Net Art a umělecké prostředí internetu_Katedra výtvarné výchovy UPOLMary Meixner
Prezentace pro Katedru výtvarné výchovy v Olomouci
Net Art a umělecké prostředí internetu
Základní seznámení se specifickou uměleckou formou internetového umění bude probíhat ve třech oblastech: (1) Nastínění historických počátků a základních milníků daných vývojem technologie i zlomovými uměleckými akcemi. (2) Seznámení se se základními poddruhy současného internetového umění v celosvětovém kontextu (youtube-based net art, tumblr-based net art, facebook-based net art, webové stránky jako umělecká díla ad.), stručné přiblížení současného posunu v teoretickém vnímání net artu a jeho definic. (3) Výstavní a prezentační strategie současného net artu. Exkurz do etablovaných výstavních prostor v rámci internetu, představení základních informačních rozcestníků, internetových galerií či výstavních iniciativ. Jako bonus nastínění aktuálních prodejních strategií internetového umění.
As part of my ongoing research on communicational and interpretational strategies in contemporary post-internet art, I am deeply interested in web based art projects and their collaborative potential for their viewer.
As a facet of this research, I did a semiotic analysis of responses to Watching Martin Kohout YouTube video cycle to uncover on which variables and to what extent is the meaning of the work dependent, how the meaning can be developed and interpreted by the recipient of the work, and how this recipient by his very response further influences or actively develops the meaning of the work for its other recipients, thus explaining why diametrically opposed readings of the work are activated and maintained (as reflected in responses). The term ‘response’ is used here in its widest sense, meaning any form of viewer’s interaction with the work traceable on YouTube and with the potential to influence or alter the meaning of the original artwork.
For this purpose a special taxonomy of responses to YouTube videos has been developed, set according to the degree of participation on the project and its further creative shift or extension.
Although designed specially for net artworks, this taxonomy is basically applicable on every YouTube video.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Net Art a umělecké prostředí internetu_Katedra výtvarné výchovy UPOLMary Meixner
Prezentace pro Katedru výtvarné výchovy v Olomouci
Net Art a umělecké prostředí internetu
Základní seznámení se specifickou uměleckou formou internetového umění bude probíhat ve třech oblastech: (1) Nastínění historických počátků a základních milníků daných vývojem technologie i zlomovými uměleckými akcemi. (2) Seznámení se se základními poddruhy současného internetového umění v celosvětovém kontextu (youtube-based net art, tumblr-based net art, facebook-based net art, webové stránky jako umělecká díla ad.), stručné přiblížení současného posunu v teoretickém vnímání net artu a jeho definic. (3) Výstavní a prezentační strategie současného net artu. Exkurz do etablovaných výstavních prostor v rámci internetu, představení základních informačních rozcestníků, internetových galerií či výstavních iniciativ. Jako bonus nastínění aktuálních prodejních strategií internetového umění.
As part of my ongoing research on communicational and interpretational strategies in contemporary post-internet art, I am deeply interested in web based art projects and their collaborative potential for their viewer.
As a facet of this research, I did a semiotic analysis of responses to Watching Martin Kohout YouTube video cycle to uncover on which variables and to what extent is the meaning of the work dependent, how the meaning can be developed and interpreted by the recipient of the work, and how this recipient by his very response further influences or actively develops the meaning of the work for its other recipients, thus explaining why diametrically opposed readings of the work are activated and maintained (as reflected in responses). The term ‘response’ is used here in its widest sense, meaning any form of viewer’s interaction with the work traceable on YouTube and with the potential to influence or alter the meaning of the original artwork.
For this purpose a special taxonomy of responses to YouTube videos has been developed, set according to the degree of participation on the project and its further creative shift or extension.
Although designed specially for net artworks, this taxonomy is basically applicable on every YouTube video.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Umění a autenticita
1. Jedna z neustále se vracejících otázek zní: je-li padělek
tak dokonalý, že ani po nejdůkladnější analýze nelze
s jistotou určit, zda se jedná, či nejedná o originál, je,
nebo není stejně hodnotný jako dílo, které je
jednoznačně pravé?
