This document provides a summary of a talk given by Ellen Apperson Brown about untold stories from the Virginia frontier involving captivity, conflict, and competition. It discusses several captivity narratives from the region, including those of Mary Draper Ingles, Thomas Ingles, Peter Looney, and Charles Johnston. It also touches on early settlers like William Preston and William Ingles who competed for land, as well as sources of general conflict on the frontier like disputes over land and changing governments.
This document discusses the lives and contributions of several pioneering women in Southwest Virginia between 1750-1780, including their roles as wives, mothers, and historians who helped preserve the region's history. It explores some of the hardships these women faced, such as Native American attacks, long separations from their soldier husbands, and difficulty establishing homes on the expanding frontier. While these women's stories were rarely recorded at the time, modern historians have worked to reconstruct their lives and honor them for their resilience and importance in founding early American communities.
Untold stories from_the_virginia_frontier(2)Ellen Brown
This document provides a summary of a talk given by Ellen Apperson Brown about untold stories from the Virginia frontier involving captivity, conflict, and competition. It discusses several captivity narratives from the region, including those of Mary Draper Ingles, Thomas Ingles, Peter Looney, and Charles Johnston. It also touches on early settlers like William Preston and William Ingles who competed for land, as well as sources of general conflict on the frontier like disputes over land and changing governments.
Mary Draper Ingles found refuge in Bedford County, Virginia in the 1750s after being captured by Shawnee Native Americans and escaping. She was the mother of two sons still held captive. Records show she and her husband William Ingles later established a home called Ingleside in the area, and their descendants also named homes after their family. Historians still have many unanswered questions about Mary Ingles' ordeal and life after escaping captivity.
This document describes the author's journey in becoming a history detective by researching their family history. They were inspired by stories passed down through generations and a desire to learn more about their ancestors. Through graduate studies, work at historical sites, and extensive online research using tools like Ancestry.com, the author has been able to trace back over 15 generations of grandparents and locate hundreds of additional relatives. They propose organizing family history research efforts and sharing information to preserve local history.
What really happened at drapers meadowsEllen Brown
This document discusses and analyzes two 19th century accounts of the 1755 attack on Drapers Meadows where Mary Draper Ingles was captured. The accounts by John Ingles and Letitia Floyd differ in details such as the ages of Ingles' children and manner of deaths. Contemporary sources also provide some limited details but leave many questions unanswered. Historians debate how much of the legendary story of Mary Ingles can be verified given inconsistencies that trace back to these early family histories.
This document is an essay titled "For the Love of Virginia" by Ellen Apperson Brown. It discusses the author's Virginia ancestry on both sides of her family and how that ancestry has shaped her identity. The essay focuses on one of her ancestors, Mary Draper Ingles, who was captured by Shawnee Indians in 1755 and famously escaped after giving birth. The author shares stories she heard growing up about Mary and other Virginia ancestors, and memories of visiting family homes and relatives in Virginia as a child.
This document discusses an approach to writing history called the "three-legged stool" which involves reading, researching, and writing. It emphasizes the importance of combining inspiration, information, and imagination when crafting historical narratives. Inspiration can come from primary sources while information is found through secondary sources and research. Writing history well requires setting the scene, developing characters, and weaving them into relationships and plots. Both fiction and nonfiction works are discussed as examples to consider when teaching history through literature.
Here are some suggested chapter headings for a children's textbook covering Virginia history through the end of the 19th century:
1. Early Native Americans
2. Early Explorers - Spanish, English, French
3. Jamestown
4. Pocahontas
5. Bacon's Rebellion
6. Slavery Begins
7. The Lost Colony
8. Frontier Life
9. George Washington
10. Thomas Jefferson
11. War of 1812
12. Westward Expansion
13. Slavery Expands
14. Civil War Begins
15. Robert E. Lee
16. Stonewall Jackson
17. Life During the Civil War
18. Reconstruction
This document discusses the lives and contributions of several pioneering women in Southwest Virginia between 1750-1780, including their roles as wives, mothers, and historians who helped preserve the region's history. It explores some of the hardships these women faced, such as Native American attacks, long separations from their soldier husbands, and difficulty establishing homes on the expanding frontier. While these women's stories were rarely recorded at the time, modern historians have worked to reconstruct their lives and honor them for their resilience and importance in founding early American communities.
Untold stories from_the_virginia_frontier(2)Ellen Brown
This document provides a summary of a talk given by Ellen Apperson Brown about untold stories from the Virginia frontier involving captivity, conflict, and competition. It discusses several captivity narratives from the region, including those of Mary Draper Ingles, Thomas Ingles, Peter Looney, and Charles Johnston. It also touches on early settlers like William Preston and William Ingles who competed for land, as well as sources of general conflict on the frontier like disputes over land and changing governments.
Mary Draper Ingles found refuge in Bedford County, Virginia in the 1750s after being captured by Shawnee Native Americans and escaping. She was the mother of two sons still held captive. Records show she and her husband William Ingles later established a home called Ingleside in the area, and their descendants also named homes after their family. Historians still have many unanswered questions about Mary Ingles' ordeal and life after escaping captivity.
This document describes the author's journey in becoming a history detective by researching their family history. They were inspired by stories passed down through generations and a desire to learn more about their ancestors. Through graduate studies, work at historical sites, and extensive online research using tools like Ancestry.com, the author has been able to trace back over 15 generations of grandparents and locate hundreds of additional relatives. They propose organizing family history research efforts and sharing information to preserve local history.
What really happened at drapers meadowsEllen Brown
This document discusses and analyzes two 19th century accounts of the 1755 attack on Drapers Meadows where Mary Draper Ingles was captured. The accounts by John Ingles and Letitia Floyd differ in details such as the ages of Ingles' children and manner of deaths. Contemporary sources also provide some limited details but leave many questions unanswered. Historians debate how much of the legendary story of Mary Ingles can be verified given inconsistencies that trace back to these early family histories.
This document is an essay titled "For the Love of Virginia" by Ellen Apperson Brown. It discusses the author's Virginia ancestry on both sides of her family and how that ancestry has shaped her identity. The essay focuses on one of her ancestors, Mary Draper Ingles, who was captured by Shawnee Indians in 1755 and famously escaped after giving birth. The author shares stories she heard growing up about Mary and other Virginia ancestors, and memories of visiting family homes and relatives in Virginia as a child.
