In 1634-1637, the Netherlands experienced a speculative mania known as "Tulipomania", where tulip bulb contract prices rose rapidly and then collapsed, leaving many investors ruined. Tulip bulbs from Turkey had been introduced to Europe in the 1500s and became a status symbol among Dutch elites. By the 1630s, tulip bulb trading expanded beyond elite circles into public auctions and futures markets, with prices increasing 100-fold. However, by early 1637 the bubble burst as demand fell and contract holders refused to honor agreements, causing prices to plummet and devastating many investors who had speculated with borrowed money. The episode demonstrated the risks of speculative mania and served as a warning
In 1634-1637, the Netherlands experienced a speculative mania known as "Tulipomania", where tulip bulb prices rose rapidly and then collapsed. At the peak of the frenzy, single tulip bulbs of the rare varieties were selling for the equivalent of thousands of euros today. However, by early 1637 the bubble burst as prices plummeted and many were left in financial ruin. The episode demonstrated how speculative manias can emerge even for mundane goods when they become highly coveted symbols of wealth and status.
Tulipomania was a period in the 1630s in the Netherlands where tulip bulb prices rose rapidly and then crashed, leaving many investors ruined. Speculation and futures trading in rare tulip varieties grew to obsession as prices rose steadily throughout 1635-1636. By early 1637, bulb prices had risen so high that few could afford to enter the market, leading to a crash. When trading ceased in February 1637 after no bidders could be found at lower prices, bulb values had fallen to as little as 5% of their peak values, devastating many investors. This event was condemned and left legal disputes that were still being resolved years later.
One of the earlier recorded market bubbles was the so-called "Dutch Tulip Mania" or "Dutch Tulip Bubble". This presentation gives a short overview on what happened
http://bubblespotting.blogspot.com/
This is a short informational presentation, which gives an incite into the history behind the first ever recorded economic bubble. Tulip mania also called ‘tulipomania’ is the widespread obsession with tulips, especially of highly prized varieties,
as those of a streaked or unusual color. The obsession occurred during the Dutch golden age.
This presentation defines an economic bubble and how it was first recorded during the trade of tulips in the Netherlands, between the years 1636-37.
In 1634-1637, the Netherlands experienced a speculative mania known as "Tulipomania", where tulip bulb contract prices rose rapidly and then collapsed. At the peak of the frenzy, some bulbs were selling for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. The demand was fueled by speculators and amateurs rather than professional growers, and prices became divorced from the bulbs' actual value. When the bubble burst in February 1637, contract prices fell drastically, leaving many investors ruined. The episode demonstrated how easily speculative manias can arise and how quickly they can collapse.
The Financial Crisis: an Historical PerspectiveChris Hulls
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
The document summarizes the tulip mania that occurred in the Netherlands in the 1630s. Speculators drove up the price of tulip bulbs to extremely high levels as demand increased. However, when supply could no longer keep up and the bubble burst in 1637 with no more buyers, many angry sellers and buyers were left in financial ruin as prices plummeted. The event shares similarities with more recent housing market bubbles that saw inflated prices, easy credit, and ultimately a long recovery process.
Tulip mania occurred in the Dutch Golden Age from 1636-1637, when contract prices for tulip bulbs reached extraordinarily high levels before dramatically collapsing. Speculation and demand drove prices sky high, with some bulbs selling for more than 10 times an average annual salary. By 1637, tulip bulbs became a major export, but in February of that year, the bubble burst and prices plummeted, leaving many investors ruined. It is considered the first recorded speculative bubble.
In 1634-1637, the Netherlands experienced a speculative mania known as "Tulipomania", where tulip bulb prices rose rapidly and then collapsed. At the peak of the frenzy, single tulip bulbs of the rare varieties were selling for the equivalent of thousands of euros today. However, by early 1637 the bubble burst as prices plummeted and many were left in financial ruin. The episode demonstrated how speculative manias can emerge even for mundane goods when they become highly coveted symbols of wealth and status.
Tulipomania was a period in the 1630s in the Netherlands where tulip bulb prices rose rapidly and then crashed, leaving many investors ruined. Speculation and futures trading in rare tulip varieties grew to obsession as prices rose steadily throughout 1635-1636. By early 1637, bulb prices had risen so high that few could afford to enter the market, leading to a crash. When trading ceased in February 1637 after no bidders could be found at lower prices, bulb values had fallen to as little as 5% of their peak values, devastating many investors. This event was condemned and left legal disputes that were still being resolved years later.
