be addressed to rebuild trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve.
This white paper from GLP Security Solutions addresses the issues of domestic violence spilling over into the workplace. It notes that domestic violence is one of the leading causes of death for women at work. The paper outlines preventative measures employers can take, such as appointing floor marshals and collecting emergency contact information from employees. It details how domestic violence can negatively impact employee productivity and the bottom line costs to businesses. The paper recommends planning emergency response procedures and providing employees with safety resources.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2021 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey conducted by Zogby Analytics. Some key points:
- 30% of U.S. adults reported directly experiencing abusive conduct at work, while 19% witnessed it. In total, 49% were affected by bullying.
- Applying these rates to the U.S. civilian labor force estimates that 48.6 million workers have been directly bullied and 30.6 million have witnessed it.
- 4.1% of respondents admitted to being a bully, which would equate to approximately 6.6 million individuals in the U.S. workforce.
- Awareness of bullying is
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each quest.docxgerardkortney
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each question
1. Describe the burden of non-communicable diseases on mortality and morbidity in the United States
2. Identify the roles that vaccinations can play in preventing communicable diseases
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 1
Unit 8 draft proposal: Neighborhood Watch Programs
Student Name
University
CJ 490 Research Methods in Criminal Justice
Professor
Date
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 2
Neighborhood Watch Programs
The term “home,” can have several meanings to many different people. But most
people associate this word with their place of residence or where they seek refuge. Of all places,
a person’s home should not be a place they fear falling victim to crime, but instead, as a place
where they feel safe and secure. When a person comes home after a long day of work to discover
their home has been broken into and all of their prized possessions have been stolen, it is normal
to feel angry, and violated because that’s what it is, a violation. For the most part, burglaries are
a crime of opportunity. A burglar can sit and watch someone’s house all day and know exactly
what time they go to work and return home. According to the Texas Crime Statistics and Rates
Report, in 2009 there were 240,233 burglary incidents and a total of 995,145 property crime
incidents in Texas (“Texas Crime Statistics,” n.d.). Reports from 2012 are already showing an
increase in these numbers compared to 2009 (“Texas crime statistics,” n.d.). This is alarming and
neighborhood watch could be the solution. In 1972, the National Sheriffs’ Association founded
the Neighborhood Watch Program with the intentions of helping police reduce crimes in
neighborhoods (Campbell, n.d.). While the main focuses of Neighborhood Watch programs are
to prevent crime, they may also educate and strengthen the community.
Review of Literature:
Almost 2 years ago, residents of Salisbury, New Hampshire lost their police department
when their 2-man force suddenly resigned. Since then, they have been unable to fill the empty
positions, so the state police have been providing coverage for the community. Members of the
Salisbury community are now looking to create a neighborhood watch program, not to replace
law enforcement, but to enhance the coverage already being supplied by the state (McCrystal,
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 3
2012). The idea of a neighborhood watch program in this community already exists, it’s just not
formalized. Many residents already watch for suspicious people or behavior so formalizing the
program will simply give them someone to call when suspicious behavior or activity does take
place. Members of the Salisbury community have great reason to push for the implementation of
Neighborhood Watch programs. Not only is it believed to reduce crime, but it is also thought to
bring the community tog.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed media coverage of three mass shooting cases to determine if there is media bias in the portrayal of homicide victims. The study used computerized content analysis to examine news articles about mass shootings in Mattapan, MA (2010), Tucson, AZ (2011), and Oak Creek, WI (2012). The hypothesis was that media coverage would be biased based on extralegal factors of victims and offenders, like race. The findings provided mixed support for this hypothesis. Specifically, the Mattapan case received only local coverage focused on the later trial, while the Tucson and Oak Creek cases received prolonged national attention, with Tucson focused more on victims and Oak Creek on the investigation.
3Statistics in Criminal JusticeHomework 6 Each question is.docxrhetttrevannion
3
Statistics in Criminal Justice
Homework 6
Each question is worth 3 points unless otherwise noted
1. When do we use a chi square? Give an original example that is relevant to criminology or criminal justice.
2. I want to run a chi square on the variables relationship between offender and victim in an assault and whether that assault was reported to the police. Which is my independent variable and which is my dependent variable?
3. Using Chapter 17 Dataset 2, run a chi square to determine whether there is a relationship between relationship between victim and offender in an assault and whether the assault was reported to the police.