This document discusses an approach to writing history called the "three-legged stool" which involves reading, researching, and writing. It emphasizes the importance of combining inspiration, information, and imagination when crafting historical narratives. Inspiration can come from primary sources while information is found through secondary sources and research. Writing history well requires setting the scene, developing characters, and weaving them into relationships and plots. Both fiction and nonfiction works are discussed as examples to consider when teaching history through literature.
Here are some suggested chapter headings for a children's textbook covering Virginia history through the end of the 19th century:
1. Early Native Americans
2. Early Explorers - Spanish, English, French
3. Jamestown
4. Pocahontas
5. Bacon's Rebellion
6. Slavery Begins
7. The Lost Colony
8. Frontier Life
9. George Washington
10. Thomas Jefferson
11. War of 1812
12. Westward Expansion
13. Slavery Expands
14. Civil War Begins
15. Robert E. Lee
16. Stonewall Jackson
17. Life During the Civil War
18. Reconstruction
John S. Apperson Jr. (1878-1963) was a conservationist who worked to protect the islands of Lake George through creative projects like rip-rapping shores, evicting squatters, photography, and legislation. Over his lifetime he advocated for creating a Lake George Park, established a "Preservationist Community" in Huddle Bay, and gifted Dome Island to the Nature Conservancy, leaving a legacy of protecting the islands one rock at a time.
This document summarizes several books about the exploration and settlement of Virginia and the American frontier. It describes books about figures like George Rogers Clark, Daniel Boone, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, Andrew Lewis, and Tecumseh. The books discuss expeditions, battles, captivity narratives, and biographies involving pioneers, Native Americans, and events that shaped the early history of Virginia and the United States.
Four young men - Andrew Lewis, William Preston, William Ingles, and John Draper - came of age on the Virginia frontier in the mid-1700s. They endured attacks from Native American tribes, including the capture of some of their family members. They gained military experience defending the frontier and went on to have influential roles in Virginia politics and the establishment of new counties. The hardships and losses suffered by these pioneers on the Virginia frontier shaped the region's development.
The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina, were famous 19th century abolitionists who came from a slaveholding family but spoke out against slavery. They became the first women to tour and speak to audiences on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Angelina wrote an influential pamphlet calling on Christian women in the South to oppose slavery, though it was publicly burned in their hometown of Charleston. Both sisters were pioneers for women's rights and feminist ideas within the abolitionist movement.
Sarah and Angelina Grimké - Sisters Against SlaveryBarbara Phillips
The sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké were born into a wealthy slave-owning family in South Carolina in the early 19th century. Though expected to lead privileged lives as southern belles, they rejected slavery and moved north. They became passionate abolitionists and women's rights activists, publishing influential writings, speaking at rallies, and helping to found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Throughout their lives they faced severe criticism and threats but continued their activism until the end of the Civil War and beyond. They played a pivotal role in the abolitionist movement in America.
Here are the key details about National Register listings in Los Angeles from the Wikipedia article:
- There are over 1,600 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California.
- This includes over 1,000 individual properties either listed locally or as contributors to historic districts.
- Some of the notable listings include the Los Angeles Theatre, Bradbury Building, Gamble House, Watts Towers, and El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument.
- Districts include areas like Angelino Heights, West Adams, and South Park. These districts contain hundreds of contributing properties between them.
- Listings represent architectural styles from the Spanish/Mexican era to mid-
Lionel Barrymore (1878-1954) was a member of the theater’s “royal family” of Barrymores – Lionel, Ethel and John.
His parents were Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Drew, reigning stage stars of their day that came to America in the 1870’s and performed Hamlet in New York, also performing in London often.
While Lionel’s parents traveled to their performances, the three children lived with their grandmother in various great houses in Philadelphia.
All of the children were well educated in the arts and theatre.
In 1938, at the age of 60, Lionel purchased 22 acres in Browns Canyon at 11050 Independence Ave, Chatsworth.
Lionel was Honorary Mayor of Chatsworth in 1952, and died of a heart attack in 1954 at the age of 76.
Lionel is the great-uncle of Drew Barrymore, who had a breakout role as a child actress in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), which had scenes filmed in nearby Porter Ranch.
Immigration stations were established at Ellis Island in New York and Angel Island in California to process immigrants entering the United States. Over 12 million immigrants entered through Ellis Island from 1892 to 1954, while Angel Island served as the primary immigration inspection station for the West Coast from 1910 to 1940. The document then provides brief overviews of some of the major cultural immigrant groups that came to America, including the Irish, Chinese, Mexicans, and German Jews. It concludes with suggestions for how libraries can recognize cultural diversity through programs and resources related to immigration history.
March 2012: Thomas Alexander and Charlotte Parke Alexander: PioneersWesterville Library
Thomas Alexander and Charlotte Parke Alexander were early pioneers in Westerville, Ohio. Thomas ran a foundry and barn where he hid and transported runaway slaves as part of the Underground Railroad. Their son John later served in the Civil War. Dr. Isaac Newton Custer was a Civil War veteran and dentist in Westerville who was devoted to patriotism. His daughter Dacia Custer Shoemaker worked to preserve the Benjamin Hanby House and wrote about his life. Joseph Caulker, a student from Sierra Leone, attended Otterbein University but died in an accident; however, he began a family legacy of relatives attending the school.
The Hill-Palmer House, named to the National Register of Historic Places as the only remaining homestead cottage and surrounding gardens in the San Fernando Valley, was built about 1911 by James David and Rhoda Jane Enlow Hill.
In 1974 it was named Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #133, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Located within the Homestead Acre in Chatsworth Park South, the property is owned by the Los Angeles City Department of Recreation and Parks, with the Chatsworth Historical Society as conservators.
The house, gardens and Chatsworth Museum is open for tours from 1-4 p.m. the first Sunday of every month.
Topics to be covered:
1860’s to 1886 – The Hill family travels from Arkansas to Visalia Ca. to Los Angeles to Chatsworth
Family photographs
1886-1940’s The homesteading years
1950-60’s – the sale of their homestead property to Henry Berkenkamp, Aqua Sierra, and the Roy Roger’s Sports Center
1970’s – Chatsworth Historical Society conservators
The document summarizes the 2nd grade curriculum at McLendon Elementary School, which explores important African American figures throughout history. The students learn about abolitionists, artists, authors, inventors, athletes, activists, and political leaders. The curriculum aims to celebrate African American contributions and acknowledge the diversity of the students' backgrounds. It provides brief biographies of several influential African Americans, including Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, George Washington Carver, Jesse Owens, Ella Fitzgerald, Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou, and Barack Obama.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author and abolitionist born in 1811 in Connecticut. She came from a family of reformers and received an unusually good education for a woman at the time from her sister Catharine who ran the Hartford Female Seminary. Stowe witnessed the violence of slavery firsthand while living in Cincinnati, Ohio and began advocating for abolition. She wrote the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1850 while living in Maine, which energized the abolition movement and increased tensions preceding the Civil War. Stowe used her writing talent and fame to continue advocating for the abolition of slavery and equal treatment of African Americans.