One of the earlier recorded market bubbles was the so-called "Dutch Tulip Mania" or "Dutch Tulip Bubble". This presentation gives a short overview on what happened
http://bubblespotting.blogspot.com/
This is a short informational presentation, which gives an incite into the history behind the first ever recorded economic bubble. Tulip mania also called ‘tulipomania’ is the widespread obsession with tulips, especially of highly prized varieties,
as those of a streaked or unusual color. The obsession occurred during the Dutch golden age.
This presentation defines an economic bubble and how it was first recorded during the trade of tulips in the Netherlands, between the years 1636-37.
In 1634-1637, the Netherlands experienced a speculative mania known as "Tulipomania", where tulip bulb contract prices rose rapidly and then collapsed. At the peak of the frenzy, some bulbs were selling for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. The demand was fueled by speculators and amateurs rather than professional growers, and prices became divorced from the bulbs' actual value. When the bubble burst in February 1637, contract prices fell drastically, leaving many investors ruined. The episode demonstrated how easily speculative manias can arise and how quickly they can collapse.
The Financial Crisis: an Historical PerspectiveChris Hulls
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
The document summarizes the tulip mania that occurred in the Netherlands in the 1630s. Speculators drove up the price of tulip bulbs to extremely high levels as demand increased. However, when supply could no longer keep up and the bubble burst in 1637 with no more buyers, many angry sellers and buyers were left in financial ruin as prices plummeted. The event shares similarities with more recent housing market bubbles that saw inflated prices, easy credit, and ultimately a long recovery process.
Tulip mania occurred in the Dutch Golden Age from 1636-1637, when contract prices for tulip bulbs reached extraordinarily high levels before dramatically collapsing. Speculation and demand drove prices sky high, with some bulbs selling for more than 10 times an average annual salary. By 1637, tulip bulbs became a major export, but in February of that year, the bubble burst and prices plummeted, leaving many investors ruined. It is considered the first recorded speculative bubble.
The document summarizes the Tulip Mania that occurred in the Dutch Golden Age in the 1630s. Speculative demand caused the prices of tulip bulbs to rise dramatically, with some single bulbs selling for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. However, in February 1637 the prices suddenly collapsed, causing the market for tulip bulbs to halt. The event threw into question people's understanding of value and is seen as one of the first recorded speculative bubbles.
Limited Central Power In The Capitalist WorldGreg Knight
The document discusses the emergence of limited central power and capitalism in Europe during the 16th-18th centuries. It describes how the Dutch Republic gained independence from Spain and established decentralized government and global trade networks. It also discusses how England faced internal problems under James I and the forces of change that led to the rise of free enterprise, agricultural improvements, joint stock companies, and population growth across Europe despite mass discontent in cities.
1) In the 17th century, rare mutant tulip bulbs with spectacular flower colors became highly valued commodities in Paris salons.
2) Dutch flower growers and speculators created an informal futures market for the bulbs, allowing buyers to purchase bulbs for future delivery. This provided easy credit and fueled rapid price increases between 1634-1636.
3) In 1637, a plague outbreak and margin calls led to widespread contract cancellations and price collapses as buyers sought to resell their contracts on the open market, revealing that the bubble was driven more by speculation than intrinsic value of the bulbs.
THE TULIPOMANIABy Charles Mackey------------------------------.docxcarmanl5wisc
THE TULIPOMANIA
By Charles Mackey
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
Kindly provided by Project Gutenberg.org so students can read it for free
(Please make a donation).
Link
(Links to an external site.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quis furor, ô cives!
—Lucan.
The tulip,—so named, it is said, from a Turkish word, signifying a turban,—was introduced into western Europe about the middle of the sixteenth century. Conrad Gesner, who claims the merit of having brought it into repute,—little dreaming of the commotion it was shortly afterwards to make in the world,—says that he first saw it in the year 1559, in a garden at Augsburg, belonging to the learned Counsellor Herwart, a man very famous in his day for his collection of rare exotics. The bulbs were sent to this gentleman by a friend at Constantinople, where the flower had long been a favourite. In the course of ten or eleven years after this period, tulips were much sought after by the wealthy, especially in Holland and Germany. Rich people at Amsterdam sent for the bulbs direct to Constantinople, and paid the most extravagant prices for them. The first roots planted in England were brought from Vienna in 1600. Until the year 1634 the tulip annually increased in reputation, until it was deemed a proof of bad taste in any man of fortune to be without a collection of them. Many learned men, including Pompeius de Angelis and the celebrated Lipsius of Leyden, the author of the treatise “De Constantia,” were passionately fond of tulips. The rage for possessing them soon caught the middle classes of society, and merchants and shopkeepers, even of moderate means, began to vie with each other in the rarity of these flowers and the preposterous prices they paid for them. A trader at Harlaem was known to pay one-half of his fortune for a single root, not with the design of selling it again at a profit, but to keep in his own conservatory for the admiration of his acquaintance.
