1. Gender and Forest:
Local Knowledge and Management
in Ampreng village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
by
Elsje Pauline Manginsela (Paula)
Supervisors:
Professor Cordia Chu (Principal)
Professor Roy Rickson (Associate)
Griffith School of Environment
30 January 2012
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2. Introduction
Forests have important roles in mitigating the effects of climate
change. Indonesia has experienced one of the highest rates of
deforestation in the world. Therefore, there is a need to implement
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).
Women typically use forest resources to meet their families’ daily
needs in a sustainable way. However, women are often excluded
from decision-making processes in forest management.
In Indonesia, gender equality in participating and implementing local
knowledge in forest management is facing many constraints.
This research aims to investigate how gender determines access and
control over forest management in the Ampreng Village, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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3. Gender and Forest:
Local Knowledge and Management
in Ampreng village, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Methodology Contextual Fields
Introduction (brief):
Contextual Fields
Research Location
Research and Focus Questions
Conceptual Framework
Participants &
Procedures
Data collection (brief):
Instruments
Rigour
Ethics
Data Analysis (brief)
Personal bias (brief)
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4. Research Location
Map of Indonesia
http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/glob/wfmorig.gif
Protection Forest Condition in North Sulawesi, 1998/99 Source: http://www.north-sulawesi.com/images/id-map.gif
Map of Tondano Lake Watershed 55
Manado City
16,000
13,440.00 Area
14,000
12,000 Deforestation
10,000
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kyrJpEszZnI/S4FNkNuKxDI/AAAAAAAAAO4/Uh6P
8,000 3zqpJTU/s320/sulut201.png
5,670.00
6,000
4,000 2,700.00 Tondano Lake
2,000 980 550 417.86
351 309 144.79 Protection Forest
Ampreng Village 0 Number of FOREST FARMER in three
villages who are engaged in agriculture
activities in the protected forest
Soputan No Village # of households
Mountain Ampreng
Village
1 Ampreng 48
Source: Modification from Natural Resources Management (NRM)/EPIQ Report
2 Raringis 10
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33
24 Source: Key Informant of Ampreng Village
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EK8QEMCu_MA/TINhjSgC4_I/AAAAAAAAAa4/qG9OV6PgbHI/s1600/minahasa+map.gif
5. Research and Focus Question
What are the gender differences in division of labour
What are the gender issues at both the household and community levels?
related to forest resource
management?
What are the gender differences in local knowledge
related to forest resources?
What are the gender differences in local practices in
terms of access and control regarding forest
management?
Conceptual Framework
International
policies
55
National Local
policies practices
Caste/race,
Age, Education,
class, culture,
Occupation
media
Gender
Division of Labour Access Control Organizations
Forest Protection
plants
species
Local knowledge of forest Local forest Rehabilitation
resources management
Usage
Reforestation
FOREST
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56
6. Data collection
Sources : Engel & Shutt, 2005, p 298-299;
Griffith University Human Ethic Manua
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7. Soputan Mountain Protection Forest, Minahasa, North Sulawesi Indonesia
Thank you
Any questions or suggestions?