Copy and paste your output here.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Incident Reported To Police * Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim
23003
96.0%
966
4.0%
23969
100.0%
Incident Reported To Police * Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim Crosstabulation
Variable indicating the assailant's relationship to the victim
Total
stranger
slightly known
casual acquiant
well known
Incident Reported To Police
Not Reported
Count
3487
1624
2776
4721
12608
Expected Count
3529.8
1593.9
2471.4
5012.9
12608.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
27.7%
12.9%
22.0%
37.4%
100.0%
Incident Reported to Police
Count
2953
1284
1733
4425
10395
Expected Count
2910.2
1314.1
2037.6
4133.1
10395.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
28.4%
12.4%
16.7%
42.6%
100.0%
Total
Count
6440
2908
4509
9146
23003
Expected Count
6440.0
2908.0
4509.0
9146.0
23003.0
% within Incident Reported To Police
28.0%
12.6%
19.6%
39.8%
100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
123.111a
3
.000
Likelihood Ratio
123.984
3
.000
Linear-by-Linear Association
6.291
1
.012
N of Valid Cases
23003
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1314.12.
Questions 4-6 are based on the output you generated in Question 3.
4. What is the chi square value?
5. Is there a relationship between the variables? Or are they independent? How can you tell?
6. When is the victim least likely to report the assault to the police, when the offender is a stranger, is slightly known, a casual acquaintance, or well known? How can you tell?
7. Does the finding in Question 6 make sense to you? Why or why not?
8. When do we use a correlation? Give an original example that is relevant to criminology or criminal justice.
9. What two things does the correlation value tell us about the relationship between two variables?
10. I want to run a correlation on the variables age at first arrest and number of delinquent friends. Which is my independent variable and which is my dependent variable?
11. Using Chapter 15 Dataset 2, run a correlation to determine whether there is a relationship between age at first arrest and number of delinquent f.
Hiring and Retention – 9 Burning Issues for HR in 2019
Violence in the Workplace - A Detailed Look Into Active Shooter Situations
1. Violence in the Workplace:
A Detailed Look Into Active Shooter Situations
Ryan Watson
Deron Grzetich
June 7th
, 2010
2. 2 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Abstract
Homicides in the workplace cost the lives of approximately 800 victims in the United States each
year. The following document will provide an in depth analysis ofthe major perpetrator in
nearly all workplace violence deaths,the active shooter. The relationships between the active
shooterand the victimwill be examined, and a statistical examination of the frequency of these
categorized incidents will be discussed. A detailed trend analysis of active shooter incidents will
provide a detailed breakdown of incident time frames and the effect increased incident response
times have on an active shootersituation. Investigation of real life active shooter incidents will
provide a profile ofcommonalities between real life active shooters and the facilities they choose
for their reign ofterror. Preventative and preparedness measures will be discussed forboth
employees and employers. Results of active shooter incident research will suggest that a well-
developed workplace violence (WPV) programand active shooter preparedness can be vital to
minimizing the damages caused in an active shooter situation.
3. 3 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Introduction
Trends in workplace violence continue to be a chilling reality forboth work providers, and the
consumers and employees that sustain the functionality ofthe provider. In her workplace
violence article, Black2
cites the Workplace Violence Institute’s definition of workplace violence
as being “any act against an employee that creates a hostile work environment and negatively
affects the employees, eitherphysically orpsychologically.” In the article “Workplace Violence
Is Increasing” by Bell1
, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) states that
there are approximately 2 million workplace violence incidents each year in the United States,
with an average of 700 incidents ending in homicide. Bell’s article also cites the Violence
Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles’s findings that “in the year 2000, homicide was the
third leading cause ofoccupational deaths in the United States and the leading cause ofdeath for
women in the workplace.”
A workplace violence incident can typically be defined in one of the below four categories:
Type I: Criminal Intent
Type II: Customer/Client or Service User
Type III: Worker-on-Worker
Type IV: Personal Relationship or Domestic
In a picture perfect world, employees and consumers could interact in work environments with
no fearof being victimized by physical or psychological abuse oreven worse being murdered. It
would be ideal for those everyday people who are unfortunate enough to suffer fromdomestic
violence orviolence in their respective communities to be able to view the workplace as a
sanctuary. A place where for a fewhours per day,these victims could feelsafe and put their
troubles behind them. Unfortunately,however, personal relationship violence often catches up
with individuals in the workplace. The combination ofviolent acts with criminal intent,
customer/client abuse, worker-on-worker violence, and domestic violence following a worker to
the workplace makes ‘going to work’ anything but a safe practice. Trends suggest that there will
likely be no decrease in workplace violence incidents anytime soon.
