Using the Memento Framework to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication
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The document describes a study that used the Memento framework to analyze over 1 million URI references in 3.5 million scholarly articles published between 1997-2012. It found that around 75% of URIs had experienced content drift when compared to their most recent archived ("representative") versions. This level of drift threatens the integrity of the scholarly record. The study aims to raise awareness of this issue and encourage parties to help address it through archiving and use of robust links.
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Using the Memento Framework to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication
- 1. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK Using the Memento Framework to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication Acknowledgements: Shawn Jones, Harihar Shankar (LANL) Richard Tobin, Claire Grover (University of of Edinburgh) Andy Jackson (British Library) Martin Klein @mart1nkle1n Herbert Van de Sompel @hvdsomp Research Library Los Alamos National Laboratory
- 2. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 2 Link Rot
- 3. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 3
- 4. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 4 Content Drift
- 5. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 5 http://dl00.org 2000
- 6. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 6 http://dl00.org 2004
- 7. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 7 http://dl00.org 2005
- 8. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 8 http://dl00.org 2008
- 9. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 9 Content Drift (in legal documents)
- 10. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 10
- 11. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 11 Content Drift (in scholarly articles)
- 12. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 12 Referenced in http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.05.110 published on August 15th 2009 May 8th 2009 August 27th 2009
- 13. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 13 Referenced in http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9707064 published on July 4th 1997 June 7th 1997 today
- 14. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 14 ArXiv Corpus 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 02000060000100000140000180000 articles URI references
- 15. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 15 http://hiberlink.org/ Definition: • Link Rot + Content Drift = Reference Rot Observation: • Links to these resources are subject to Reference Rot • Web at large resources referenced in scholarly articles Problem: • Threat to integrity of the web-based scholarly record • Resources do not have the same sense of fixity like e.g., journal articles • Resources’ custodianship is different, in terms of long- term archiving, integrity, and access
- 16. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115253
- 17. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 17 Focus: Content Drift
- 18. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167475
- 19. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 19 Study Dataset • 3.5 million articles from arXiv, Elsevier, PMC • Published between Jan 1997 – Dec 2012 • Converted from PDF to XML • Extraction of URIs to web at large resources (>1 million) • Keep track of articles’ publication date
- 20. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 20 Novel Approach to Assess Content Drift
- 21. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 21 Step 1: Find Mementos • ~ 1 million URI references • ~ 650k Memento Pre/Post pairs discovered via Memento https://mementoweb.org https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7089 t t+1t-1
- 22. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 22 Step 2: Select Representative Mementos
- 23. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 23 • Apply content similarity measures • How similar is representative? Step 2: Select Representative Mementos
- 24. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 24 Content Similarity Measures • Compute normalized scores (values between 0...100) for: • Simhash • Jaccard • Sørensen-Dice • Cosine
- 25. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 25 Representative Mementos • Idea • If perfect score in all 4 similarity measures Memento Pre and Post are the same Representative Mementos • Sanity check needed • Via HTTP headers: E-Tag and Last-Modified • If same for Pre and Post Memento HTTP-same • Sanity check passed! • 98.88% of Memento pairs that are HTTP-same have perfect score in all 4 similarity measures
- 26. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 26 • ~ 313k referenced URIs have representative Mementos Step 2: Select Representative Mementos
- 27. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 27 Representative Mementos in arXiv
- 28. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 28 arXiv Elsevier PMC
- 29. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 29 • 241k out of 313k URIs have a live web version Step 3: Dereference Live Web Version of URI
- 30. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 30 Step 4: Representative Memento vs. Live Version • Apply content similarity measures • Bin results into 6 clusters
- 31. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 31
- 32. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 32 Aggregate Similarity Score Good: 23.7% of URIs have *not* drifted! Bad: 3/4 URIs *have* drifted!
- 33. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 33 Content Drift & Link Rot Over Time - arXiv
- 34. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 34 arXiv Elsevier PMC
- 35. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK 35 Take-Aways 1. Scholarly articles increasingly contain URI references to web at large resources. 2. Such resources are subject to reference rot (link rot + content drift). 3. Custodians of these resources are typically not overly concerned with archiving of their content and longevity of the scholarly record. 4. Spoiler: Authors, publishers, web archives, and other parties can help tackle this problem (see my lightning talk + poster on Robust Links).
- 36. Memento to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication @mart1nkle1n IIPC WAC, 06/16/2017, London, UK Using the Memento Framework to Assess Content Drift in Scholarly Communication Martin Klein @mart1nkle1n Herbert Van de Sompel @hvdsomp Research Library Los Alamos National Laboratory
Editor's Notes
- IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the University of Wisconsin http://icecube.wisc.edu
- Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~cowie/k_table.html
- Previously, archival status (14-day window) as proxy
- Previously, archival status (14-day window) as proxy