One would suppose that there must have been some great virtue in this flower to have made it so valuable in the eyes of so prudent a people as the Dutch; but it has neither the beauty nor the perfume of the rose—hardly the beauty of the “sweet, sweet-pea;” neither is it as enduring as either. Cowley, it is true, is loud in its praise. He says—
“The tulip next appeared, all over gay,
But wanton, full of pride, and full of play;
The world can’t shew a dye but here has place;
Nay, by new mixtures, she can change her face;
Purple and gold are both beneath her care,
The richest needlework she loves to wear;
Her only study is to please the eye,
And to outshine the rest in finery.”
This, though not very poetical, is the description of a poet. Beckmann, in his History of Inventions, paints it with more fidelity, and in prose more pleasing th.
The Fagel Collection at Trinity College Dublin: taking the tide - Regina Rich...CONUL Conference
The document discusses the Fagel Collection at the Library of Trinity College Dublin. It contains rare books, maps, and other materials collected by Hendrik Fagel the Younger in the 18th century. The collection includes manuscripts from the 15th century, tulip auction catalogs from 1637, books on natural history from the 17th century, water board maps from the Netherlands, pamphlets, atlases, and materials related to Dutch culture and history from the 16th-18th centuries. The collection has been digitized and parts of it are featured in online exhibitions by institutions like the Rijksmuseum and Google Cultural Institute.
The document provides information about the country of Netherlands. It discusses the location and size of the country, as well as the climate and population. Key points of interest in Netherlands include Amsterdam, known for its cafes, museums, and culture. The document also gives a brief history of Netherlands and discusses the government, economy, daily life, and culture of the country.
The 17th century in the Netherlands, known as the "Dutch Century", saw the Dutch Republic enter its Golden Age. It had a thriving economy based on trade, fishing, and industry. The Dutch had a relatively tolerant attitude towards religion, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam had surplus agricultural production. The Dutch East India and West India Companies expanded Dutch global commerce. This period represented the cultural and economic height of the Netherlands, before its decline due to wars with England and France in the later 17th century.
Tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during the 1630s when contract prices for some bulbs of the recently introduced and fashionable tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then dramatically collapsed. Speculators were paying more and more for tulip bulbs, driven by the hope of selling them for a profit. At the peak of tulipomania in 1637, a single tulip bulb was worth more than ten times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. However, the bubble soon burst and tulip bulb prices collapsed within weeks, leaving many investors with large losses.
Rembrandt was a highly influential Dutch artist born in 1606 who worked as a painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is considered one of the greatest artists in history and had a unique style that incorporated a wide range of subjects and techniques. Rembrandt experienced both critical and financial success early in his career in Amsterdam, though he later faced personal tragedies and financial difficulties. His portraits, self-portraits, and biblical scenes are among his most famous works, and he transformed the etching process into a true art form. Rembrandt died in 1669 in Amsterdam.
The document discusses Dutch and French art from the Baroque period. It provides information on several Dutch artists such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen, and Rachel Ruysch who painted landscapes and scenes of everyday life with great attention to realistic details. It also covers French artists like Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and Georges de La Tour who painted in a classical style with calm, ordered compositions and idealized landscapes. The rise of the "Sun King" Louis XIV moved the center of European art and culture to France in the 17th century.
The document provides information about Amsterdam and the Netherlands. It discusses Schiphol Airport as the largest in the country. It notes that over 16 million people live in the Netherlands, making it one of the most densely populated countries. It summarizes facts about the flag, cities, language, bicycles, climate, food, art, literature, sports, farming, music, dance, cattle farming, government, history and things to do without money in Amsterdam.
Tulip is a Eurasian and North Africa perennial, bulbous flower, belonging to the lily family. There are around 75 species in the wild. It was first introduced to Holland from the Ottoman Empire, in the mid 16C, where the Turks were first cultivated as early as 1000 AD. However, it is Holland that tulip became popular. Today, it is difficult not to see these flowers blooming in early spring in European garden and parks. Today tulip is often associated with Holland, where 10,000 hectares are devoted to the cultivation of these delicate flowers.
The document provides instructions for visiting a museum with exhibits on 17th century Dutch paintings, architecture, artifacts, and science. It includes background information on different aspects of Dutch culture, economy, and global trade during the Dutch Golden Age. Key figures mentioned include Rembrandt, Vermeer, Houtman, Leeuwenhoek, and Tulp.
