3. Benefits of food irradiation
Reduction of pathogenic microorganisms;
Decontamination;
Extension of shelf-life;
Disinfestation;
Parasite disinfection
Delay of physiological processes: inhibition
of sprouting.
10. Food-borne pathogenic
microorganisms
Listeria
monocytogenes :
dairy products,
processed meat
and other foods
kept under
refrigeration.
Vibrio :raw
mollusks.
Salmonella,
Campylobacter jejuni
- poultry
Escherichia coli
0157:H7 – meat
and dairy products,
hamburger meat,
apple juice, water
11. Examples:
fresh poultry
carcasses obtained
with GMP:
2.5 kGy is suggested
to eliminate
Salmonella and
some others.
2x shelf-life at
<5oC.
frozen and died
egg products –
2.5 kGy:
inactivation of
microorganisms in
the non-
pasteurized egg
products.
12. Mechanically separated meat
(MSM)
Dose of 4 kGy is very effective for
reduction the spoilage
microorganisms in MSM (pork, beef,
poultry).
Irradiated MSM can be used as an
additive to sausage production and to
other meat products.
17. Decontamination:
local herbal seasonings
5 kGy;
gamma rays, accelerated
electrons;
The treatment preserved
• basic sensory properties;
• quality.
• the microbial load reduced.
18. Radiation hygienization of animal
feed
poultry feed;
7 kGy – inhibition of formation of toxins by
Aspergillus and Fusarium fungi.
A. repens and F. sporotrichioides – most
radioresistant (65% survival of spores) at a 7 kGy
dose.
19. Radiation hygienization of animal
feed
fodder for carp;
5 kGy.
>90% survival of fish fed irradiated feeds.
No negative effects.
High fish yield: 3 tonnes per hectare,
control – only 1 tonne per hectare.
20. Radiation hygienization of animal
feed
animal carcases for fur animals
5-8 kGy;
decreased microbial contamination.
Irradiation + low temp. = extension of
shelf-life.
22. Post-production medium
Utility of post-production medium of
Pleurotus ostreatus as protein rich
fodder component for animals;
7-10 kGy – wheat straw of good
quality.
culturing the fungi;
protein rich fodder component.
24. Example: strawberries
Strawberries are frequently spoiled by
Botrytis mold.
2-3 kGy; cold - 10oC
shelf-life up to 14 days.
Quality of fruits should be as good as
possible before the treatment.
26. Example: rye bread
The effective dose
for shelf-life of
irradiated rye
bread – 1.5 kGy.
Shelf-life up to 30
days in ambient
temp. (control: few
days).
31. (6) Delay of physiological
processes: inhibition of
sprouting
32. Inhibition of onion sprouting
Onions for long-term storage by
irradiation.
50-60 Gy; treatment not later than 2
months after harvest.
Over 90% consumers accepted the method.
33. Inhibition of garlic sprouting
Garlic for long-term storage by irradiation.
150 Gy: 6 and 11 month storage in temp.
4oC-15oC.
Quality higher by 22-36%.
The score of consumer tests was 7 in 9
point hedonic scale.
34. Inhibition of potatoes sprouting
The optimal absorbed dose for sprout
inhibition of potatoes varies with
the varieties,
time of irradiation after harvest and
post irradiation storage temperature.
For many varieties - the dose 70-100 Gy.
Acceptance of irradiated potatoes – 90%.
35. Inhibition of potatoes sprouting
Side effects of potatoes
irradiation:
increase of darkening or
browning,
decrease of wound healing
ability,
increase of storage rot,
spoilage,
sweetening.
36. Delay of physiological processes:
mushrooms
The technology of fresh mushrooms
irradiation consists of the following stages:
preparation of the mushrooms,
packaging,
transportation to the irradiator,
treatment with ionizing radiation,
storage of irradiated mushrooms and
transport to the market.
37. Delay of physiological processes:
mushrooms
Irradiation with high energy
electrons of 10 MeV
retarded the processes of
mushroom growth and
ageing.
Benefits:
the caps closed,
no elongation of stems,
lowered down the
discoloration.
38. Delay of physiological processes:
mushrooms
The dose of 2 kGy was more effective
in the keeping quality of mushrooms
at 8-day storage period in comparison
with lower doses.
39. Delay of physiological processes
to slow down the ripening of
some fruits:
- bananas,
- mangoes,
- papayas
by irradiation at 0.25 to 1 kGy
dose.
Irradiate fruits before
ripening starts!
40. Food irradiation application
Low doses (up to 1 kGy)
Inhibition of
sprouting 0.05-0.15
potatoes, onions,
garlic, root ginger,
yam,
Insect
disinfestation
and parasite
disfection
0.15-0.5
cereals and pulses,
fresh and dried
fruits, dried fish and
meat, fresh pork
Delay of
physiological
processes (e.g.
ripening)
0.25-1.0
fresh fruits,
vegetables
41. Food irradiation application
Medium doses (1-10 kGy)
Extension of
shelf-life 1.0-3.0
fresh fish,
strawberries,
mushrooms
Elimination of
spoilageand
pathogenic
organisms
1.0-7.0
fresh and frozen
seafood,raw or
frozen poultry and
meat, etc.
Improving
technological
properties of
food
0.25-1.0
grapes (increasing
juice yield),
dehydrated
vegetables
44. Food irradiation in Poland
Food irradiation has been studied for a
long time in Poland.
The investigations had begun at the end of
1950-ties in the Warsaw Agricultural
University.
In the following years the research was
extended to the other scientific centers.
45. Book on food irradiation
1963, W. Bednarczyk – „Food
Preservation by Ionizing Radiation”.
46. Food irradiation in Poland
Till the end of 1970-ties the investigations on
food irradiation were of the random nature.
The objectives involved the fundamental research
area of food science.
The JECF recommended in 1980 the general
approval of foods treated with the doses up to 10
kGy as nconditionally wholesome: the interest on
practical application of food irradiation was gained
in Poland.
47. Food irradiation in Poland
In 1986 the governmentl bodies decided to
recognize the possibilities of practical
application of radiation techniques in
agriculture.
Program:
Radiation preservation of food,
Radiation hygienisation of animal feed,
Pilot plants for food irradiation.
48. Experimental Plant for Food
Irradiation: Warszawa-Włochy
The operator of the plant is the Institute
of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology,
Warsaw.
The plant is located in old Russian fortress
chambres.
Additional buildings: technological hall and
laboratory were constructed.
49. Experimental Plant for Food
Irradiation: Warszawa-Włochy
In the plant two electron beam acceleratores
are located:
10 MeV, 1 kW, build at the Institute for
Nuclear Studies in Swierk;
10 MeV, 10 kW, made in USSR.
50. Multipurpose irradiation plant
Operator: Dept. of Nuclear Methods in
Agriculture, Univ. of Agriculture, Poznań.
60Co with the initial activity of 550,000 Ci
(Nordion International).
Dreams ....., should be in 1994.
51. List of irradiated food cleared for human
consumption in Poland
Product Purpose of irradiation Dose (kGy)
onions sprout inhibition 0.06
garlic sprout inhibition up to 0.15
spices decontamination up to 10
potatoes sprout inhibition up to 0.1
mushrooms shelf-life extention up to 2.5
