Roger Flanagan, George Norman - Risk Management And Construction (1993, Black...PhcVDuy2
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in machine learning using neural networks. While progress has been made, fully general human-level artificial intelligence remains an ongoing challenge being explored by researchers around the world.
Roger Flanagan, George Norman - Risk Management And Construction (1993, Black...PhcVDuy2
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in machine learning using neural networks. While progress has been made, fully general human-level artificial intelligence remains an ongoing challenge being explored by researchers around the world.
Shahd se ilaj || Australian Islamic Library || www.australianislamiclibrary.orgMuhammad Nabeel Musharraf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise has also been shown to increase gray matter volume in the brain and reduce risks for conditions like Alzheimer's and dementia.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
get ready for ielts reading pre intermediate a2+ (org)nguyễn mạnh nhân
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have led to AI systems that can perform complex tasks like image recognition and natural language processing.
The geography of Greece, with its mountains, natural harbors close to the coast, and limited arable land, both helped and hindered the development of independent city-states. Early peoples included the Minoans on Crete who traded extensively and built elaborate palaces, the Mycenaeans who established kingdoms and fought in the Trojan War, and the Dorians who later invaded from the north as the Mycenaeans weakened.
The document outlines the key beliefs and doctrines of Buddhism, including that Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was the founder. The Four Noble Truths teach that suffering exists, desires cause suffering, ending desires ends suffering, and following the eight-fold path can end desires. Following the eight-fold path can also lead to enlightenment and nirvana, the state of non-reincarnation. Buddhism was founded in India and spread to other parts of Asia by Emperor Asoka.
Hinduism believes in karma and reincarnation, where good behavior leads to moving up the caste system in the next life while bad behavior leads to moving down. All Hindus live within India's strict caste system of social classes, and those in the lowest "untouchable" caste face limited opportunities. Hindus also believe in reincarnation of universal spirit through rebirth and worship many gods that represent forms of one universal spirit. The ultimate goal in Hinduism is to achieve good karma and end the cycle of reincarnation by becoming one with the universal spirit.
The document outlines the basic beliefs and tenets of Islam, including that the Islamic holy book is the Quran, Islam originated in the Middle East with Muhammad as its founder, and the five pillars of Islam that followers adhere to are faith in Allah, prayer five times daily toward Mecca, alms, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. It also notes that Islam is monotheistic like Judaism and Christianity and identifies the three holy cities of Islam as Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
This document outlines some of the key beliefs of Christianity. It notes that Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament of the Bible, which also includes the Old Testament originating from Judaism. Some of the early doctrines developed by church councils include beliefs that Jesus is both God and God's son, that the Bible contains the word of God, and that Jesus died and rose from the dead, proving his divinity. Christianity incorporates the Trinity, which believes God exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The document also states that Christianity and Judaism were both founded in the Middle East and that Christians believe those who do not accept Jesus will not go to heaven
Judaism is based on the Torah, which contains the Ten Commandments and establishes Abraham as the founder who made a covenant with God allowing Hebrews to live in Canaan (now Israel) if they followed God. Most Jews today live in Israel, which they believe was the homeland given to them by God, or in North America. If another group tried to take away the land of Israel, Jews may fight to maintain control since they believe it was promised to them by God and is central to their religion.
The document discusses how early European exploration and colonization of North America resulted in cultural interactions between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples. It describes how the economies and societies of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies developed differently due to geographic and economic factors. Finally, it explains how slavery became entrenched in the Southern colonies due to the development of large plantation economies focused on exporting cash crops.
The New Deal was President Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression and attempted to address its causes through relief, recovery, and reform programs. It provided direct assistance to the poor through programs like the WPA and CCC that created jobs. Recovery programs aimed to stimulate the economy through subsidies and industry regulations. Reform established institutions like the FDIC and SEC to stabilize the financial system. The New Deal permanently expanded the role of the federal government and changed public attitudes toward its responsibilities.
The United States plays a role in confronting international terrorism through formulating domestic and international policies. It responds through heightened security measures at home such as the Patriot Act, as well as diplomatic and military initiatives abroad. The document discusses the U.S. role in and responses to terrorism on both domestic and international levels.
The government plays two key roles in influencing the US economy through monetary and fiscal policy decisions. The Federal Reserve controls monetary policy by adjusting the money supply to expand or contract economic growth. The President and Congress determine fiscal policy through taxation, spending, and regulation levels that further impact the economy.