The following document will examine the most common causal role of workplace violence
homicides, the Active Shooter. Trends will suggest that a move should be made to not only
prevent active shootersituations, but to prepare heavily for them. Active shooter incidents are
usually unpredictable and the prevention/response measures in place, can typically limit the
duration of the event and effectively minimize WPVvictims.
4. 4 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Background
Traditionally, workplace violence research and prevention was focused on two types of acts: acts
with specific criminal intent; and patient assaults on health care providers. Workplace violence
incidents resulting in homicide and where the attacker acts with specific criminal intent continue
to be the most common category of fatalWPVevents. Research by Bell1
found that violent acts
by criminals with no relationship to the workplace other than to rob orperformanother crime,
make up approximately 85% of workplace homicides. Bell1
states that 7% of workplace
homicides are the result of worker-on-worker attacks, while the remaining 8% can be attributed
either customer-on-employee attacks ordomestic violence in the workplace.
It wasn’t until 1986 that workplace violence garnished the attention it deserved as being a major
role-player in the nation’s high homicide rate. Unfortunately, it took a massacre to get workplace
violence on researchers’ radars. On August 20th
, 1986, Patrick Sherrill walked in to his place of
employment, the Edmond, Oklahoma Post Office, and shot dead 14 people before taking his own
life. Sherrill had a troubled work history and quickly became the nation’s first symbol of a
‘disgruntled employee.’ Severalpostalservice workplace homicides had occurred prior to the
Edmond Post Office Massacre which resulted in the coining of the term“going postal.”
Active shootersituations have upheld a relatively steady rate of occurrence over the last 25 years
and continue to make up just a small percentage of workplace violence incidents. A publication
by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation7
estimates that of the average annual 1.7 million
workplace violence incidents from1993 to 1999, approximately 95 percent of the incidents were
“simple or aggravated assaults.” The FBI’s statistics showthat there is approximately 0.01
homicides per 1,000 persons in the workforce, making up just 0.1% of workplace violence
incidents.
Although the least common violent act of workplace victimization, it is obvious that homicide is
the most extreme. Appropriate prevention and response procedures should be implemented by
the employer. It is the work provider’s responsibility to ensure a safe environment for both its
employees and clientele. Section 5 ofthe OSHAct of 1970 states “Each employershall furnish
to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from
recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death orserious physical harmto his
employees.” It is imperative that employers establish a strict workplace violence policy,
implement necessary safeguards, increase WPVawareness amongst employees, and put in to
practice workplace violence emergency response procedures. As the research findings below
will show,homicidal workplace violence incidents continue to cost hundreds of lives each year.
There is no evidence to show there will be a decrease in fatal workplace violence incidents
anytime soon. The active shooter is and will continue to be the single largest contributor to
violent loss of life in the workplace. An employer’s workplace violence prevention and
awareness programs can be a majordetermining factorof how many lives are lost in these tragic
incidents.
5. 5 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Trends in Active Shooter Incidents
Incident Timeframes
One of the more interesting statistics revealed during research of this topic showed that the more
recent active shooter incidents are taking place in tighter timeframes with higher fatality and
injury rates. In the article “The Stopwatch of Death” by Borsch3
the authordetails how the
timeframes in which 44 active shooter incidents from1996 to 2009 have grown smaller by using
a formula of X =number of murder attempts/time in minutes. When Borsch tracked this for 44
incidents the trend showed that incidents are becoming more deadly and have a much shorter
duration fromstart to end.
