هو نقل البضائع من مكان لآخر ومن دولة إلى أخرى إما عن طريق الشحن البحري عبر الموانئ بواسطة السفن أو الشحن الجوي
ويعد الشحن البحري أقدم صور الشحن تاريخيا عن طريق سفن الشحن التجارية التي تطورت عبر الزمن لتصبح تلك البواخر والناقلات التجارية العملاقة التي تدار بمحركات الديزل أو توربين بخاري.ونظراً لأهمية الشحن البحري منذ فجر التاريخ قامت كثير من الدول ببناء أساطيل سفن تجارية للتأكيد على حرية وسهولة حركة بضائعها على مستوى العالم.
هو نقل البضائع من مكان لآخر ومن دولة إلى أخرى إما عن طريق الشحن البحري عبر الموانئ بواسطة السفن أو الشحن الجوي
ويعد الشحن البحري أقدم صور الشحن تاريخيا عن طريق سفن الشحن التجارية التي تطورت عبر الزمن لتصبح تلك البواخر والناقلات التجارية العملاقة التي تدار بمحركات الديزل أو توربين بخاري.ونظراً لأهمية الشحن البحري منذ فجر التاريخ قامت كثير من الدول ببناء أساطيل سفن تجارية للتأكيد على حرية وسهولة حركة بضائعها على مستوى العالم.
هو نقل البضائع من مكان لآخر ومن دولة إلى أخرى إما عن طريق الشحن البحري عبر الموانئ بواسطة السفن أو الشحن الجوي
ويعد الشحن البحري أقدم صور الشحن تاريخيا عن طريق سفن الشحن التجارية التي تطورت عبر الزمن لتصبح تلك البواخر والناقلات التجارية العملاقة التي تدار بمحركات الديزل أو توربين بخاري.ونظراً لأهمية الشحن البحري منذ فجر التاريخ قامت كثير من الدول ببناء أساطيل سفن تجارية للتأكيد على حرية وسهولة حركة بضائعها على مستوى العالم.
هو نقل البضائع من مكان لآخر ومن دولة إلى أخرى إما عن طريق الشحن البحري عبر الموانئ بواسطة السفن أو الشحن الجوي
ويعد الشحن البحري أقدم صور الشحن تاريخيا عن طريق سفن الشحن التجارية التي تطورت عبر الزمن لتصبح تلك البواخر والناقلات التجارية العملاقة التي تدار بمحركات الديزل أو توربين بخاري.ونظراً لأهمية الشحن البحري منذ فجر التاريخ قامت كثير من الدول ببناء أساطيل سفن تجارية للتأكيد على حرية وسهولة حركة بضائعها على مستوى العالم.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface for navigation purposes. It describes projection as a method to transfer the curved Earth onto a flat chart. There are three main types of projections discussed: conic, azimuthal, and cylindrical. Conic projections use a cone to map specific areas, azimuthal projections map to a plane tangent to a pole, and cylindrical projections wrap a cylinder around the Earth. Specific projections like Lambert conformal conic and polyconic are described within each category. The document provides details on how each projection displays shapes, angles and distances to suit different navigation needs.
This document discusses two international conventions:
1) The 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, which limits the liability of shipowners and salvors for various claims including loss of life or property damage. It establishes liability limits calculated based on a ship's tonnage.
2) The 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, which ensures compensation for pollution damage caused by spills of oil carried as fuel in ships. It requires ships over 1,000 tons to maintain compulsory insurance to cover the registered owner's pollution liability.
Marine salvage refers to recovering a ship, its cargo, or other property after an incident at sea such as a shipwreck. A salver is someone who carries out salvage operations but does not work for the vessel. The aim of salvage is to repair the vessel, clear navigational routes, prevent pollution, or recover valuable cargo. Key conventions like the Brussels Convention of 1910, Salvage Convention of 1989, and Lloyd's Open Form of 2000 established principles like "no cure, no pay" and encourage salvors by providing special compensation for preventing environmental damage. The master of a salvaged vessel must cooperate with salvors but can protest unsafe operations in writing. A ship owner's representative evaluates salvage efforts to
This document discusses various types of marine losses, including:
- Total losses: Actual total losses where the subject is destroyed or damaged beyond repair. Constructive total losses where abandonment is required to avoid actual total loss. Presumed total losses where a missing ship is assumed lost after a period of time.
- Partial losses: Losses of part of the insured property or damage to part of the property. These are known as particular average losses.
- General average losses: Voluntary sacrifices made for the common safety of the ship, cargo, and freight during a voyage. These losses are proportionally shared between all stakeholders according to York-Antwerp Rules. Piracy may give rise to general average claims
1) Ship collisions occur frequently due to ship concentration on routes and in ports, as well as faster ship speeds even in poor weather. However, the primary cause remains human error.
2) Maritime collisions are defined as impacts between two ships or between a ship and inland vessel. Applicable laws include international regulations and domestic commercial codes.
3) Liability for collisions is assessed based on determining fault; solely or partially at fault vessels are liable for damages. Protests must be filed within 24 hours to claim losses and damages from collisions.