Ronald Reagan's presidency prompted a reevaluation of the role and size of the federal government through his conservative policies like tax cuts, transferring responsibilities to state governments, and reducing regulations. Reagan advocated for smaller government and a stronger military, influencing American politics beyond his presidency through continued Republican successes and centrist policies under subsequent administrations.
Dramatic advances in technology over the past decades have significantly impacted many areas of American life. The U.S. space program demonstrated America's technological prowess, with Neil Armstrong becoming the first person to walk on the moon in 1969. Improved communication technologies like cable TV, computers, the internet, and cellular phones have enhanced access to information for both individuals and businesses. These advances have also changed work, education, and healthcare through telecommuting, online learning, and medical breakthroughs.
Immigration patterns to the United States have changed significantly over time, with more immigrants now coming from Asia and Latin America rather than Europe. Factors drawing immigrants include seeking political freedom, escaping war or devastation, and pursuing economic opportunities through available jobs. Current debates around immigration relate to its strain on government services, jobs, and border security. Immigrants contribute to American culture through food, arts, and filling important roles in the labor force, while also increasing diversity.
The U.S. Supreme Court has promoted equality and extended civil liberties by defining a constitutional right to privacy, affirming equal rights, and upholding the rule of law. The membership of the Court has included women and minorities such as Sandra Day O'Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Clarence Thomas.
Through mass protests like the March on Washington and Selma march, public opinion began to support civil rights legislation. Martin Luther King Jr. led these non-violent demonstrations to pressure Congress to pass laws. As public support grew due to the protests and King's speeches, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, outlawing various forms of discrimination.
Brown v. Board of Education was a 1954 Supreme Court decision that ruled racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine. Thurgood Marshall and Oliver Hill, both members of the NAACP Legal Defense Team, argued the case that led to this landmark ruling ending school segregation. However, Virginia responded with "Massive Resistance" tactics including closing some schools to resist integration for many years.
Shahd se ilaj || Australian Islamic Library || www.australianislamiclibrary.orgMuhammad Nabeel Musharraf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise has also been shown to increase gray matter volume in the brain and reduce risks for conditions like Alzheimer's and dementia.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
get ready for ielts reading pre intermediate a2+ (org)nguyễn mạnh nhân
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have led to AI systems that can perform complex tasks like image recognition and natural language processing.
The geography of Greece, with its mountains, natural harbors close to the coast, and limited arable land, both helped and hindered the development of independent city-states. Early peoples included the Minoans on Crete who traded extensively and built elaborate palaces, the Mycenaeans who established kingdoms and fought in the Trojan War, and the Dorians who later invaded from the north as the Mycenaeans weakened.
The document outlines the key beliefs and doctrines of Buddhism, including that Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was the founder. The Four Noble Truths teach that suffering exists, desires cause suffering, ending desires ends suffering, and following the eight-fold path can end desires. Following the eight-fold path can also lead to enlightenment and nirvana, the state of non-reincarnation. Buddhism was founded in India and spread to other parts of Asia by Emperor Asoka.
Hinduism believes in karma and reincarnation, where good behavior leads to moving up the caste system in the next life while bad behavior leads to moving down. All Hindus live within India's strict caste system of social classes, and those in the lowest "untouchable" caste face limited opportunities. Hindus also believe in reincarnation of universal spirit through rebirth and worship many gods that represent forms of one universal spirit. The ultimate goal in Hinduism is to achieve good karma and end the cycle of reincarnation by becoming one with the universal spirit.
The document outlines the basic beliefs and tenets of Islam, including that the Islamic holy book is the Quran, Islam originated in the Middle East with Muhammad as its founder, and the five pillars of Islam that followers adhere to are faith in Allah, prayer five times daily toward Mecca, alms, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. It also notes that Islam is monotheistic like Judaism and Christianity and identifies the three holy cities of Islam as Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
This document outlines some of the key beliefs of Christianity. It notes that Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament of the Bible, which also includes the Old Testament originating from Judaism. Some of the early doctrines developed by church councils include beliefs that Jesus is both God and God's son, that the Bible contains the word of God, and that Jesus died and rose from the dead, proving his divinity. Christianity incorporates the Trinity, which believes God exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The document also states that Christianity and Judaism were both founded in the Middle East and that Christians believe those who do not accept Jesus will not go to heaven
Judaism is based on the Torah, which contains the Ten Commandments and establishes Abraham as the founder who made a covenant with God allowing Hebrews to live in Canaan (now Israel) if they followed God. Most Jews today live in Israel, which they believe was the homeland given to them by God, or in North America. If another group tried to take away the land of Israel, Jews may fight to maintain control since they believe it was promised to them by God and is central to their religion.
