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JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
TraducciTraduccióó juridicoeconòmica 3 Anglèsjuridicoeconòmica 3 Anglès
Els tribunals internacionals
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Tribunal Internacional de Justícia
La Cort Internacional de Justícia (CIJ)
o Tribunal Internacional de Justícia (TIJ), és el principal
òrgan judicial de les Nacions Unides.
Establert el 1946, les seves funcions
principals són resoldre els litigis entre estats.
Seu: L’Haia (Holanda).
Idiomes oficials: anglès i francès.
Només és competent si els estats implicats en el litigi hi
estan d’acord.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Tribunal Internacional de Justícia
http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/independenc
“"El derecho internacional general no contempla prohibiciones
sobre las declaraciones de independencia y, por tanto, la
declaración del 17 de febrero de 2008 no viola el derecho
internacional general". Con esta sencilla frase contestó ayer
Hisashi Owada, presidente del Tribunal Internacional de Justicia
de la ONU, a la pregunta formulada, a instancias de Serbia, por la
Asamblea General sobre la secesión de Kosovo de 2008. Se trata
de una opinión no vinculante adoptada por 10 votos a favor y 4
en contra. Sin embargo, sus repercusiones pueden ser enormes
para los movimientos separatistas de todo el mundo.”
>>>> Autoritat moral: soft law.
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Tribunal Internacional de Justícia
Problema: no es pot obligar els estats a aplicar les decisions del
TIJ, fins i tot quan són vinculants, tret que es faci servir la força.
The United States had accepted the Court's compulsory
jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946, but in Nicaragua v. United
States withdrew its acceptance following the Court's judgment in
1984 that called on the U.S. to "cease and to refrain" from the
"unlawful use of force" against the government of Nicaragua. The
Court ruled (with only the American judge dissenting) that the
United States was "in breach of its obligation under the Treaty of
Friendship with Nicaragua not to use force against Nicaragua"
and ordered the United States to pay war reparations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat
penal internacional de les persones
TIJ: només litigis entre Estats.
Alemaya nazi entre 1942 i 1945:
genocidi de 6 milions de jueus.
Els responsables del genocidi no
havien comès cap delicte en dret
alemany, no se’ls podia condemnar en virtut d’aquest dret!
1946: procès de Nuremberg
Se’ls condemna per “crim contra la humanitat”.
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat
penal internacional de les persones
Revolució jurídica: fins aleshores, el dret internacional
públic només regia les relacions entre estats.
Ara, el dret internacional pot tipificar alguns fets
gravíssims com a crims tot i que els seus autors
respectin la legalitat vigent de l’Estat on resideixen. El
fet de ser cap d’Estat o d’aplicar ordres no eximeix de
responsabilitat.
Són crims en dret internacional: crims contra la
humanitat, crims de guerra, guerra d’agressió.
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat
penal internacional de les persones
Per saber-ne més:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Tribunals ad hoc des del 1945
Aquest principi de la responsabilitat penal
internacional de les persones només s’ha aplicat en
casos excepcionals des del 1945:
- Crims nazis: procés de Nuremberg el 1946.
- Genocidi rwandès (1 milió de morts en 100 dies): es crea
el Tribunal Penal Internacional per a Rwanda.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_T
ribunal_for_Rwanda
http://69.94.11.53/
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Tribunals ad hoc des del 1945
- “Neteja ètnica” a l’antiga Iugoslàvia: es crea el Tribunal
Penal Internacional per a l’antiga Iugoslàvia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_T
ribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia
http://www.icty.org/
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional
Tractat de Roma 2002.
Primer tribunal penal internacional
que no és ad hoc (és permanent).
Seu: L’Haia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_C
ourt
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional
114 membres.
EE.UU. va intentar evitar la seva creació.
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional
• Competent per conèixer dels crims posteriors a la seva
creació: crims de guerra, crims contra la humanitat,
guerra d’agressió (aquest últim pendent de definició).
• Paper complementari: només quan els tribunals
nacionals no volen o no poden jutjar aquest crims.
• Vincle amb paisos signataris necessari (tret de resolució
de les UN, cf. Darfur).
JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista
Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional
• Vg. notícies Wikileaks sobre crims de guerra comesos
per les tropes aliades a l’Iraq.
• Pregunta: si es confirmessin, el TPI podria perseguir els
responsables...
• ... de nacionalitat nord-americana?
• ... de nacionalitat britànica?
• ... de nacionalitat espanyola?