(Aline B. Saarinen)
1
4. http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/vermeer
http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/meegeren
van Meegeren in 1945,
painting Jesus Among the
Doctors (his last painting in
the style of Vermeer - see
text for details of his
criminal trial)
4
5. ORIGINÁL VS. FALSUM
• Plně doložená • Rentgenové snímky
historie obrazu • Mikroskopický rozbor
• Chemická analýza
autorství
stáří
fyzikální a chemické vlastnosti
esteticky irelevantní rozdíly
zkoumání „pouhým okem“
5
6. - jemné rozdíly v kresbě či malbě, jež uvidíme pouze pod zvětšovacím sklem, být
zcela jasně rozdíly estetickými
> implicitně poukazuje na fyzické vlastnosti pozorovatele
- kdo je předpokládaný pozorovatel
> znalostní a psychologické vlastnosti pozorovatele
MŮŽE EXISTOVAT ESTETICKÝ ROZDÍL I V PŘÍPADĚ, KDY NIKDO, ANI
TEN NEJZKUŠENĚJŠÍ ODBORNÍK, NIKDY OBRAZY POUHÝM ZRAKEM NEROZEZNÁ?
to, že podle Goodmana není estetický rozdíl pozorovatelný pouhým okem ovšem
neznamená, že by neexistoval – PRÁVĚ NAOPAK (drží se premisy, že estetický
rozdíl je jediným/hlavním kritériem pro stanovení pravosti/uměleckosti díla)
6
7. Otázku se snaží dále modifikovat:
např. zda pro mne (či pro x) existuje estetický rozdíl mezi dvěma obrazy, pokud je
nemohu (či x nemůže) rozlišit pouhým okem
přičemž si na tuto otázku ovšem implicitně odpověděl již mnohem dříve – pro
subjekt nemůže existovat estetický rozdíl, pokud jej subjekt kognitivně nevnímá
ve stati dále pokračuje v kruhu (…připustit, že něco, co na obrazech nevidím pouhým
okem, může být příčinou jejich estetické odlišnosti…)
Goodman
• vych. z předpokladu, že pouze ty vlastnosti, jejichž výslednicí jsou vlastnosti
estetické, jsou pro hodnocení uměleckého díla rozhodující.
• ESTETICKÝ MONISMUS – hodnota uměleckého díla spočívá v jediné hodnotě –
v hodnotě estetické
7
8. Klíčová otázka tedy nakonec vypadá takto: existuje nějaký
estetický rozdíl mezi dvěma obrazy pro x v přiměřeném
časovém úseku t, pokud je x nemůže během t rozpoznat
pouhým okem?
Anebo jinými slovy, může něco, co x není schopen pouhým okem
během t rozeznat, být pro x zdrojem estetické odlišnosti mezi
obrazy v t?
> pouze tehdy, pokud by byl x tento rozdíl schopen
rozpoznat, tzn. pokud by oba subjekty měly odlišné recepční
podmínky (Goodman zde má na mysli rozdíly nejen fyzické,
ale patrně i znalost kontextu – viz příklad s šilhavým boxerem,
s. 88 – jež vede k selektivní pozornosti při percepci)
> záleží na zkušenosti a cviku (s. 89) < předpokládá jakousi
estetickou gramotnost 8
9. Ačkoli tedy otevřeně zastává monistické východisko,
[pouze ty vlastnosti, jejichž výslednicí jsou vlastnosti
estetické, jsou pro hodnocení uměleckého díla
rozhodující]
a priori předpokládá i další kritérium pro stanovení
uměleckosti uměleckého díla
Proč existuje estetický rozdíl mezi padělkem a
originálním dílem?
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10. • anticipuje možnost naučit se vidět (hypotetický?!?)
estetický rozdíl v budoucnosti
A možnost, že bych později mohl odlišnost obrazů vnímat
tak, jak to nyní nedokážu, vytváří mezi nimi estetický
rozdíl, který je pro mne důležitý již teď (s. 90)
> takovýto nebo analytický estetický rozdíl by
však pak bylo lze nalézt všude (respektive!
především v rámci zkoumání jediného díla
totožným subjektem („mnou nebo x“) v rozličných
časových bodech)!
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11. • k tomu je důležité porovnávání originál vs.
padělek, kterým se člověk učí odlišovat
– Vědomí této odlišnosti … mě vybízí, abych se v
přítomném okamžiku díval na obrazy jinak, i když
to, co vidím, je stejné
– Tudíž nikoli později, ale právě teď vstupuje
nevnímaný rozdíl mezi obrazy jako významný
faktor spoluutvářející můj nynější prožitek.
