URINE GLUCOSE TESTS DESCRITION.

1. URINE
GLUCOSE
TEST
ISHANT BAMS 1ST YEAR (2021-22) , 01850859221

2. ABOUT URINE
CHEMICAL
EXAMINATION
Urine is a biological fluid whose analysis provides
valuable information about condition of the human
body and its metabolic state. Examination of urine
is one of the basic procedures in clinical chemistry
that significantly contributes to diagnostic process,
as well as monitoring of disease course and
effects of therapy. Analysis of urine employs a
wide array of techniques ranging from the simplest
colored and precipitating test-tube reactions to
very sophisticated and automated ones such as
flow cytometry and computer analysis of urinary
sediment.
2023 URINE GLUCOSE EXAMINATION 2

3. GLUCOSE
PROTEIN
KETONE,
UROBILINOGEN
BILE SALTS AND
PIGMENTS
Glucose is one of the major organic compound present in urine. Normally its
concentrations in urine is very low or zero. But in certain physical chemiscal and
pathological conditions excess amount of glucose may appear in urine indicating
“glucosuria”.
3
OTHER
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
PRESENT IN
URINE.

4. URINE GLUCOSE TEST
METHODS
BENEDICTS SOLUTION
TEST
Benedict’s test is a chemical test
that can be used to check for the
presence of reducing sugars in a
given analyte. Therefore, simple
carbohydrates containing a free
ketone or aldehyde functional
group can be identified with this
test. The test is based on
Benedict’s reagent (also known as
Benedict’s solution), which is a
complex mixture of sodium citrate,
sodium carbonate, and the
pentahydrate of copper(II) sulfate.
FEHLINGS SOLUTION TEST
One of the most popular tests used for the
estimation or detection of reducing sugars
and non-reducing sugars is the Fehling’s
test. The test developed by German chemist
H.C. Von Fehling is also used to
differentiate between ketone functional
groups and water-soluble carbohydrates.
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5. BENEDICT
SOLUTION
TEST
PRINCIPLE
When a reducing sugar is subjected to heat in the
presence of an alkali, it gets converted into an
enediol (which is a relatively powerful reducing
agent). Therefore, when reducing sugars are
present in the analyte, the cupric ions (Cu2+) in
Benedict’s reagent are reduced to cuprous ions
(Cu+). These cuprous ions form copper(I) oxide
with the reaction mixture and precipitate out as
a brick-red colored compound.
PROCEDURE
Preparation of Benedict’s Reagent
One litre of Benedict’s reagent can be prepared by mixing 17.3 grams of copper
sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), 100 grams of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and
173 grams of sodium citrate in distilled water (required quantity). Here,
the copper(II) sulfate acts as a source of Cu2+ ions, the sodium carbonate
provides an alkaline medium, and the sodium citrate forms complexes with the
Cu2+ ions. Distilled water is used as a solvent.
The purity of Benedict’s reagent can be checked by heating it in a test tube. No
changes in the blue colour of the solution upon heating is an implication that
the reagent is pure.
Testing for Reducing Sugars
One millilitre of the analyte sample must be mixed with 2 millilitres of
Benedict’s reagent and heated in a bath of boiling water for 3 to 5 minutes. The
development of a brick-red coloured precipitate of cuprous oxide confirms the
presence of reducing sugars in the analyte.
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6. BENEDICT SOLUTION TEST
IMAGES
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7. OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICT SOLUTION
TEST
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COLOUR OBSERVED SEMI-QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
BLUE NEGATIVE (0 gm/dL)
GREEN POSITIVE (0.5-1 gm/dL)
YELLOW 1.0-1.5 gm/dL
ORANGE 1.5-2.0 gm/dL
BRICK RED >2.0 gm/dL

8. FEHLINGS
SOLUTION
TEST
PRINCIPLE
Fehling’s test consists of a solution that is
usually prepared fresh in laboratories.
Initially, the solution exists in the form of two
separate solutions which are labelled as
Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B. Fehling’s A is a
solution containing copper(II) sulphate, which is
blue. Fehling’s B is a clear liquid consisting of
potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt) and a
strong alkali, usually sodium hydroxide. During
the test solutions A and B are prepared
individually and stored. The two solutions are
later mixed in equal volumes to get the final
Fehling solution which is deep blue. The deep
blue ingredient is the bis(tartrate) complex of
Cu2+. The tartrate tetra-anions serve as a
chelating agent in the solution.
PROCEDURE
•Add the sample in a dry test tube.
•Distilled water should be kept in another tube as
control.
•Fehling’s solution is to be added in the tubes.
•The tubes must be kept in water bath.
•Make observations and record if there is any
development of red precipitate.
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9. FEHLING SOLUTION TEST
IMAGES
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10. THANK YOU
ISHANT
BAMS 1ST YEAR
2021-22
01850859221
CHAUDHARY BRAHM PRAKASH AYURVED CHARAK
SANSTHAN, NEW DELHI
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