Some of the more infamous active shooter incidents at schools are plotted on the graph below in
chronological order:
Froma law enforcement perspective the trend may showthat early response (i.e.not waiting for
SWAT) and proper training ofsmaller and more reactive entry teams may result in a lower
causality or injury rate. Froman employerstandpoint this also highlights that proper planning
for both first responders and employees is necessary to minimize the loss of life in an active
shootersituation.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Texas
Tower
San
Yasidro CA
McDonalds
Columbine Red Lake
MM
Dawson
College
Virginia
Tech
Trolley
Square
Utah
1966 1984 1999 2005 2006 2007 2007
0.5 0.5
2.1
1.5
2.9
7.9
1.5
X
X
6. 6 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Incident Locations andPerpetrators
While data exists on incidents which take place at a job site orplace ofbusiness the most
detailed statistics that are publicly available are related to incidents in schoolsettings. To
identify statistics fromboth schools and non-school incidentssources such as Borsch8
, Holology
Research9
, and the CDC4
were referenced. While none of the statistics allowed for a direct
comparison ofactive shooter incidents based on incident location,one takeaway fromthe review
was that the numberof homicides that resulted fromWPVincidents outside ofschools is much
greaterthan those ofschool massacres in the past.
The CDC’s report, which cited a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries report,showed that between 1992 and 2004 there were an average of 807 WPV
homicides. Reviewing the school shooting statistics fromthe same period showed a total of 69
homicides in USschools which translate into an average of 5 deaths per year10
. Regardless of
fact that the overall numberof fatalities is orders a magnitude smaller in incidents at schools they
tend to receive much more media attention than standard WPVincidents. Given the sensitive
nature of incidents ofschool violence, often involving minors and teachers, it is no surprise that
they garner media attention. However, it also leads to the statement fromthe CDC4
that “the
public is generally not aware ofeither the scope orthe prevalent types ofviolence at work.”
Perpetrators ofWPVincidents in both school and non-school settings are quite similar. Stress,
unstable mental health, feelings ofpersecution, and alienation top the list of triggers for acts of
WPV. For non-schoolsettings, fromBell1
the nine triggers that may lead to worker-on-worker
violence include:
Excessive workload
Inadequate time to complete the assigned task
Poor supervision
Uncertain organizational climate
Insufficient authority to meet job responsibilities
Unclear responsibilities or job functions
Philosophicaldifferences between the organization and employee
Unexpected orsignificant change at work or at home
Unanswered orunresolved frustrations
Genderalso plays a role in WPVincidents. Only two incidents of homicides in schools have
been attributed to females. Again,statistics that illustrate the difference between the school and
non-schoolsettings was not readily available.
7. 7 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Since the motive for the action will not be made clearuntil afterthe incident has ended it is
helpful to understand the actions and state-of-mind of active shooters in order to prevent,detect,
or properly react to these situations. Research by Borsch8
showed (all bullets directly from
Borsch8
):
98% of active killers act alone.
80% have long guns, 75% have multiple weapons (about 3 per incident), and they
sometimes bring hundreds of extra rounds of ammunition to the shooting site.
Despite such heavy armaments and an obsession with murder at close range, they have an
average hit rate of less than 50%.
They strike “stunned, defenseless innocents via surprise ambush. On a level playing field,
the typical active killer would be a no-contest against anyone reasonably capable of
defending themselves.”
“They absolutely control life and death until they stop at their leisure or are stopped.”
They do not take hostages,do not negotiate.
They generally try to avoid police,do not hide or lie and wait forofficers and “typically
fold quickly upon armed confrontation.”
90% commit suicide on-site. “Surrenderor escape attempts are unlikely.”
Preparation for Employees
In addition to supporting your first responders and lawenforcement, the WPVplan you put in
place should include an element oftraining for your employees. Some basic questions that must
be answered by the programinclude:
What do Ineed to know?
What should I do during an active shooter incident at my workplace?
How do I interact with law enforcement or first responders during an incident?
First, employees should be aware of and periodically trained on yourorganization’s WPVplans.
This may include conveying a basic understanding ofthe risk that these events carry, however
care should be taken to reassure your employees that the organization has a detailed plan to deal
with an incident should it arise. Employees need to understand that they will be instrumental to
this plan should it be called into action. Second, employees should be taught the warning signs
forWPVand that any and all submissions to the WPVgroup will be dealt with in the most
confidential manner possible. If the employee sees something it is their duty to say something
and the old “an ounce of prevention beats a pound of cure” adage truly does apply. There should
be a clear communication path to the WPVteamand all employees should know the numberor
8. 8 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
contact method as part of the plan. Finally, it may also be difficult forsome employees to
discuss personal matters (i.e. spousal abuse,stalking, etc.), however employees should be
reassured ofconfidentiality of the matter and that the WPVteamis here to assist the employee.