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Editor's Notes
3.6 The qualitative data collection The fieldwork was conducted over a period of three months in Ampreng Village in the south Tondano Lake Watershed, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research is cross-sectional research that will take a single point in time approach (Neuman 2007). This researcher used a qualitative case study research design because of the nature of the research questions. The central objective of the qualitative approach is to understand and analyse the community from the point of view of the community that is being studied (Weiss 1998). The researcher collected data from both primary and secondary sources. Qualitative primary data was gathered from participants through interviews, discussions and observation, while secondary data was collected from libraries, the internet, Government publications or reports, research reports, and non-government organisations’ forest-related reports. The qualitative primary data collection was used to answer the five focus questions. They are individual semi-structured interviews, in-depth interview of key informants, focus group discussions, and field observation.3.6.1 Individual open-ended face-to-face interview The interviews consist of open-ended questions designed to elicit insights and descriptive answers from men and women in forest farmer households. The list of questions developed by the researcher were asked in face-to-face meetings between the researcher and the each interviewees. The method is “used to get participants to provide an account of their experiences of how they view their own world and the meanings they ascribe to it” (Valentine 2001). Each individual interview lasted for an average of two hours. 3.6.2 In-depth interviews of key informant In-depth interviews of key informants were from formal and informal village community leaders. They provided important general information about the village and forest. Key informants are those who know about the community, plus the relationship between the community and the forest. Each interview lasted for about one hour. 3.6.3 Group discussions Group discussions have many benefits, according to Grenier (1998, p 34), The accuracy of the information and the rate at which it is generated are higher in groups. One or more members of the group will highlight any uncertainty about the information, and the exercise will identify the more knowledgeable members. Less knowledgeable participants will learn something new. The group interview is particularly useful if time is limited, a list of items needs to be generated, or an issue needs to be clarified. The group discussions provided venues for the participants to express their feelings or opinions about particular topics. This method helped the researcher to identify how the group or community collectively experiences and feels about informal forest management and the government’s programs for the forest. Group discussions were formed from various village social groups. The focus group discussions consisted of at least four participants and lasted no more than three hours. 3.6.4 Field observation The researcher has immersed herself in the community being studied. This familiarized her with the community’s day-to-day activities. According to Valentine (2001), observation of participants can be defined as “a technique that involves living, working or spending periods of time in a particular ‘community’ in order to understand people’s experiences in the context of their daily lives.” Furthermore, while interviewing only provides information from one person’s perspective, participant observation allows the researcher to gain a broader perspective (Valentine 2001). Secondary data was collected from academic libraries, the internet, Indonesian Government publications such as Indonesian Statistic Bureau (North Sulawesi Province and Minahasa District), research reports (JICA Tondano Lake Study Team), and non-government organisation forest-related reports (Minahasa District). The researcher approached the government forest-related institutions (North Sulawesi Province and Minahasa District), local universities such as Sam Ratulangi University, and the Ampreng village office and asked them to share and give approval to publish any unpublished information.3.7 Rigour and ethical considerationThe rigour and trustworthiness of this qualitative primary data collection was addressed by triangulation. Triangulation in research is a combination of data collection methods, sources of data, and data collection recording. The triangulation of data collection methods are interviews, discussions, and observations, while the data sources are forest farmers, community leaders and group discussions. For triangulation in data recording, the researcher used a tape recorder, and a lap top for typing, interview notes, plus field notes. Regarding ethical considerations, the research collected data by interviewing women and men about their perceptions and experiences. This research addressed seven main ethical issues by asking the respondent/participant for voluntary participation, considering the respondent’s well-being, ensuring the anonymity and identity disclosure, the confidentiality of each respondent, the right to withdraw without penalty, and the right to access the research report (Engel & Schutt, 2005, p 298-299; Griffith Human Research Ethic). Voluntary participation aspects in this research were addressed by ensuring that participation in this study was voluntary. The researcher asked for permission from the participants before interviews or to the discussion process started. Participant well-being was ensured by preventing direct harm of the reputation or feelings of participants in the research process when the researcher conducted interviews and discussions. The researcher treated all participants with respect. To address identity disclosure, the researcher gained the informed consent of research participants before interviews or discussions. The participants were asked to sign an informed-consent form that the researcher had prepared before the research activity. Addressing the confidentiality issue, the researcher use code and the data was handled confidentially. In terms of anonymity, the researcher will not publish the participants’ names in the research report, therefore using codes to prevent identity disclosure. The results of the research were confirmed (and at times corrected or extended) with the participants, in the form of the research report draft. Later, all documents will be destroyed. The researcher followed the ethics of human research by informing the participants that they have the right to withdraw without penalty. To ensure the participants have rights to access the final report, it will put in the school library and village library to give an opportunity for the participants to read it.