This document provides an overview of European art from the 15th to 18th centuries, beginning with the Northern Renaissance. Key developments include the influence of Italian Renaissance ideas on Northern European artists like Durer, the rise of printmaking and realism, and the effects of the Reformation and capitalism on art. The document then covers Mannerism, the Baroque styles in Italy and Spain characterized by elaborate compositions and drama, and the Baroque in Northern Europe as seen in the works of Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer. Rococo art is described as delicate and sensual. Finally, Neoclassicism is presented as a rejection of the aristocracy in favor of democratic ideals inspired by antiquity. Major artists represented
The document summarizes the Dutch Golden Age from the 17th century, when the Netherlands emerged as one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe. It describes how Dutch trade networks and the Dutch East India Company's global operations contributed to Dutch prosperity. The era saw the rise of a powerful Dutch middle class and the development of distinctive Dutch artistic styles like landscape painting and genre scenes depicting middle-class life. However, some now criticize the term "Golden Age" for ignoring negative aspects like the Dutch role in slavery and human trafficking.
This etching by Rembrandt from 1642 depicts a shepherd playing a flute while peering up the skirt of a young woman plaiting flowers. While seemingly pastoral, the etching contains symbolic elements that disturb the idyllic scene through lascivious and vulgar allusions. The ugly shepherd and owl symbolize folly, while the positioning of the flute and flowers reference sexuality. Through exaggerated erotic symbols and allusions, Rembrandt satirizes the traditional pastoral genre. This rare lifetime etching is considered one of Rembrandt's masterworks in printmaking.
Heraldic Engravings on Colonial SilverMaria Dering
Talk given 3 March 2015 to the National Society of Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims. Features silver engravings by prominent New York City colonial artisans.
The document discusses the spread of the Northern Renaissance from Italy to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Key artists of the Northern Renaissance such as Jan van Eyck and Hieronymus Bosch are mentioned for their highly detailed realist style. The document also outlines some of the political, religious, and economic developments occurring in major European powers such as Spain, England, and the Netherlands during this period.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
The document summarizes the Tulip Mania that occurred in the Dutch Golden Age in the 1630s. Speculative demand caused the prices of tulip bulbs to rise dramatically, with some single bulbs selling for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. However, in February 1637 the prices suddenly collapsed, causing the market for tulip bulbs to halt. The event threw into question people's understanding of value and is seen as one of the first recorded speculative bubbles.
Limited Central Power In The Capitalist WorldGreg Knight
The document discusses the emergence of limited central power and capitalism in Europe during the 16th-18th centuries. It describes how the Dutch Republic gained independence from Spain and established decentralized government and global trade networks. It also discusses how England faced internal problems under James I and the forces of change that led to the rise of free enterprise, agricultural improvements, joint stock companies, and population growth across Europe despite mass discontent in cities.
1) In the 17th century, rare mutant tulip bulbs with spectacular flower colors became highly valued commodities in Paris salons.
2) Dutch flower growers and speculators created an informal futures market for the bulbs, allowing buyers to purchase bulbs for future delivery. This provided easy credit and fueled rapid price increases between 1634-1636.
3) In 1637, a plague outbreak and margin calls led to widespread contract cancellations and price collapses as buyers sought to resell their contracts on the open market, revealing that the bubble was driven more by speculation than intrinsic value of the bulbs.
THE TULIPOMANIABy Charles Mackey------------------------------.docxcarmanl5wisc
THE TULIPOMANIA
By Charles Mackey
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
Kindly provided by Project Gutenberg.org so students can read it for free
(Please make a donation).
Link
(Links to an external site.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quis furor, ô cives!
—Lucan.
The tulip,—so named, it is said, from a Turkish word, signifying a turban,—was introduced into western Europe about the middle of the sixteenth century. Conrad Gesner, who claims the merit of having brought it into repute,—little dreaming of the commotion it was shortly afterwards to make in the world,—says that he first saw it in the year 1559, in a garden at Augsburg, belonging to the learned Counsellor Herwart, a man very famous in his day for his collection of rare exotics. The bulbs were sent to this gentleman by a friend at Constantinople, where the flower had long been a favourite. In the course of ten or eleven years after this period, tulips were much sought after by the wealthy, especially in Holland and Germany. Rich people at Amsterdam sent for the bulbs direct to Constantinople, and paid the most extravagant prices for them. The first roots planted in England were brought from Vienna in 1600. Until the year 1634 the tulip annually increased in reputation, until it was deemed a proof of bad taste in any man of fortune to be without a collection of them. Many learned men, including Pompeius de Angelis and the celebrated Lipsius of Leyden, the author of the treatise “De Constantia,” were passionately fond of tulips. The rage for possessing them soon caught the middle classes of society, and merchants and shopkeepers, even of moderate means, began to vie with each other in the rarity of these flowers and the preposterous prices they paid for them. A trader at Harlaem was known to pay one-half of his fortune for a single root, not with the design of selling it again at a profit, but to keep in his own conservatory for the admiration of his acquaintance.