History 101 The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln by Sheryll CastleberrySheryllCastleberry
Abraham Lincoln had a lifelong opposition to the institution of slavery and fought against its expansion throughout his political career. He opposed the Mexican-American War and slave power, fought to ban slavery in new territories, issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in Confederate states, and pressured border states to end slavery. Lincoln viewed the Confederacy as defending slavery while the Union fought to end it. His early life was one of poverty and self-education before he became a lawyer and politician in Illinois. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846 and unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate in 1858 while gaining national attention for his debates with Stephen Douglas on the issue of slavery.
The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington IrvingJerica Pelaez
Washington Irving was an American author born in 1783 in New York City. He is most famous for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." In "The Devil and Tom Walker," Irving uses allegory and symbols to tell a moral tale about a miserly man named Tom Walker who makes a deal with the Devil, represented by the character Old Scratch, in exchange for wealth and possessions. Irving criticizes the sin of greed through the story's characters and their interactions with the supernatural figure of the Devil in the forest.
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in 1820s Maryland but escaped in 1849, becoming a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad who made over 13 missions to rescue over 300 slaves. She helped guide slaves to freedom using secret codes and routes, and once pointed a gun at a fugitive slave wanting to turn back to ensure he didn't expose the operation. Tubman later worked as a nurse and spy for the Union Army during the Civil War, and spent her later years advocating for women's suffrage before passing away in 1913.
The document provides an overview and analysis of key elements in Mohsin Hamid's novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist". It summarizes the 12 chapters of the novel, highlighting the main themes and narrative techniques used in each chapter such as the introduction of characters, settings, and Changez's shifting perspectives on America and Pakistan. The document also profiles the main characters and analyzes important quotes and concepts from the novel such as "fundamentalism", the purpose of the narrative style using a dramatic monologue, and Changez's growing disillusionment with America.
Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African American poet from Boston who was the first black person published in the Americas in 1773, although it was in England, not the United States. Her poems reflected her religious upbringing and celebrated America and Christian salvation, though one poem alluded to the injustice of slavery by saying black people like Cain could be refined.
The document highlights several important African American figures born on Valentine's Day including Frederick Douglass, Gregory Hines, Moneta Sleet Jr., Richard Allen, Charlotta Bass, and Oliver Harrington. It provides brief biographies on each person's accomplishments and contributions in fields such as abolitionism, dance, photography, religion, journalism, and cartooning. All of the individuals played significant roles in fighting for civil rights and racial equality.
Kindred follows Dana, a 26-year-old African American woman living in 1976 California who finds herself transported back in time to 1815 Maryland. There she meets her ancestors, including Rufus, a spoiled white slave owner, and Alice, a proud black freewoman he forces into slavery. Dana's trips to the past become longer as she learns more about the horrors slaves endured. The themes explored include discrimination, violence, race, and the effects of time travel on family histories.
Mary finds a home in Bedford...A chapter in the life of Mary Draper InglesEllen Brown
Mary Draper Ingles was taken captive by Shawnee Native Americans in 1755 after their attack on Draper's Meadow in Virginia (now Blacksburg, VA). She escaped after a grueling 10-month journey and found refuge in Bedford County, Virginia with her husband William Ingles c. 1756-1759. They likely named their Bedford County home "Ingleside" as later descendants also named their homes. Mary and William had several children, though the fates of some are unknown such as what happened to their son George. Mary endured great hardship but helped establish the Ingles family lineage that continues today in southwest Virginia.
John S. Apperson Jr. (1878-1963) was a conservationist who worked to protect the islands of Lake George through creative projects like rip-rapping shores, evicting squatters, photography, and legislation. Over his lifetime he advocated for creating a Lake George Park, established a "Preservationist Community" in Huddle Bay, and gifted Dome Island to the Nature Conservancy, leaving a legacy of protecting the islands one rock at a time.
This document summarizes several books about the exploration and settlement of Virginia and the American frontier. It describes books about figures like George Rogers Clark, Daniel Boone, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, Andrew Lewis, and Tecumseh. The books discuss expeditions, battles, captivity narratives, and biographies involving pioneers, Native Americans, and events that shaped the early history of Virginia and the United States.
Four young men - Andrew Lewis, William Preston, William Ingles, and John Draper - came of age on the Virginia frontier in the mid-1700s. They endured attacks from Native American tribes, including the capture of some of their family members. They gained military experience defending the frontier and went on to have influential roles in Virginia politics and the establishment of new counties. The hardships and losses suffered by these pioneers on the Virginia frontier shaped the region's development.
The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina, were famous 19th century abolitionists who came from a slaveholding family but spoke out against slavery. They became the first women to tour and speak to audiences on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Angelina wrote an influential pamphlet calling on Christian women in the South to oppose slavery, though it was publicly burned in their hometown of Charleston. Both sisters were pioneers for women's rights and feminist ideas within the abolitionist movement.
Sarah and Angelina Grimké - Sisters Against SlaveryBarbara Phillips
The sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké were born into a wealthy slave-owning family in South Carolina in the early 19th century. Though expected to lead privileged lives as southern belles, they rejected slavery and moved north. They became passionate abolitionists and women's rights activists, publishing influential writings, speaking at rallies, and helping to found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Throughout their lives they faced severe criticism and threats but continued their activism until the end of the Civil War and beyond. They played a pivotal role in the abolitionist movement in America.
Here are the key details about National Register listings in Los Angeles from the Wikipedia article:
- There are over 1,600 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California.
- This includes over 1,000 individual properties either listed locally or as contributors to historic districts.
- Some of the notable listings include the Los Angeles Theatre, Bradbury Building, Gamble House, Watts Towers, and El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument.
- Districts include areas like Angelino Heights, West Adams, and South Park. These districts contain hundreds of contributing properties between them.
- Listings represent architectural styles from the Spanish/Mexican era to mid-
Lionel Barrymore (1878-1954) was a member of the theater’s “royal family” of Barrymores – Lionel, Ethel and John.
His parents were Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Drew, reigning stage stars of their day that came to America in the 1870’s and performed Hamlet in New York, also performing in London often.
