The document explains the concept of verb complements in English, detailing how the second verb can be an infinitive, gerund, or root, depending on the first verb. It highlights common verb forms, particularly focusing on modals, semi-modals, and causative constructions involving 'make' and 'let'. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate these rules in practical usage.

1. REVIEWING GRAMMAR: Verb + verb
When two verbs follow each other in a sentence, we call the second verb a verb
complement. The complement may be one of three things: an infinitive, a gerund
or the root of the verb. The first verb governs which of the three it is. A list of
verbs followed by an infinitive and verbs followed by a gerund is given in the
Grammar Appendix on the final pages of most Student Books.
On the other hand, students should know that the following verbs are followed by
the root of the verb:
I. modals: You should take a taxi.
II. semi-modals: I had to leave early.
III. auxiliary verbs do, does, did: He didn't take a holiday.
IV. the verbs let, make + object: He let me drive the car. / He made me
drive the car.
It is worth noting that verb + object + infinitive is also common in English.
She wants you to fix the car.
Note: take into account that students often confuse the infinitive (to + root of
the verb) with the root of the verb after semi-modals such as have to.
make / let somebody do something; have / get something done (causative)
When the verbs make and let are followed by a second verb, the form is the root
of the verb.
Make + root of the verb expresses the idea of force or coercion.
Let + root of the verb expresses the idea of permission.
Have / get something done expresses the idea that you arrange for someone to
do something for you. This is the causative form.
Note: The causative can also be expressed with the agent:
have someone do something / get someone to do something
Examples:
I had a painter redecorate our house. (have + agent + root of the verb)
I got a painter to redecorate our house. (get + agent + infinitive)
Further examples:
• They make you cover your head before entering holy places.
• Immigration won't let you enter the country without a visa.
• If I were you, I wouldn't carry too much cash around.
• I suggest that you get a map at the tourist board.
• When you go through customs, you'll have your bags checked by the customs
officer.