One would suppose that there must have been some great virtue in this flower to have made it so valuable in the eyes of so prudent a people as the Dutch; but it has neither the beauty nor the perfume of the rose—hardly the beauty of the “sweet, sweet-pea;” neither is it as enduring as either. Cowley, it is true, is loud in its praise. He says—
“The tulip next appeared, all over gay,
But wanton, full of pride, and full of play;
The world can’t shew a dye but here has place;
Nay, by new mixtures, she can change her face;
Purple and gold are both beneath her care,
The richest needlework she loves to wear;
Her only study is to please the eye,
And to outshine the rest in finery.”
This, though not very poetical, is the description of a poet. Beckmann, in his History of Inventions, paints it with more fidelity, and in prose more pleasing th.
The Fagel Collection at Trinity College Dublin: taking the tide - Regina Rich...CONUL Conference
The document discusses the Fagel Collection at the Library of Trinity College Dublin. It contains rare books, maps, and other materials collected by Hendrik Fagel the Younger in the 18th century. The collection includes manuscripts from the 15th century, tulip auction catalogs from 1637, books on natural history from the 17th century, water board maps from the Netherlands, pamphlets, atlases, and materials related to Dutch culture and history from the 16th-18th centuries. The collection has been digitized and parts of it are featured in online exhibitions by institutions like the Rijksmuseum and Google Cultural Institute.
The document provides information about the country of Netherlands. It discusses the location and size of the country, as well as the climate and population. Key points of interest in Netherlands include Amsterdam, known for its cafes, museums, and culture. The document also gives a brief history of Netherlands and discusses the government, economy, daily life, and culture of the country.
The 17th century in the Netherlands, known as the "Dutch Century", saw the Dutch Republic enter its Golden Age. It had a thriving economy based on trade, fishing, and industry. The Dutch had a relatively tolerant attitude towards religion, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam had surplus agricultural production. The Dutch East India and West India Companies expanded Dutch global commerce. This period represented the cultural and economic height of the Netherlands, before its decline due to wars with England and France in the later 17th century.
Tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during the 1630s when contract prices for some bulbs of the recently introduced and fashionable tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then dramatically collapsed. Speculators were paying more and more for tulip bulbs, driven by the hope of selling them for a profit. At the peak of tulipomania in 1637, a single tulip bulb was worth more than ten times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. However, the bubble soon burst and tulip bulb prices collapsed within weeks, leaving many investors with large losses.
Rembrandt was a highly influential Dutch artist born in 1606 who worked as a painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is considered one of the greatest artists in history and had a unique style that incorporated a wide range of subjects and techniques. Rembrandt experienced both critical and financial success early in his career in Amsterdam, though he later faced personal tragedies and financial difficulties. His portraits, self-portraits, and biblical scenes are among his most famous works, and he transformed the etching process into a true art form. Rembrandt died in 1669 in Amsterdam.
The document discusses Dutch and French art from the Baroque period. It provides information on several Dutch artists such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen, and Rachel Ruysch who painted landscapes and scenes of everyday life with great attention to realistic details. It also covers French artists like Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and Georges de La Tour who painted in a classical style with calm, ordered compositions and idealized landscapes. The rise of the "Sun King" Louis XIV moved the center of European art and culture to France in the 17th century.
The document provides information about Amsterdam and the Netherlands. It discusses Schiphol Airport as the largest in the country. It notes that over 16 million people live in the Netherlands, making it one of the most densely populated countries. It summarizes facts about the flag, cities, language, bicycles, climate, food, art, literature, sports, farming, music, dance, cattle farming, government, history and things to do without money in Amsterdam.
Tulip is a Eurasian and North Africa perennial, bulbous flower, belonging to the lily family. There are around 75 species in the wild. It was first introduced to Holland from the Ottoman Empire, in the mid 16C, where the Turks were first cultivated as early as 1000 AD. However, it is Holland that tulip became popular. Today, it is difficult not to see these flowers blooming in early spring in European garden and parks. Today tulip is often associated with Holland, where 10,000 hectares are devoted to the cultivation of these delicate flowers.
The document provides instructions for visiting a museum with exhibits on 17th century Dutch paintings, architecture, artifacts, and science. It includes background information on different aspects of Dutch culture, economy, and global trade during the Dutch Golden Age. Key figures mentioned include Rembrandt, Vermeer, Houtman, Leeuwenhoek, and Tulp.