While Lionel’s parents traveled to their performances, the three children lived with their grandmother in various great houses in Philadelphia.
All of the children were well educated in the arts and theatre.
In 1938, at the age of 60, Lionel purchased 22 acres in Browns Canyon at 11050 Independence Ave, Chatsworth.
Lionel was Honorary Mayor of Chatsworth in 1952, and died of a heart attack in 1954 at the age of 76.
Lionel is the great-uncle of Drew Barrymore, who had a breakout role as a child actress in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), which had scenes filmed in nearby Porter Ranch.
Immigration stations were established at Ellis Island in New York and Angel Island in California to process immigrants entering the United States. Over 12 million immigrants entered through Ellis Island from 1892 to 1954, while Angel Island served as the primary immigration inspection station for the West Coast from 1910 to 1940. The document then provides brief overviews of some of the major cultural immigrant groups that came to America, including the Irish, Chinese, Mexicans, and German Jews. It concludes with suggestions for how libraries can recognize cultural diversity through programs and resources related to immigration history.
March 2012: Thomas Alexander and Charlotte Parke Alexander: PioneersWesterville Library
Thomas Alexander and Charlotte Parke Alexander were early pioneers in Westerville, Ohio. Thomas ran a foundry and barn where he hid and transported runaway slaves as part of the Underground Railroad. Their son John later served in the Civil War. Dr. Isaac Newton Custer was a Civil War veteran and dentist in Westerville who was devoted to patriotism. His daughter Dacia Custer Shoemaker worked to preserve the Benjamin Hanby House and wrote about his life. Joseph Caulker, a student from Sierra Leone, attended Otterbein University but died in an accident; however, he began a family legacy of relatives attending the school.
The Hill-Palmer House, named to the National Register of Historic Places as the only remaining homestead cottage and surrounding gardens in the San Fernando Valley, was built about 1911 by James David and Rhoda Jane Enlow Hill.
In 1974 it was named Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #133, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Located within the Homestead Acre in Chatsworth Park South, the property is owned by the Los Angeles City Department of Recreation and Parks, with the Chatsworth Historical Society as conservators.
The house, gardens and Chatsworth Museum is open for tours from 1-4 p.m. the first Sunday of every month.
Topics to be covered:
1860’s to 1886 – The Hill family travels from Arkansas to Visalia Ca. to Los Angeles to Chatsworth
Family photographs
1886-1940’s The homesteading years
1950-60’s – the sale of their homestead property to Henry Berkenkamp, Aqua Sierra, and the Roy Roger’s Sports Center
1970’s – Chatsworth Historical Society conservators
The document summarizes the 2nd grade curriculum at McLendon Elementary School, which explores important African American figures throughout history. The students learn about abolitionists, artists, authors, inventors, athletes, activists, and political leaders. The curriculum aims to celebrate African American contributions and acknowledge the diversity of the students' backgrounds. It provides brief biographies of several influential African Americans, including Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, George Washington Carver, Jesse Owens, Ella Fitzgerald, Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou, and Barack Obama.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author and abolitionist born in 1811 in Connecticut. She came from a family of reformers and received an unusually good education for a woman at the time from her sister Catharine who ran the Hartford Female Seminary. Stowe witnessed the violence of slavery firsthand while living in Cincinnati, Ohio and began advocating for abolition. She wrote the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1850 while living in Maine, which energized the abolition movement and increased tensions preceding the Civil War. Stowe used her writing talent and fame to continue advocating for the abolition of slavery and equal treatment of African Americans.
History 101 The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln by Sheryll CastleberrySheryllCastleberry
Abraham Lincoln had a lifelong opposition to the institution of slavery and fought against its expansion throughout his political career. He opposed the Mexican-American War and slave power, fought to ban slavery in new territories, issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in Confederate states, and pressured border states to end slavery. Lincoln viewed the Confederacy as defending slavery while the Union fought to end it. His early life was one of poverty and self-education before he became a lawyer and politician in Illinois. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846 and unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate in 1858 while gaining national attention for his debates with Stephen Douglas on the issue of slavery.
The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington IrvingJerica Pelaez
Washington Irving was an American author born in 1783 in New York City. He is most famous for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." In "The Devil and Tom Walker," Irving uses allegory and symbols to tell a moral tale about a miserly man named Tom Walker who makes a deal with the Devil, represented by the character Old Scratch, in exchange for wealth and possessions. Irving criticizes the sin of greed through the story's characters and their interactions with the supernatural figure of the Devil in the forest.
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in 1820s Maryland but escaped in 1849, becoming a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad who made over 13 missions to rescue over 300 slaves. She helped guide slaves to freedom using secret codes and routes, and once pointed a gun at a fugitive slave wanting to turn back to ensure he didn't expose the operation. Tubman later worked as a nurse and spy for the Union Army during the Civil War, and spent her later years advocating for women's suffrage before passing away in 1913.
The document provides an overview and analysis of key elements in Mohsin Hamid's novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist". It summarizes the 12 chapters of the novel, highlighting the main themes and narrative techniques used in each chapter such as the introduction of characters, settings, and Changez's shifting perspectives on America and Pakistan. The document also profiles the main characters and analyzes important quotes and concepts from the novel such as "fundamentalism", the purpose of the narrative style using a dramatic monologue, and Changez's growing disillusionment with America.
Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African American poet from Boston who was the first black person published in the Americas in 1773, although it was in England, not the United States. Her poems reflected her religious upbringing and celebrated America and Christian salvation, though one poem alluded to the injustice of slavery by saying black people like Cain could be refined.
The document highlights several important African American figures born on Valentine's Day including Frederick Douglass, Gregory Hines, Moneta Sleet Jr., Richard Allen, Charlotta Bass, and Oliver Harrington. It provides brief biographies on each person's accomplishments and contributions in fields such as abolitionism, dance, photography, religion, journalism, and cartooning. All of the individuals played significant roles in fighting for civil rights and racial equality.
Kindred follows Dana, a 26-year-old African American woman living in 1976 California who finds herself transported back in time to 1815 Maryland. There she meets her ancestors, including Rufus, a spoiled white slave owner, and Alice, a proud black freewoman he forces into slavery. Dana's trips to the past become longer as she learns more about the horrors slaves endured. The themes explored include discrimination, violence, race, and the effects of time travel on family histories.