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Tribunals internacionals

  • 1. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista TraducciTraduccióó juridicoeconòmica 3 Anglèsjuridicoeconòmica 3 Anglès Els tribunals internacionals
  • 2. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Tribunal Internacional de Justícia La Cort Internacional de Justícia (CIJ) o Tribunal Internacional de Justícia (TIJ), és el principal òrgan judicial de les Nacions Unides. Establert el 1946, les seves funcions principals són resoldre els litigis entre estats. Seu: L’Haia (Holanda). Idiomes oficials: anglès i francès. Només és competent si els estats implicats en el litigi hi estan d’acord. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice
  • 3. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Tribunal Internacional de Justícia http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/independenc “"El derecho internacional general no contempla prohibiciones sobre las declaraciones de independencia y, por tanto, la declaración del 17 de febrero de 2008 no viola el derecho internacional general". Con esta sencilla frase contestó ayer Hisashi Owada, presidente del Tribunal Internacional de Justicia de la ONU, a la pregunta formulada, a instancias de Serbia, por la Asamblea General sobre la secesión de Kosovo de 2008. Se trata de una opinión no vinculante adoptada por 10 votos a favor y 4 en contra. Sin embargo, sus repercusiones pueden ser enormes para los movimientos separatistas de todo el mundo.” >>>> Autoritat moral: soft law.
  • 4. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Tribunal Internacional de Justícia Problema: no es pot obligar els estats a aplicar les decisions del TIJ, fins i tot quan són vinculants, tret que es faci servir la força. The United States had accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946, but in Nicaragua v. United States withdrew its acceptance following the Court's judgment in 1984 that called on the U.S. to "cease and to refrain" from the "unlawful use of force" against the government of Nicaragua. The Court ruled (with only the American judge dissenting) that the United States was "in breach of its obligation under the Treaty of Friendship with Nicaragua not to use force against Nicaragua" and ordered the United States to pay war reparations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice
  • 5. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat penal internacional de les persones TIJ: només litigis entre Estats. Alemaya nazi entre 1942 i 1945: genocidi de 6 milions de jueus. Els responsables del genocidi no havien comès cap delicte en dret alemany, no se’ls podia condemnar en virtut d’aquest dret! 1946: procès de Nuremberg Se’ls condemna per “crim contra la humanitat”.
  • 6. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat penal internacional de les persones Revolució jurídica: fins aleshores, el dret internacional públic només regia les relacions entre estats. Ara, el dret internacional pot tipificar alguns fets gravíssims com a crims tot i que els seus autors respectin la legalitat vigent de l’Estat on resideixen. El fet de ser cap d’Estat o d’aplicar ordres no eximeix de responsabilitat. Són crims en dret internacional: crims contra la humanitat, crims de guerra, guerra d’agressió.
  • 7. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Procés de Nuremberg i responsabilitat penal internacional de les persones Per saber-ne més: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles
  • 8. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Tribunals ad hoc des del 1945 Aquest principi de la responsabilitat penal internacional de les persones només s’ha aplicat en casos excepcionals des del 1945: - Crims nazis: procés de Nuremberg el 1946. - Genocidi rwandès (1 milió de morts en 100 dies): es crea el Tribunal Penal Internacional per a Rwanda. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_T ribunal_for_Rwanda http://69.94.11.53/
  • 9. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Tribunals ad hoc des del 1945 - “Neteja ètnica” a l’antiga Iugoslàvia: es crea el Tribunal Penal Internacional per a l’antiga Iugoslàvia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_T ribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia http://www.icty.org/
  • 10. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional Tractat de Roma 2002. Primer tribunal penal internacional que no és ad hoc (és permanent). Seu: L’Haia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_C ourt
  • 11. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional 114 membres. EE.UU. va intentar evitar la seva creació.
  • 12. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional • Competent per conèixer dels crims posteriors a la seva creació: crims de guerra, crims contra la humanitat, guerra d’agressió (aquest últim pendent de definició). • Paper complementari: només quan els tribunals nacionals no volen o no poden jutjar aquest crims. • Vincle amb paisos signataris necessari (tret de resolució de les UN, cf. Darfur).
  • 13. JE3 2010-2011 Patrick Roca Batista Creació del Tribunal Penal Internacional • Vg. notícies Wikileaks sobre crims de guerra comesos per les tropes aliades a l’Iraq. • Pregunta: si es confirmessin, el TPI podria perseguir els responsables... • ... de nacionalitat nord-americana? • ... de nacionalitat britànica? • ... de nacionalitat espanyola?