This document provides an overview of European art from the 15th to 18th centuries, beginning with the Northern Renaissance. Key developments include the influence of Italian Renaissance ideas on Northern European artists like Durer, the rise of printmaking and realism, and the effects of the Reformation and capitalism on art. The document then covers Mannerism, the Baroque styles in Italy and Spain characterized by elaborate compositions and drama, and the Baroque in Northern Europe as seen in the works of Rubens, Rembrandt, and Vermeer. Rococo art is described as delicate and sensual. Finally, Neoclassicism is presented as a rejection of the aristocracy in favor of democratic ideals inspired by antiquity. Major artists represented
The document summarizes the Dutch Golden Age from the 17th century, when the Netherlands emerged as one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe. It describes how Dutch trade networks and the Dutch East India Company's global operations contributed to Dutch prosperity. The era saw the rise of a powerful Dutch middle class and the development of distinctive Dutch artistic styles like landscape painting and genre scenes depicting middle-class life. However, some now criticize the term "Golden Age" for ignoring negative aspects like the Dutch role in slavery and human trafficking.
This etching by Rembrandt from 1642 depicts a shepherd playing a flute while peering up the skirt of a young woman plaiting flowers. While seemingly pastoral, the etching contains symbolic elements that disturb the idyllic scene through lascivious and vulgar allusions. The ugly shepherd and owl symbolize folly, while the positioning of the flute and flowers reference sexuality. Through exaggerated erotic symbols and allusions, Rembrandt satirizes the traditional pastoral genre. This rare lifetime etching is considered one of Rembrandt's masterworks in printmaking.
Heraldic Engravings on Colonial SilverMaria Dering
Talk given 3 March 2015 to the National Society of Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims. Features silver engravings by prominent New York City colonial artisans.
The document discusses the spread of the Northern Renaissance from Italy to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Key artists of the Northern Renaissance such as Jan van Eyck and Hieronymus Bosch are mentioned for their highly detailed realist style. The document also outlines some of the political, religious, and economic developments occurring in major European powers such as Spain, England, and the Netherlands during this period.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
The Burgundian Netherlands refers to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) and northern France when ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the late 14th-15th centuries. Under Burgundian rule, the region became one of Europe's richest centers of cloth production, trade, and art patronage. Artists like Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling were attracted to the Burgundian court and cities like Bruges. Their realistic style differed from the classical ideals of Italian Renaissance art, focusing more on religious experience and accurate depictions of local life.
Winkel - involved in bulb trade from 1635, by spring 1636 owned 70 fine or superbly fine, plus pound goods, inc. 2 Viceroy and three Admirael van der Eijck, 7 Gouda (all worth 1000 guilders and up) Special catalogue illustrating 124 of the flowers Winkel auction took place at height of a mania for buying and selling tulip bulbs that , if popular belief is to be credited, all but consumed the Netherlands, one of the richest and most sophisticated societies of the day Why Holland? Why tulips? To answer that question we have first to go back to the birthplace of the modern tulip, the inaccessible mountain ranges of central Asia, in about the year 800
Winkel - involved in bulb trade from 1635, by spring 1636 owned 70 fine or superbly fine, plus pound goods, inc. 2 Viceroy and three Admirael van der Eijck, 7 Gouda (all worth 1000 guilders and up) Special catalogue illustrating 124 of the flowers Winkel auction took place at height of a mania for buying and selling tulip bulbs that , if popular belief is to be credited, all but consumed the Netherlands, one of the richest and most sophisticated societies of the day Why Holland? Why tulips? To answer that question we have first to go back to the birthplace of the modern tulip, the inaccessible mountain ranges of central Asia, in about the year 800
Five precious flowers - Tulip, narcissus, rose, carnation, hyacinth Imperial symbol - 9” embossed tulip on Suleiman’s armour Paradise gardens - wild profusion, seduce with lushness and plenty; contrast to regimented European ideal Professional gardeners- propagation haphazard - pour red wine on roots for crimson flowers Tulip festivals - Istanbul tulips - needle pointed, almond shaped, daggerlike tepals