During an incident youremployee’s assistance will be key to limiting the fatalities and injury
that may result froman active shootersituation. Employees should be taught to remain calm,
how to report the incident, to secure their immediate area, reassure others if possible, and
administer first aid.
If the employee is in a situation that allows themto report the incident in progress they should be
taught to report:
Location of the incident (floor, direction,office number, etc.) and numberof people at
your location
Number and type of injuries (if any)
Physical characteristics of the suspect(s)such as race, gender, clothing,physical features
Weapons involved and/or other items being carried by the suspect(s)
Direction ofthe suspect(s) (i.e. are they standing in the office space, moving fromoffice
to office, etc.)
It may be that the employee reporting the incident to lawenforcement may also have first-hand
knowledge of the shooter(s). If that is the case they should be directed to report the suspect(s)
name when giving their report.
Employees should be taught to secure their immediate area by locking doors, closing blinds,
turning off orsilencing electronics that may alert the shooterto their presence. If door locks are
not present then doors should be blocked by any means necessary (desks, chairs, think Blues
Brothers at City Hall, etc.). Stay out ofsight and remain covered up, under, orbehind any solid
object such as a desk,bookcase, or other large object. In addition to remaining calm, employees
should reassure others which may be in a state of panic to remain calmand quiet until help
arrives. The situation may also arise where an employee finds herself in an open area during the
incident. If that is the case employees should be trained on how to take coverand to put as many
physical barriers between the shooter and employees as possible. Finally, if a secure area has
been created it may be possible for employees trained in first aid to begin to assist the injured.
Employees should also understand what will happen once first responders or law enforcement
arrive. It is important to train the employees in howto deal with lawenforcement as they
attempt to secure the scene. Employees should understand:
Law enforcement may not attempt to treat injured victimuntil a secure scene is
established (generally after the active shooter has been captured, but more likely after
they have been cornered and have taken their own life).
Assure those injured that medical attention will arrive as soon as it is safe.
9. 9 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Law enforcement or first responders may attempt to create a strongpoint to allow forsafe
exit fromthe building orarea of immediate danger. If this is the case employees should
follow any and all instructions given.
Law enforcement may not know you are not the shooter. Until the scene is safe all
employees on the scene are potentialsuspects. Be prepared to be searched.
Remain calmwhen interacting with law enforcement during an incident. Do not yell,
shout, point, run,or move quickly. Listen to and follow all instructions given by law
enforcement.
Preparation for the Employer
Aside froma company’s workplace violence policy and invaluable employee awareness training,
an employershould take advantage of resources that are already in place, or that could be in
place with proper funding. Physicalprotection systems such as access control systems are a
control that, when implemented correctly, can provide an effective means foractive shooter
incident prevention and control.
Access control systems are increasingly implemented in small to medium-sized offices buildings,
large multi-site business campuses, high-rises,government buildings, hospitals, and school
campuses. An employershould take advantage of the many features provided by an access
controlsystem, many which could prevent orsignificantly lessen the impact of an active shooter.
The access control systemshould be programmed in such a manner that personnel and
guests only have access to the spaces they require access to.
A strict procedure for card distribution should be in place preventing loose distribution of
access cards and unauthorized individuals fromobtaining access to the protected facility.
Terminated employees (both voluntary and involuntary) should be required to turn in
their key cards immediately following their termination with the workprovider. Access
rights to the card should be immediately revoked upon employee termination.
Lobby security / reception personnelshould be informed of terminations (especially
involuntary)so they do not unknowingly allow access to a terminated employee who
states that he/she “forgot my access card.” Lobby security and receptionists see the same
personnel everyday and as a result often establish trust that they are still authorized for
access to the facility.
An access control systemdoes not only limit access,but it keeps real-time records of card
swipes. Should an active shooter be moving through the facility with an access control card,
real-time monitoring of his movements can be performed via an access controlsystem’s
monitoring interface. When monitoring is being performed onsite, first responders could gain a
significant advantage by monitoring an active shooter’s live card swipes.
10. 10 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
Access control systems provide an employer with the ability to integrate duress buttons and to
designate emergency response cards that can provide various functionalities during an active
shootersituation.