Mary finds a home in Bedford...A chapter in the life of Mary Draper InglesEllen Brown
Mary Draper Ingles was taken captive by Shawnee Native Americans in 1755 after their attack on Draper's Meadow in Virginia (now Blacksburg, VA). She escaped after a grueling 10-month journey and found refuge in Bedford County, Virginia with her husband William Ingles c. 1756-1759. They likely named their Bedford County home "Ingleside" as later descendants also named their homes. Mary and William had several children, though the fates of some are unknown such as what happened to their son George. Mary endured great hardship but helped establish the Ingles family lineage that continues today in southwest Virginia.
Jane Austen was an English novelist in the late 18th/early 19th century known for her works of romantic fiction set among the gentry class. She began writing at a young age and produced major works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma between 1811-1816. Though she lived a relatively short life from 1775-1817 and never married, she drew from her close family relationships and access to her father's library to become a widely read author. One of her early works was The History of England, a burlesque written at age 15 that poked fun at traditional histories through exaggerated accounts and fictional sources.
POEMS by Emily Dickinson· 1830-1886; one of the two most impor.docxstilliegeorgiana
POEMS by Emily Dickinson
· 1830-1886; one of the two most important figures (the other being Walt Whitman) in establishing the specific identity of AMERICAN POETRY (especially MODERN American poetry)
· from a prominent Amherst, Massachusetts, family (father a lawyer)
· After school (Amherst Academy and a year at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), she lived as a RECLUSE, almost never leaving the Dickinson family home.
· She remained close with her family, particularly her brother, and maintained several “friendships” via correspondences, most notably with the Boston writer and critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who eventually—POSTHUMOUSLY!—published her poems with the help of another of Emily’s friends, Mabel Todd Loomis.
· Only 7 of her poems were published—anonymously!—during her lifetime. THERE ARE 1,775! Not all of them reached print until 1955!
· eccentric punctuation: especially DASHES indicating emphasis and interruption
· influenced by the English Romantics, especially Keats, and the early Victorian poets, especially Elizabeth Barrett Browning
· a mixture of death, uncompromising truth, and playful humor
· ROMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS:
· sentimental melancholy
· importance/exceptionality of the poet
· the failure of knowledge/reason
· fascination with the grotesque
· mystical imagery
· unorthodox religious interpretation/beliefs
· wish to transcend worldly cares/priorities
· ROMANTIC INVERSIONS: American “Dark” Romanticism (according to literary critic Leslie Fiedler)
· disturbingly falling short of salvation (uncertainty or damnation, etc.)
· mocking the false comforts that sweet, picturesque imagery might provide
QUESTION #11:
Citing examples from her poems, discuss Dickinson’s Dark Romanticism. (3 paragraphs)
Walt Whitman
· 1819-1892; born in West Hills, Long Island, New York
· revolutionized American poetry: the long line, “catalogs,” frank subject matter, “free verse”
· responded to the call in Emerson’s “The Poet” (1842) for an all-encompassing American bard
· persona characteristics: amoral (even seeming to fatalistically excuse the atrocities associated with Manifest Destiny and colonially expansionist drive); representatively omnipresent (Transcendentally pantheistic); “American” universality and commonality represented sexually (as metaphor)
QUESTION #12:
How does both the form of Whitman’s poem and the imagery it uses reflect Emerson’s Transcendentalist call for an “American” poet?
Rebecca Harding Davis
· 1831-1910; born in Washington, Pennsylvania
· had a long career as both a fiction writer and a journalist
· “Life in the Iron-Mills” (1861) made her a literary celebrity; an early American literary example of combining REALISM, NATURALISM, and MUCK-RAKING
REALISM:
· mainly a reaction against the aesthetics and ideals of Romanticism, roughly surfacing as a consistent literary movement in the mid-19th century
· focus: a fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature (verisimilitude)
· focus ...
This document provides an overview of the Romantic Age in literature from 1780-1830. Some of the key events and ideas discussed include the influence of the French Revolution on English society and politics, the rise of social reform movements calling for greater representation, and the works of major Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Coleridge. It also examines the intellectual contexts of the time including a focus on emotions, the irrational, and the imagination as an escape from reality. Specific Romantic genres like gothic novels and major essayists/writers of the period are outlined as well.
Covers important cultural developments in the United States up until the mid-nineteenth century. Discusses the cultural contributions of Daniel Boone, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Transcendentalists, Joseph Smith and the Mormons, and abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison.
This document provides an overview of major American literature movements and authors from the 17th century to the modernism era of the early 20th century. It discusses Native American oral traditions, the religious works of early Puritan settlers, and the emergence of genres like histories, autobiographies and poems. Key eras covered include the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism and Modernism. Major modernist authors profiled briefly are Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. The document also mentions poets Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, and Carl Sandburg, as well as the Harlem Renaissance literary movement
This document introduces a presentation by Group 1 on early American literature to 1700. It lists the group members and instructor. It then summarizes the main periods, authors, works, and themes of early American literature, which began as linked to English literature. The periods included the Virginia colony and Puritanism. Major authors from 1600-1700 were Captain John Smith, William Bradford, and Anne Bradstreet. Main works included Of Plymouth Plantation and A Model of Christian Charity. Themes focused on nature, exploration, religious life, and colonial life.
Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in 1835, was a famous American author best known for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain drew from his childhood experiences growing up on the Mississippi River to write these classics that have brought enjoyment to millions of readers. While Tom Sawyer was well received when published in 1876, Huckleberry Finn faced more controversy due to its portrayal of slavery and racism in the pre-Civil War American South. Both novels provide a glimpse into life during that time period and comment on issues of freedom and social justice that still resonate today.
Bronze Memorial Plaques - How Effective Layout and Balanced Design Improves R...Impact Architectural Signs
Impact Signs created bronze plaques for the John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park. Memorial Park that tell the story of the Tulsa Race Riots of 1921.
“Perhaps the first thing we need to do as a nation and as individual members of society is confront our past and see it for what it is, " John Hope Franklin. The story told in the bronze plaques helps to do that. It creates a permanent historical display, to tell the story, and help to acknowledge the truth.
We worked under the guidance of world renowned bronze sculptor, Ed Dwight. The plaques tell the detailed histroy of the event, in story format. This presentations shows the use typography, balanced plaque design and layout, for enhanced readability and flow.
Plaques designed by Jesus Perez of Impact Signs
This document provides an overview of early American literature from indigenous oral traditions to the colonial period. It discusses how Native American tribes had rich oral traditions featuring reverence for nature but no written works. When Europeans arrived, they encountered over 500 indigenous languages and cultures. The literature of exploration is also examined, referencing works by Christopher Columbus and John Smith. John Smith's account of Pocahontas is described as being ingrained in the American historical imagination. Finally, the document outlines the major periods of American literature.