Five precious flowers - Tulip, narcissus, rose, carnation, hyacinth Imperial symbol - 9” embossed tulip on Suleiman’s armour Paradise gardens - wild profusion, seduce with lushness and plenty; contrast to regimented European ideal Istanbul tulips - needle pointed, almond shaped, daggerlike tepals
Five precious flowers - Tulip, narcissus, rose, carnation, hyacinth Imperial symbol - 9” embossed tulip on Suleiman’s armour Paradise gardens - wild profusion, seduce with lushness and plenty; contrast to regimented European ideal Istanbul tulips - needle pointed, almond shaped, daggerlike tepals Acceptable and beautiful - tulip festivals; Ahmed III and the tulip era (1703-30); by night, candles by every fourth flower and mounted on the backs of tortoises; caged songbirds; countless mirrors and reflections. Deposed by Patrona Halil
Augsberg - Johann Heinrich Herwart Antwerp - merchant’s onions Clusius - 1526-1609. Frenchman, protestant convert, humanist; became botanist; 9 languages; enjoys stocking gardens of friends
Augsberg - Johann Heinrich Herwart Antwerp - merchant’s onions Clusius - Frenchman, protestant convert, humanist; became botanist; 9 languages; enjoys stocking gardens of friends Emperor Maximillian invites him to establish hortus; but too busy to see him; on his death, Rudolf II fires all protestants; Clusius also endures thefts from garden Leiden - Ditch revolt 1572, Leiden frontline city; longest hardest siege - now independent, Netherlands poured resources in to only Dutch university Hortus academicus emulates one in Pisa Thefts from garden - several hundred bulbs in total
Groups - actually 13 in total, from Colouren - single colored all the way to Marquetrianen (four colors - complex hybrids)
Admiral van der Eijck Naming rights to man who first grew them; Inflationary names generalissimo, Alexander the Great, then Admirale der admirals, general de generalen Process of creation not understood - Turkish wine, Dutch binding two halves, pigeon dung… ‘breaking’ unpredictable, but bulbs did not revert. Actually, infection with the Mosaic virus, spread by aphids, not realised till 1920s
Viceroy
Root en Gheel van Leiden
Drab country - Owain Fletham called it ‘an universall quagmire - the buttock of the world’ Rich merchants - 400% profits on spice voyages; 3000 to 30,000 guilders a year at a time when a family could live for 300 Country houses - tulips so rare mirror cabinets were used
Drab country - Owain Fletham called it ‘an universall quagmire - the buttock of the world’ Rich merchants - 400% profits on spice voyages; 3000 to 30,000 guilders a year at a time when a family could live for 300 Country houses - tulips so rare mirror cabinets were used
Drab country - Owain Fletham called it ‘an universall quagmire - the buttock of the world’ Rich merchants - 400% profits on spice voyages; 3000 to 30,000 guilders a year at a time when a family could live for 300 Country houses - tulips so rare mirror cabinets were used Semper Augustus. How do we know what it looked like? Explain tulip books here
Slow to propagate - 7 years from seed
Mention major outbreak of plague 1633-36
View of Delft - Vermeer, just after tulip boom Looks smart, neat Actually, most of population lived just above starvation level Variable working hours - ordinances to prevent work starting before 2am Unable to earn enough in darker winter months to make a living Cities crowded so rents high Most people saved half their lives to buy a bed, so small slept in standing position with children in drawers Many asked for overtime after 14 hour days Monotonous diet. Hutspot, supposed to simmer, usually didn’t. One appalled French visitor: ‘Nothing more than water, full of salt and nutmeg, with sweetbreads and minced meat added, having not the slightest flavor of meat.’ Appeal of planting and sitting back Add to which contradictory elements of Dutch character: savers and gamblers. National horror of living beyond means meant many people had savings, but no banks, no interest, so investment rare - mostly kept under beds etc Lotteries popular, so were mad bets (DUTCH SOLDIERS IN BATTLE) Tulip prices had risen consistently for years - A safe bet
Wijnkoopsgeld - Breweries - 100; Taverns - 200 in Haarlem alone; 120,000 pints a day in a city of 30,000 ‘ Unless the conditions in which bulbs were actually traded are understood - late at night, in smoke-filled rooms, by drunken men - the mania itself will always remain a mystery.’ Mention De Gulde Druyf - The Golden Grape in Haarlem - owned by Jan & Cornelis Quaeckel Taverns heated with peat, fuggy with tobacco, surrender weapons at the door - ‘A hundred Netherlanders, a hundred knives,’ the contemp proverb bluntly warned Theophile De Viau: ‘These gentlemen have so many rules and ceremonies for getting drunk that I am repelled as much by the discipline as by the excess.’
