The document discusses using spatial ontologies to detect abnormal maritime behavior. It begins with background on maritime issues like illegal fishing and pollution. Current maritime awareness systems have limitations. The research aims to address this using ontologies to model expert maritime knowledge and analyze vessel trajectories and behaviors. The prototype uses ontologies to identify abnormal behaviors through detected alerts. It allows visualizing trajectories and behaviors on a map. The conclusion is that ontologies can help design new maritime surveillance systems by modeling expert knowledge to analyze abnormal vessel movements.

1. Using Spatial Ontologies
for Detecting Abnormal
Maritime Behaviour
Arnaud Van De Casteele
Mines ParisTech – CRC
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour
OCEANS'2012 1/18

2. Background & Research problem
Maritime Domain Background
Maritime Domain Awareness
Research issues
Spatial Ontologies
What is an ontology ?
Abnormal vessel behavior ontology
Prototype & examples
Prototype architecture
Examples of abnormal vessel behaviour
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 2/18

3. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> Maritime Domain Background Maritime Domain Awareness Research Issues
Context
Economic
90% of world trade is transported by sea
In EU 90% of oil and gas are transported by sea
Illegal Fishing
Only 6% of illegal fishing frauds are detected
88% of fishing stocks in the EU are overexploited
Pollution
30 000 illegal oil spills are estimated every year (EU)
Illegal immigration
55% of illegal border crossing immigration is done by sea (EU)
3000 illegal ''know'' immigrants lost their life at sea every year
Source : ICC International Maritime Bureau
Limburg oct 2002 (terrorism) MSC Napoli janvier 2007 (storm)
Hebei Spirit Dec 2007 (collision) Ponant Avril 2008 (piracy)
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 3/18

4. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> Maritime Domain Background Maritime Domain Awareness Research Issues
There might be a
better way
tovisualize and
analyze so much
information
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 4/18

5. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
Maritime Domain Background > Maritime Domain Awareness Research Issues
Scanmaris
Tamaris
Sismaris : sismaris.org
I2C : i2c.eu
F. Jangal, M. Giraud, A. Littaye, M. Morel, J-P. Mano, A. Napoli, ISAP'08 -Taïwan,
Extraction of Suspicious Behavior of Vessels in the Exclusive Economic Zone (2008)
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 5/18

6. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
Maritime Domain Background Maritime Domain Awareness > Research Issues
Center for research on
Risks and
Crisis
Spatial
OLAP
Geo- Spatial Data
collaboration Mining
Maritime
Surveillance
System
Visualization Storage
and and
Interface restitution
Modelling
and
Simulation
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 6/18

7. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> What is an Ontology Abnormal Vessel behavior ontology
What does the vessel notion really means ?
油船
Vessel Pétrolier
Tanker
Navire
Boat
Super-Tanker
‫ناقلة‬
탱커
petrolero
« People can't share knowledge if they don't speak a common language »
Thomas Davenport
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 7/18

8. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> What is an Ontology Abnormal vessel behaviour ontology
Your answer is based on
a shared ontology
Knowledge Representation
Knowledge Sharing and reuse
Automatic Reasoning
Formal vocabulary
Source : Ontology Dimension Map; Ontology Summit 2007
« An ontology is a formal explicit specification
of a shared conceptualization »
Studer, 1998
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 8/18

9. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
What is an Ontology > Abnormal vessel behavior ontology
Ontological infrastructure for maritime management
Geography Ontology
Network Relations
Geometric Trajctory Ontology
Topography
Trajectory
Application Domain
Country
Spatio-Temporal Spatial Relations Ontology
Temporal Spatial Illegal Activities
Port State Control
Maritime Law
Maritime
Management
Yan, 2008
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 9/18

10. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
What is an Ontology > Abnormal vessel behavior ontology
Geometric Trajectory Ontology
Trajectory
Move outMove
inMove
toStop
fromStop trajIsCompOfStop
Stop
Time
stopHasTime isa hasDuration
Interval Duration
Baglioni, 2008
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 10/18

11. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
What is an Ontology > Abnormal vessel behavior ontology
Geography Trajectory Ontology
Context
Smuggling
has isCloseTo Country
Country
Wind
War Country
highWind LowWind
Waves
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 11/18

12. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
What is an Ontology > Abnormal vessel behavior ontology
Application Domain Ontology
> How can we use spatial knowledge of maritime experts ?
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 12/18

13. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> Prototype architecture Example of abnormal vessel behaviour
Ontology DrivenGIS
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 13/18

14. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
> Prototype architecture Example of abnormal vessel behaviour
Example of rules detection
If a type of vessel has a speed above X then rise alert :
Vessel(?vessel),
OP_Vessel_hasVesselType(?vessel, ?vesselType),
DP_Vessel_hasSpeed(?vessel, ?speedVessel),
DP_Vessel_hasSpeed(?vesselType, ?speedTypeVessel),
greaterThan(?speedTypeVessel, ?speedVessel) ->
OP_Vessel_hasAlert(?vessel, Alert_Speed_HighSpeed)
If a vessel enters in a restricted area then rise alert :
Vessel(?vessel),
DP_Vessel_hasPosition(?vessel, ?position),
DP_Analysis_DataPath(Alert_Area_Restricted, ?geoData),
intersects(?geoData, ?position) ->
OP_Vessel_hasAlert(?vessel, Alert_Area_Restricted)
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 14/18

15. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
Prototype architecture > Example of abnormal vessel behaviour
Identification of abnormal Alert age of ship
vessel behaviour
Alert Area Restricted
Alert Speed
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 15/18

16. Background & research problem Spatial Trajectory Ontology Prototype & examples
Prototype architecture > Example of abnormal vessel behaviour
Map Visualization
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 16/18

17. Conclusion
Evolution of the maritime threat needs new Sea border surveilance system
We need maritime expert to design this system
Ontologies can be used to model the expert knowledge
Ontologies and spatial ontologies can be used to analyze abnormal vessel behaviour
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 17/18

18. Questions ?
Arnaud
Van De Casteele
arnaud {dot} van_de_casteele {at} mines-paristech {dot} fr
Mines ParisTech
Centre de recherche sur les Risques et les Crises (CRC)
Rue Claude Daunesse, BP 207
06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex - France
Tél : + 33(0)4.93.95.75.77
http://www.i2c.eu
CRC - Recents publications and conferences
A. Van De Casteele, A. Napoli, M. Morel,
Apport du géodécisionnel et de la géocollaboration aux nouveaux systèmes de surveillance maritime,
Conférence INFORSID, 2011 (France)
Idiri, B.,
Extraction de connaissances dans un système géodécisionnel dédié à la surveillance maritime,
Conférence INFORSID, 2011 (France)
Chaze X, X., Bouejla A., Napoli A., Guarnieri F., Eude T., Alhadef B.,
The contribution of bayesian networks to manage risks of maritime piracy against oil offshore fields
Conférence DASFAA 2012 (Corea)
Using Spatial Ontologies for Detecting Abnormal Maritime Behaviour 18/18