[An updated version with more information on the forces, especially the Canadians.]
Two centuries ago, Dryden militia crossed the Niagara River into Canada in one of the early battles of this often forgotten war. Thomas Jefferson was wrong: conquering Canada was more than "a mere matter of marching". The attempt on Queenston failed, though British General Brock died in its defense.
Come learn about the perilous adventures of Dryden men and the state and national political whirlpools that were more hazardous than the Niagara River itself. Meet Governor Daniel Tompkins, namesake of our county, as he fought to keep New York State together in difficult times.
We like to remember "the rockets' red glare", our surprisingly good performance at sea, and Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans after the peace treaty was signed. We also need to remember our town's role in the war, even when it didn't go so well.
The document provides an agenda and overview for a field experience at New Windsor Cantonment teaching about the Hudson Valley during the Revolutionary War era. It includes educational resources, demographics of 18th century America before the Revolution, details on government and daily life at the time. Biographies are given for several individuals from the period, including Henry Kneeland, Oliver Cromwell, Deborah Sampson, and Sarah Osborn Benjamin. Artifacts from the time like a Spanish dollar, Chinese porcelain, iron ax, musket, and stays are also briefly described.
The document discusses the rise of secular populist music in the 19th century, including minstrelsy, dance music, glee clubs, and patriotic songs. Key developments included the commercialization of folk music, the popularity of minstrel shows featuring racial stereotypes, and the use of music to express nationalist sentiments during the Civil War. Popular composers and musical styles emerged that blended European traditions with American folk influences.
The document provides background information on early colonial America, including:
1) The founding and struggles of the first English colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, including the "starving times" where many colonists died.
2) How tobacco became a profitable cash crop in Virginia and shaped its economy and society, leading to the use of indentured servants and later slaves.
3) The founding and development of other English colonies including Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia in the 1600s-1700s.
4) Conflicts between colonists and Native Americans over land, including Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.
5) The emergence of slavery as the labor system of the
The document provides background information on author Mark Twain and analyzes his famous novel "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". It outlines Twain's life, writings, themes in Huck Finn including racism and slavery, motifs in the book, and the controversy around its use of racial slurs. The summary notes that Twain had an adventurous life along the Mississippi River that inspired his writing, Huck Finn is considered an American classic though controversial for its portrayal of slavery, and Twain remains one of the most renowned authors.
1) In 1800, an enslaved blacksmith named Gabriel led a planned rebellion of slaves in Richmond, Virginia aimed at securing freedom and independence.
2) Gabriel and over 25 other conspirators were captured and hanged after the plot was betrayed by another slave who informed authorities.
3) The failed rebellion increased racial tensions and led to new laws restricting the rights of slaves in Virginia, though it also inspired future rebellions and reinforced the desire for liberation among the enslaved population.
Similar to Untold stories from_the_virginia_frontier (20)
Ellen Apperson Brown gave a talk at her alma mater, Sweet Briar College, talking about her book, John Apperson;s Lake George. She also gave a biographical sketch of her own life and education.
Celebrating the arts - A Silent Auction at Grace Episcopal Church, Asheville, NCEllen Brown
This is a catalog of items being offered for sale at a Silent Auction, with final bidding to be held on Sunday evening, February 26th, 2017, at Grace Episcopal Church, in Asheville, NC. Anyone interested in bidding should come by the church and record you bid in person, or call the church 828-254-2242, and let us help you record your bids. We hope to schedule another auction in the summer, and would welcome any items you may have, especially art and antiques! Proceeds from this event will support outreach.
Preserving Northwest Bay, at Lake GeorgeEllen Brown
Thomas Jefferson once described Lake George, New York, as the most beautiful lake in the world. In the twentieth century, there was in intense struggle to decide whether the lake would retain its natural beauty or be developed for private and commercial interests. Here is a short version of the story.
Community history projects what i do...Ellen Brown
Ellen Apperson Brown runs a business called Community Archives of SWVA that focuses on collecting, researching, writing, and publishing local history. She has done many projects over the years including oral histories, scanning records, writing articles and books, and teaching workshops. She hopes to partner with local museums and historical societies to expand her work and make historical information more accessible online.
John Apperson fell in love with Lake George and began working to protect and preserve the islands after nearly drowning in a canoe accident in 1908. He adopted and repaired West Dollar Island, and over time expanded his efforts to advocate for the entire Adirondack Park region. Apperson photographed erosion issues, removed illegal structures, befriended politicians like FDR to support conservation causes, and founded the New York Forest Preserve Association. His crowning achievement was donating Dome Island, which he had purchased and protected, to the Nature Conservancy in 1956 to ensure its permanent preservation.
A 21st century Voyage of Discovery...to Eagle RockEllen Brown
A slide show prepared for a history conference on the general topic of transportation...this is the story of an Episcopal Church ( in Fincastle) that started a renovation project of a mission church ( in Eagle Rock) and of the wonderful community they found there... It offers a nice example of collecting oral histories, encouraging preservation of a nearly abandoned building, and offers inspiration for re-purposing and reviving rural communities. ...Also touches on youth ministry, segregation, integration, canals, railroads, and nineteenth century industrial development.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The Long Way Home, a play about Mary Draper Ingles (1732-1815), was first performed in Radford, Virginia, in 1971. Here is a program from 1976, with signatures and notes from cast members, addressed to my great aunt Mary Draper Ingles, who was about 98 years old that year.
In 2010, the Roanoke Kiwanis Club celebrated its ninetieth anniversary. This is a program published for that occasion, with a history prepared by Ellen A. Brown. Several pages of advertisements have been omitted because of size constraints
This document summarizes the history of a church in Botetourt County, Virginia from its founding in the 1770s through the early 2000s. It discusses the church's origins among dissenting Presbyterians and Episcopalians, key events and individuals that shaped its growth and challenges over time, including the French and Indian War, American Revolution, and decline in the late 18th/early 19th centuries. The summary also notes a period of renewed life and vitality in the 1960s and outlines next steps to continue documenting the church's history since 1970.
In the 1930's, when many people across the nation were suffering from the devastating drought, John Apperson and his new organization, the Forest Preserve Association, decided to publish a pamphlet to explain the bad agricultural practices that resulted in man-made soil erosion. About 30,000 copies were distributed nationwide.
This magazine was published by the Conservation Department in New York State and shows the collaboration between John S. Apperson, Jr. and Warwick S. Carpenter, then Secretary for the Conservation Commission.