The document discusses how early European exploration and colonization of North America resulted in cultural interactions between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples. It describes how the economies and societies of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies developed differently due to geographic and economic factors. Finally, it explains how slavery became entrenched in the Southern colonies due to the development of large plantation economies focused on exporting cash crops.
The New Deal was President Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression and attempted to address its causes through relief, recovery, and reform programs. It provided direct assistance to the poor through programs like the WPA and CCC that created jobs. Recovery programs aimed to stimulate the economy through subsidies and industry regulations. Reform established institutions like the FDIC and SEC to stabilize the financial system. The New Deal permanently expanded the role of the federal government and changed public attitudes toward its responsibilities.
The United States plays a role in confronting international terrorism through formulating domestic and international policies. It responds through heightened security measures at home such as the Patriot Act, as well as diplomatic and military initiatives abroad. The document discusses the U.S. role in and responses to terrorism on both domestic and international levels.
The government plays two key roles in influencing the US economy through monetary and fiscal policy decisions. The Federal Reserve controls monetary policy by adjusting the money supply to expand or contract economic growth. The President and Congress determine fiscal policy through taxation, spending, and regulation levels that further impact the economy.
Ronald Reagan's presidency prompted a reevaluation of the role and size of the federal government through his conservative policies like tax cuts, transferring responsibilities to state governments, and reducing regulations. Reagan advocated for smaller government and a stronger military, influencing American politics beyond his presidency through continued Republican successes and centrist policies under subsequent administrations.
Dramatic advances in technology over the past decades have significantly impacted many areas of American life. The U.S. space program demonstrated America's technological prowess, with Neil Armstrong becoming the first person to walk on the moon in 1969. Improved communication technologies like cable TV, computers, the internet, and cellular phones have enhanced access to information for both individuals and businesses. These advances have also changed work, education, and healthcare through telecommuting, online learning, and medical breakthroughs.
Immigration patterns to the United States have changed significantly over time, with more immigrants now coming from Asia and Latin America rather than Europe. Factors drawing immigrants include seeking political freedom, escaping war or devastation, and pursuing economic opportunities through available jobs. Current debates around immigration relate to its strain on government services, jobs, and border security. Immigrants contribute to American culture through food, arts, and filling important roles in the labor force, while also increasing diversity.
The U.S. Supreme Court has promoted equality and extended civil liberties by defining a constitutional right to privacy, affirming equal rights, and upholding the rule of law. The membership of the Court has included women and minorities such as Sandra Day O'Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Clarence Thomas.
Through mass protests like the March on Washington and Selma march, public opinion began to support civil rights legislation. Martin Luther King Jr. led these non-violent demonstrations to pressure Congress to pass laws. As public support grew due to the protests and King's speeches, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, outlawing various forms of discrimination.
Brown v. Board of Education was a 1954 Supreme Court decision that ruled racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine. Thurgood Marshall and Oliver Hill, both members of the NAACP Legal Defense Team, argued the case that led to this landmark ruling ending school segregation. However, Virginia responded with "Massive Resistance" tactics including closing some schools to resist integration for many years.
With the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the United States shifted its foreign policy goals from containment of communism to include increased foreign aid, support for human rights, and humanitarian aid. This period saw the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, the reunification of Germany, the breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, as well as American military involvement including the Gulf War, NATO actions in the Balkans, and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Internal problems and external pressures led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War. Ronald Reagan increased economic pressure on the USSR and his military buildup forced the Soviet Union to overspend on defense. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted reforms like glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, allowing more openness and some market reforms. As the Soviet Union dissolved, independent states emerged and the Cold War ended.
Millions of Americans served in the military during the Cold War, defending freedom in wars that were often unpopular, like the Vietnam War. These service members made great sacrifices for their country. Unlike World War II veterans, Vietnam veterans faced indifference or hostility upon returning home. It took years after the war for Americans to recognize and honor Vietnam veterans for their service and sacrifices, helping the country heal from the war's divisions. American military service was ultimately key to prevailing over the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
The document summarizes the key events of the Vietnam War from early US involvement to assist France to the withdrawal of US troops in 1973. It describes the US strategy of containment to prevent the spread of communism in Asia and the escalating troop commitments over the 1960s despite growing domestic opposition. While the US initially intended to contain communism, the conflict grew into a full-scale war that divided public opinion and weakened trust in government.