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12. shrnutí:
• někdo přijde a řekne, toto je padělek a toto je originál
• na základě toho se pečlivým pozorováním naučím na estetické
rovině vnímat *pravděpodobně mikroskopické a okem nepostřehnutelné]
rozdíly mezi padělkem a originálem pro účely příštích pozorování
(jiných obrazů)
• co vidím je sice stejné, ale už samotný fakt, že by to mohlo být jiné,
mě naplňuje estetickým poznáním
• vůbec fakt toho, že sice nejsem schopen rozlišit mezi estetickou
kvalitou padělku a originálu, ale že to nějak jde (to někdo [údajně]
dokáže), ovlivňuje charakter a funkci mého aktuálního vizuálního
prožitku
(ale kdyby někdo prohodil originál a falsum, přesto si toho nevšimnu)
bez existence rozdílu percepčního může existovat rozdíl estetický
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13. otázka: jakým způsobem se tedy tento
estetický rozdíl projevuje?
• implicitně obsaženým kritickým faktorem je zde „vědění“, znalost,
předávané know-how, schopnost porovnávat – tedy znalost
kontextu, jež ovlivňuje estetický účin díla…
• KLÍČOVÁ JE lepší INFORMOVANOST (jak zmiňuje v další části, na str. 94),
nikoli zvýšení estetické vnímavosti
• Goodman říká:
– …drobné percepční rozdíly mohou hrát obrovskou roli
– I ty nejjemnější rozdíly mohou zcela změnit celkový dojem, atmosféru či
ráz malby.
– Rozsáhlé fyzické poškození fresky nemusí mít tak zásadní estetický dopad
jako drobný, ale necitlivý restaurátorský zásah
– Náš problém jsme plně vyřešili důkazem, že z naší neschopnosti rozlišit dva
obrazy pouhým okem nevyplývá, že jsou esteticky totožné – a nenutí nás
tudíž k závěru, že je padělek stejně tak dobrý jako originál
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14. HUDBA
• neexistují padělky konkrétního díla
Interpretace skladby se mohou lišit správností a kvalitou … ale všechna správná provedení jsou stejně
legitimními instancemi daného díla
• hudba není na rozdíl od malby autografické umění
• na rozdíl od malířství dvoufázové umění (konečným
produktem je až realizace dle partitury)
neautografické umění: literatura || uvádí příklady a dochází k závěru že
ne všechna jednofázová umění jsou autografická a naopak
• stěžejním kritériem pro autenticitu je totožnost záznamu
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15. Autografická vs. alografická
autografická neautografická/
- tehdy a jen tehdy, je-li rozlišení mezi
originálem a padělkem podstatné, alografická
respektive tehdy a jen tehdy, pokud - hudba
ani jeho nejpreciznější kopii nelze - literatura
považovat za legitimní dílo
- je-li umělecké dílo autografické, lze i - umění se jeví alografickým do té míry,
příslušný druh umění nazvat do jaké je přístupné notaci
autografickým
- malba
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16. Skutečnost, že literární dílo má definitivní notaci, jež
sestává z určitých znaků či znamének vzájemně
kombinovaných a spojovaných v řadách,
poskytuje kritérium pro odlišení konstitutivních
vlastností díla od všech vlastností kontingentních
– tedy klíč pro závazné stanovení vyžadovaných
rysů a hranic jejich přípustných variací.
• stejně tak v hudbě
/správný záznam zůstává i zde jediným požadavkem kladeným na správné
provedení díla
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17. • nelze padělat hudební dílo, lze však padělat
provedení díla /konkrétní, historické/
autenticita ≠ estetická hodnota
- různá prov. se liší (mohou vykazovat velmi odlišné estetické
vlastnosti) tudíž i tam, kde jsou konstitutivní vlastnosti díla
notací jasně vymezeny, nelze je slučovat s vlastnostmi
estetickými
- zamýšlí se nad tím, proč je pro některá umění vhodná notace
a pro jiná nikoli, která umění jsou alografická a proč
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18. • Padělek uměleckého díla je předmět, jenž si
neoprávněně přisvojuje historii vzniku vlastní
originálu díla (ať již existujícímu či nikoli).
• Tam, kde máme k dispozici teoreticky závazný test
pro určení, že objekt má všechny konstitutivní
vlastnosti díla, aniž bychom museli zjišťovat, jak či
kým byl objekt vytvořen, nehraje historie vzniku
žádnou roli, a proto neexistuje padělek
konkrétního díla. (noty)
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19. • Závazné identifikace děl, zcela nezávislé na
historii jejich vzniku, je však dosaženo až
tehdy, když je ustavena notace.
• Alografická umění nezískala svou nezávislost
proklamací, nýbrž notací.
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