This document summarizes the history of a church in Botetourt County, Virginia from its founding in the 1770s through the early 2000s. It discusses the church's origins among dissenting Presbyterians and Episcopalians, key events and people that shaped its growth and challenges over time, including the French and Indian War, American Revolution, and decline in the late 18th/early 19th centuries. The summary also notes a period of renewed life and vitality in the 1960s and outlines next steps to continue documenting the church's history since 1970.
VES was a school that many alumni have fond memories of from their childhood. They remember their teachers, classmates and experiences there with joy. While the school building itself no longer exists, the memories and friendships formed during one's time at VES continue to shape former students.
VES was a school that many alumni have fond memories of from their childhood. They remember their teachers, classmates and experiences there with joy. While the school building itself no longer exists, the memories and friendships formed during one's time at VES continue to shape former students.
Kirk, Ellen, Kate and David Brown...our family moved from Lynchburg, Virginia to Alexandria, Virginia, in the summer of 1989. Here are some images that capture those years...
1. Untold Stories From the Virginia Frontier:
Captivity, Conflict, & Competition
by Ellen Apperson Brown
2. Original Art Work…
Special thanks to artists from Christiansburg Elementary School
Quotes from thank you letters…
“The part of the story I liked was when the little boy shot the rifle at a wolf
and killed one and the other two ran away…”
“My favorite part was when we had to do role playing and dress-up like
people ‘back then’…”
“She was an amazing person. It is an honor to be related to such an
amazing woman. I could not have walked 850 miles on foot.”
“I really appreciate it when you came and talked to us. My favorite part
was when you told us about Thomas shotting the wolfs …”
“We made some drawings and Mrs. Edwards said she might send them to
you. “
June 1, 2005
3. What motivated me to want to give this talk?
• In a letter to the editor (Roanoke Times) someone accused me of bragging
about my ancestor (Andrew Lewis), saying he had fought Indians…
4. Some historians would say our history books are too Eurocentric…
How can we do a better job of telling a multicultural narrative?
• One wonderful source…the dozen or so books by James Alexander Thom…
5. To get a perspective… look back at Virginia textbooks
6. About the warfare on the border, and about captives returning home…
Here is a little quiz…
• What’s her name? …The woman who was captured as a young woman by
the Shawnee, returned to Virginia, and lived to be a great grandmother?
• Are there others you know of who spent time in captivity, but returned to
the frontier, reunited with their spouses or remarried, and had more
children?
See next slide….
7. How many can you name…?
• Mary Draper Ingles (Mrs.
William)
• The Old “Dutch” Woman
• Betty Robinson Draper
• Mary (?) Ingles (Mrs. John)
Who else did you think of?
8. Do you know the names of men or boys who were
captured and later returned to Virginia?
• Four year old, who returned at age seventeen…?
• Young man captured at Fort Vause…taken to Ohio, adopted into the tribe, married
an Indian woman (who died in child birth) and then returned to Virginia?
• Young man captured on the Ohio River in 1790…came back to Virginia and became
a prominent businessman…?
9. The stories I’m thinking of are…
• Thomas Ingles
• Peter Looney
• Charles Johnston
11. Life events for Thomas Ingles
• Oldest child of William and Mary Ingles, b. 1751…
• Captured (along with his brother, George, and his mother) in the summer
of 1755 (Drapers Meadows)
• Was adopted into the family of an older man, a chief
• Incident with the wolves – c. 1758
• William Ingles made several attempts to “rescue” him and bring him back
to Virginia
• 1768 – Thomas decides to return
• 1770- 1773 – attended Thomas Walker’s school in Albemarle County
• Fought (under William Christian) at the Battle of Point Pleasant
• 1782 – his family was attacked at Burkes Garden, and in a botched rescue
attempt, the two oldest children were killed
• Always restless, he moved further west, first to Knoxville, and then to the
Mississippi. Son… Thomas (see portrait)
12. We know details about Thomas Ingles because of stories he told about his life
among the Indians (i.e. wolf story) to his younger siblings at Ingles Ferry, and
because, as an adult, he made occasional visits back to Virginia. He
apparently asked his younger brother, John Ingles, to write the narrative we
now call Escape from Indian Captivity.
This portrait is of Thomas Ingles,
son of Thomas, and grandson
of William and Mary Ingles
13. Peter Looney was captured at
Fort Vause, summer of 1756
Among the prisoners taken captive at Fort Vause were:
• African American slave (Tom?) who was adopted into a Shawnee tribe
• Mary Ingles (wife of John Ingles) who later returned to Virginia and
married John Miller. She eventually requested money from the Colony to
repay her for her husband’s losses, but it was denied…They knew all
about Mrs. Ingles, but were confusing her with Mary Draper Ingles, wife
of William
• Captain John Smith (saw his son killed at Fort Vause… was traded as a
military officer, eventually returning to Virginia)
• Wife and daughters of Ephraim Vause (one daughter, famously, left
messages written in charcoal, thus helping her father to follow their trail)
• Robinson brothers…(both brothers of Betty Robinson Draper, who was
captured at Drapers Meadows one year earlier)
• Peter Looney, soldier
14. Charles Johnston was captured in …
March 1790…on the Ohio River
Notice that these captivity
narratives cover a period
of 35 years!
John Long, History Professor at
Roanoke College and Director
of the Salem Museum, edited the
Journal…
16. Clash of Cultures…living in a multicultural society
• Captives who returned to the colonies often found themselves trapped
between two conflicting worlds and cultures…
• Mary Ingles never told her own children about leaving her infant behind…
it was just too painful…and how could anyone understand her ordeal?
• Thomas Ingles was known to be uncomfortable with the clothing,
language and customs of his Virginia family. He must have been
conflicted about fighting against Shawnee in 1774, at Point Pleasant, and
he must especially have felt anguish when his own wife and children were
captured in a raid on Burke’s Garden, in 1782. (His wife and infant
survived, but his son and daughter, William and Mary, were killed)
• As the Revolution brewed, many German families were unwilling to take
up arms against the British, causing them to be labeled Tories…
17. Competition for land and property…
Surveyors, hunters, missionaries, indentured servants, and
slaves
Surveyors:
Colonel James Patton, Thomas Lewis, and William Preston
Land Grants: Borden Tract, Patton’s grant
Land Companies:
• Loyal Land Company
• Greenbrier Company
• Ohio Company
18. Two early settlers who competed:
William Preston and William Ingles
• Both men were at Drapers Meadows on the morning of the attack, 1755
• William Ingles settled at Ingles Ferry , starting about 1760…
• William Preston lived at Greenfield (near Fincastle) until 1772, when he
moved his family to land at Drapers Meadows (Smithfield)
• Court records indicate litigation about the placement of roads
• William Preston had an advantage: he was the county surveyor
• William Ingles may have had financial backing from a wealthy uncle
(William’s father, Thomas, had been a wealthy merchant). Also of note –
William Ingles was accused of being a Tory, but the case was never
proved. However, records indicate that he was told to put up $100,000
bail! And, William Preston was the chief officer of the committee that
conducted the trial.