Wijnkoopsgeld - max 6 stuivers By the ace - from Dec 1634 - Admirael Liefkins from 48 to 224 aces, Paragon Liefkins from 131 to 434; this alone cd increase a flower’s value 5fold in 9 months Futures trading evolved 1st on Amsterdam stock market in about 1608 Tulips 1st commodity to be traded by other than specialists Seen as fundamentally immoral to trade something one did not possess Futures trade rules illegal in 1621, 1623, 1624, 1630, 1636
Wijnkoopsgeld - Futures trading evolved 1st on Amsterdam stock market in early 1600s Tulips 1st commodity to be traded by other than specialists Some florists banded together to buy shares in a bulb
Wijnkoopsgeld - to a max of 3 guilders “ This trade must be done with an intoxicated head, and the bolder one is, the better.” Payment in kind - one deposit consisted of ‘my best shot coat, one old coin, and another with a silver chain to hang it round the neck, , a coach and horses ,two silver bowls, and 150 guilders cash
Met de borden In het ootje Volume of trade: if the average dealer bought one pound of bulbs per day, volume of trade would have been 7m guilders in each of 12 towns from Oct 1636-Jan 1637 (double the 3.5m capitalisation of Bank of Amsterdam, more that capitlisation of VOC (6.5m)) Nominal turnover 1633-37, 40m guilders
All bulbs in play - unicoloured bulbs in and sold by the basket, 50 to 100 in each Gheele Croonen, yellow crowns, 20 guilders in Sep 36, 1400 in Feb 37
All bulbs in play - unicoloured bulbs in and sold by the basket, 50 to 100 in each Gheele Croonen, yellow crowns, 20 guilders in Sep 36, 1400 in Feb 37 Supernova
All bulbs in play - unicoloured bulbs in and sold by the basket, 50 to 100 in each Gheele Croonen, yellow crowns, 20 guilders in Sep 36, 1400 in Feb 37 Supernova ‘ In most places the tavern trade collapsed so completely that it was not even a question of prices falling to a quarter or a tenth of what they had been; the market for tulips simply ceased to exist
Crash in prices - compare to Wall St Crash. Holland, crash of 95% over 2 months; WSC, down 80% over 2 years Growers of provinces of Holland and Utrecht call a general meeting 7 Feb.
Crash in prices - compare to Wall St Crash. Holland, crash of 95% over 2 months; WSC, down 80% over 2 years Growers of provinces of Holland and Utrecht call a general meeting 7 Feb. ‘ When my buyer pays me, I will pay you. But he is nowhere to be found.’
Crash in prices - compare to Wall St Crash. Holland, crash of 95% over 2 months; WSC, down 80% over 2 years Growers of provinces of Holland and Utrecht call a general meeting 7 Feb/ ‘ When my buyer pays me, I will pay you. But he is nowhere to be found.’ Flora’s Sick Bed; The Fall of the Great Garden-Whore, the Villain-Goddess Flora Jan Breughel the Younger, Allegory Upon the Tulip mania 2 dozen simian florists indulge in the rituals of the bulb trade; one holds a flower in one paw and a bag of money in the other; a group in rear fight over who should pay; one speculator is carried to an early grave
In Haarlem, uncertainty; 7 March regents resolution annuls all transactions since Oct 1636; then (late April), all debts to be met in full; then, (early May) appeal for ruling from the States of Holland Pending a resolution - there never was one. Individuals took action- this is a notarial record of a legal case brought by Walter Tulkens Court refers to towns - only in Amsterdam was it still legal to bring cases before the local court Few cases resolved - most defaulted back to the grower. Those that were settled were at low rates - ‘one, two, three, four, yes, even five, which was the utmost, out of a hundred’ Friend makers - usually at well under 10% and 10 months to pay ‘ The tulip mania thus ended, as the Court of Holland had wished, not in a flurry of expensive legal actions, but with a grudging compromise
In Haarlem, uncertainty; 7 March regents resolution annuls all transactions since Oct 1636; then (late April), all debts to be met in full; then, (early May) appeal for ruling from the States of Holland Pending a resolution - there never was one. Individuals took action- this is a notarial record of a legal case brought by Walter Tulkens Returns to equilibrium - these are flowers to be grown Court refers to towns - only in Amsterdam was it still legal to bring cases before the local court Few cases resolved - most defaulted back to the grower. Those that were settled were at low rates - ‘one, two, three, four, yes, even five, which was the utmost, out of a hundred’ Friend makers - usually at well under 10% and 10 months to pay ‘ The tulip mania thus ended, as the Court of Holland had wished, not in a flurry of expensive legal actions, but with a grudging compromise
Spider lily, grown in Manchuria from 1930s - similar conditions to 1637, limited opportunities for investment and trade, ample supply of bulbs 1981, $20 per bulb, 1985 $46,000 - puts the tulip mania to shame. About 300x annual earnings Critical articles in Communist press lead to collapse. Prices go south by 99% Isolated - a few still grown by specialist societies. Oldest variety - final irony is, huge efforts made to breed flowers that resemble those of the mania. But without the virus’s brightness and vivid colouring, will never see the likes again