On December 8th
, 2006, Joe Jackson held a security guard hostage and threatened to
shoot the guard if he did not take himto the 38th
flooroffices ofWood, Phillips, Katz,
Clark & Mortimer, a Chicago law firm. Jackson, an angry client who felt that his
attorney had prevented himfromgetting a patent for a truck toilet he had designed,
entered the offices as a result ofthe security guard swiping his access control card. From
there,havoc ensued as Jackson chained the office doors shut and began killing lawyers.
Jackson shot his designated attorney in the head and began walking fromoffice to office
asking each occupant if he/she was an attorney. Anyone who informed Jackson they
were an attorney was shot and killed. The incident ended when Jackson, who at this time
had killed 3 people and was holding anotherhostage, was shot and killed by a memberof
the Chicago Police SWAT Team. An emergency alert card could have provided an
effective means of alerting authorities of the incident before the killing occurred. On
most access control systems,an access control key card can be programmed so that
triggers an alert to the monitoring party. Each security guard should be assigned a card to
use for regular access and a card to only be used in duress. Had the security guard had
this option, the first time he swiped the access control card on a reader, a emergency
duress alert would have been sent to the access controlsystem’s monitoring station for
notification of the incident. The hostage would still have gained access to the space, but
a duress alert,unknowingly to the active shooter would have been triggered, before the
shooterbegan his killing. As Borsch3
has highlighted in his article “The Stopwatch of
Death,” “the shortest response time saves lives.”
Access control cards can also be programmed so that the swipe of a designated
‘lockdown card’ can lock down eitheran entire ora designated portion ofa facility’s
access control card readers. For example, if an active shooterhad an authorized access
control card in his/herpossession,the swipe of a ‘lockdown card’ could effectively trap
or at least inhibit his/her movement throughout a space.
Many modern access control systems have the same capability as described above in that
pre-determined threat levels can be set to initiate the lockdown of a portion or an entire
access controlsystem. For example, in the Virginia Tech massacre, the assailant shot and
killed two victims in a dormbefore moving to a lecture hall to continue his onslaught.
The original report between law enforcement and campus officials was that a domestic
altercation with shots fired had taken place in a dormitory. Assuming a campus-wide
access controlsystemwas in place,setting a threat level to ‘Red’could have locked down
all campus buildings and prevented the active shooter’s ability to move unrestricted
throughout the campus.
An employer should be recognizant ofthe fact that the resources available to it, may not be
available to the first responders. Likewise, the physical protection systems that an active shooter
faces must be faced by the first responders. Therefore, an employer should put together a couple
of “Go-To Bags” available for first responders upon arrival to the facility. Facilities can consist
of various locking mechanisms, multi-tenant access control systems, and confusing floor layouts.
11. 11 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
A “Go-To-Bag” serves as an easy and invaluable tool for first responders. More than one “Go-
To-Bag” should be created since first responders will likely arrive intermittently.
The “Go-To-Bag” should consist of items essential forsmooth movement throughout a facility.
Access control cards with access to all doors and master keys should be provided. Floorplans
labeling access control card readers,cameras, and othervaluable information should be provided
to first responders, as it is likely the first time any of themhave been on site. Internal two-way
radios can be useful to first responders because depending on where they are in a facility
(especially hi-rises and industrial buildings), their radios may not be able to perform.
Communication is key to their response capabilities. To prevent misuse of the bag or any of its
contents secure it with a security seal and examine the integrity ofthe seal regularly. “Go-To-
Bags” should be provided to building security lobbies or to whomever will be the first point of
contact in the event of an emergency. If onsite security is not present,building engineers are a
good candidates to distribute the “Go-To-Bags” because they are often 24x7, typically already
have access to restricted spaces and would not misuse a bag’s contents, and can provide first
responders with firsthand knowledge of a facility’s layout.
Conclusion
What is clear fromthe research is that acts of workplace violence occur at a much higher rate
than are currently exposed by the media. In addition,these acts are trending towards higher
numbers of fatalities in shorter timeframes. Although school incidents garner much more media
attention, acts of workplace violence outside ofschool settings account for more than one
hundred times the numberof fatalities each year. This is an issue that all employers must face
head on. Employers have a responsibility to their employees to ensure that WPVprograms are
in place and effective. Response time and proper planning on both the employer and employees
part is necessary to minimumthe numberof fatalities or injuries fromthese acts ofviolence.
This state of readiness can be achieved through a well documented WPVplan, proper
preparation in the formofgo-to-bags for first responders, and regular training for all employees.
12. 12 Ryan Watson & Deron Grzetich
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