19. General Sources of Conflict…and Competition
• Land Ownership…confusion
about surveys, patents, deeds,
etc.
• Poor system of record keeping
(including poor spelling, low
rate of literacy)
• Changing governments…
politics
• Geographical factors (roads,
rivers, distance from other
settlements, etc.)
• Weak or barely functioning
legal system
20. Conflict:
Shawnee, Cherokee, French, Colonial governors (esp. Pennsylvania and Virginia),
European Settlers (from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Eastern Virginia)
• Treaties, proclamations,
disputed borders between
colonies
• Global War between England
and France
• Braddock’s War (1755)
• Attack on Cherokee villages
(1760)
• Battle of Point Pleasant
(1774)
• Tories on trial (1779-81)
21. Some of the men who competed for land on the frontier…
• George Draper
• William Preston – more
about him later today at
Smithfield
• Andrew Lewis
• Patrick Henry
• George Washington
• Thomas Jefferson
• William Christian
• William Ingles
• John Draper
• Adam Harmon
22. John Draper’s Story, Part I
• In the summer of 1755, at one stroke, he lost his mother, wife, and baby
boy… in the raid at Draper’s Meadows.
• His only remaining kin, brother-in-law William Ingles, developed a plan to
approach the Governor and ask for a retaliatory strike against the
Shawnee Villages
• John and William visited the Cherokee and won their cooperation in a
raid, to be known as the Sandy Creek Expedition. The effort launched in
February, 1756…and it was a disaster.
• John’s sister, Mary Draper Ingles, reappeared on the scene, in late
November 1755, after walking about 800 miles…
• Mary and William decided to move to the relative safety of Bedford
County. We don’t know much about John during those years
• In 1761, John was reunited with his wife, Betty, after she had spent 6
years in captivity
23. John Draper’s Story, Part II
• John fought in numerous battles against Indians, including a raid led by
William Christian against Cherokee villages, in 1760, and served in the
militia to protect forts, etc. through the Battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774.
• Not long afterward, he decided to trade his military warrant on the Blue
Stone for a mother/daughter pair of slaves (Rachel Finley and her
daughter)
• Betty died after having seven or eight children. John soon remarried, the
widow Crockett…and his son, John Draper, Jr. married the widow’s
daughter.
• Many artifacts and documents suggest that John (Sr.) had hallucinations
and acted strangely…perhaps a classic case of PTSD.
• Based on research by Mary Kegley, his attitude toward Indians and slaves
was arrogant and unsympathetic.
• Ironically, he and his children and grandchildren lost a fortune…all
because of a hasty deal John made, trading land for slaves.
24. Place Names (Early Settlements)
• Draper’s Meadows
• Fort Vause
• Ingle’s Ferry
• Town House
• Dunkard’s Bottom
• Graham’s Forge
• Fort Chiswell
• Big Lick
• Lovely Mount
• Liberty
25. Exercise …Taking about 10-15 minutes, have a conversation with your
neighbor, asking each other the same questions…
Find out as much as possible about the other person’s hometown or county
during the eighteenth century, including
• name of local museum
• names of “famous people” (or maybe captive narratives?)
• Interesting place names
• “Reference Room” at library?
• Book store for tourists?
• History programs for children?
• Well written narrative history on the town website?
Jot down some notes and return the info to me… That way I’ll
learn about each of you and the communities you come
from… Thanks
26. Have you ever heard about Indians who were
captured and enslaved by Europeans?
Mary Kegley has done extensive research,
and published the story of White Cloud, a
Catawba Indian captured (illegally) by
Virginia traders (about 1705) and held in
slavery for the rest of her life. Her
grandchildren, who were still enslaved in
the 1770s, sued for their freedom and
eventually won…although it took many
long decades.
27. Virginia passed laws in the eighteenth century saying it was
illegal to import Native Americans as slaves
• White Cloud…and her “English” name became Chance
• Her owner’s last name was Clay…
• His grandson, Mitchell Clay, took Chance’s granddaughter to the western frontier to
avoid the court ruling, setting her free.
• Mitchell Clay traded her to John Draper in exchange for Draper’s military land grant
• Mitchell told John Draper, and his brother in law, William Ingles, that Rachel and
her daughter were Negro slaves
• Decades later, Rachel finally won her freedom in court, and the verdict was soon
followed by many other lawsuits, eventually causing the John Draper and his
descendants to lose all or most of their slaves.
• Mitchell Clay’s heirs lost everything when the Drapers came after them in court, all
because they had misrepresented the facts, saying that Rachel was a Negro.
28. Becoming History Detectives…Sources – How do we know what happened?
• Family traditions
• Court House Records (i.e. Chalkley’s
Chronicles)
• Archival documents
• Newspapers, contemporary
accounts
• Written family histories, genealogy,
etc.
• County histories
• Historical fiction
• Professional historians
29. The task of an historian:
Figure out which of the sources are likely to be most accurate,
…putting the story into context, & relating the events to the larger picture?
Some good examples of community history:
30. Detective Work: How to resolve conflicting information…and
sift through all the romanticized versions?
Compare sources…
32. Find out what historians have said on related topics…
33. Find one or two historians you can trust to give a general overview
34. Identify a person, event, or place
name that you feel really deserves
your attention
• Tell the story!!!
35. Next Steps…
• Look at my website, and think
about whether your town or
city could start a similar
cooperative history
exchange…
www.vahistoryexchange.com
36. Investigate: What does your community have to offer?
Museums, reference rooms at the libraries? History lessons on the town
website? Book store with local histories available for sale?
• Books by James Loewen
37. Wouldn’t it be fun to have a group of
individuals in your city or town, who are
trained to be Community Historians?
• Consider making arrangements to offer classes and workshops to train
volunteers… to do research, write brochures, create exhibits, and mentor
children?
38. With some practice, you can come to see Virginia as others saw it…as
evidenced by this wonderful map, by the Marquis de Chastellux, a French
Officer who toured the frontier in 1782…