This document discusses key concepts related to ship stability including:
1. Definitions and calculations for volume, mass, density, and relative density. It explains how to calculate these values using measurements of length, breadth, depth, and area.
2. Explanations of density as mass per unit volume and relative density as the ratio of a substance's density to that of fresh water.
3. Examples showing the density of fresh water is 1 t/m3 and salt water is 1.025 t/m3, so the relative density of salt water is 1.025.
4. A brief overview that density is measured using a brass hydrometer by collecting water samples and reading the instrument's
1. Light displacement is the weight of a ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, and crew, but with water in boilers. Deadweight is the difference between light and load displacement.
2. Load displacement includes cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, and dunnage for a voyage. Displacement is the weight of water a ship displaces, equal to its volume times the density of water.
3. Various coefficients are used to calculate properties of ships based on their shape, including the coefficient of fineness of waterplane area, block coefficient, midships coefficient, and prismatic coefficient. The block coefficient represents the ratio of a ship's underwater volume to the
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface for navigation purposes. It describes projection as a method to transfer the curved Earth onto a flat chart. There are three main types of projections discussed: conic, azimuthal, and cylindrical. Conic projections use a cone to map specific areas, azimuthal projections map to a plane tangent to a pole, and cylindrical projections wrap a cylinder around the Earth. Specific projections like Lambert conformal conic and polyconic are described within each category. The document provides details on how each projection displays shapes, angles and distances to suit different navigation needs.
This document discusses two international conventions:
1) The 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, which limits the liability of shipowners and salvors for various claims including loss of life or property damage. It establishes liability limits calculated based on a ship's tonnage.
2) The 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, which ensures compensation for pollution damage caused by spills of oil carried as fuel in ships. It requires ships over 1,000 tons to maintain compulsory insurance to cover the registered owner's pollution liability.
Marine salvage refers to recovering a ship, its cargo, or other property after an incident at sea such as a shipwreck. A salver is someone who carries out salvage operations but does not work for the vessel. The aim of salvage is to repair the vessel, clear navigational routes, prevent pollution, or recover valuable cargo. Key conventions like the Brussels Convention of 1910, Salvage Convention of 1989, and Lloyd's Open Form of 2000 established principles like "no cure, no pay" and encourage salvors by providing special compensation for preventing environmental damage. The master of a salvaged vessel must cooperate with salvors but can protest unsafe operations in writing. A ship owner's representative evaluates salvage efforts to
This document discusses various types of marine losses, including:
- Total losses: Actual total losses where the subject is destroyed or damaged beyond repair. Constructive total losses where abandonment is required to avoid actual total loss. Presumed total losses where a missing ship is assumed lost after a period of time.
- Partial losses: Losses of part of the insured property or damage to part of the property. These are known as particular average losses.
- General average losses: Voluntary sacrifices made for the common safety of the ship, cargo, and freight during a voyage. These losses are proportionally shared between all stakeholders according to York-Antwerp Rules. Piracy may give rise to general average claims
1) Ship collisions occur frequently due to ship concentration on routes and in ports, as well as faster ship speeds even in poor weather. However, the primary cause remains human error.
2) Maritime collisions are defined as impacts between two ships or between a ship and inland vessel. Applicable laws include international regulations and domestic commercial codes.
3) Liability for collisions is assessed based on determining fault; solely or partially at fault vessels are liable for damages. Protests must be filed within 24 hours to claim losses and damages from collisions.
This document discusses key concepts related to ship stability including:
1. Definitions and calculations for volume, mass, density, and relative density. It explains how to calculate these values using measurements of length, breadth, depth, and area.
2. Explanations of density as mass per unit volume and relative density as the ratio of a substance's density to that of fresh water.
3. Examples showing the density of fresh water is 1 t/m3 and salt water is 1.025 t/m3, so the relative density of salt water is 1.025.
4. A brief overview that density is measured using a brass hydrometer by collecting water samples and reading the instrument's
1. Light displacement is the weight of a ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, and crew, but with water in boilers. Deadweight is the difference between light and load displacement.
2. Load displacement includes cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, and dunnage for a voyage. Displacement is the weight of water a ship displaces, equal to its volume times the density of water.
3. Various coefficients are used to calculate properties of ships based on their shape, including the coefficient of fineness of waterplane area, block coefficient, midships coefficient, and prismatic coefficient. The block coefficient represents the ratio of a ship's underwater volume to the
13. Type of containers
Containers come in different shapes and sizes. Suitable for different purposes
The 11 most common container types:
Standard Container
Reefer container
Double door container
Open top container
Pallet wide
Flat rack
Side door container
Hard top container
Tank container
One-trip container
Insulated container
15. High cubes, in short HC, reefers to containers that are similar in
structure to normal containers. The length and width remain the same,
and the height increases. This enables them to meet more cargo
demands.
16. Reefer container
Reefer containers are nothing but container-sized refrigerators to move goods that need to be maintained at a certain
temperature.
17. Double door container
They are also called tunnel
containers as they are used
to create a safe passage on
construction sites. The
container can be customized
according to the storage
purposes of the customer
18. Open-top container
Open-top containers, as the name suggests,
have an open top. The roof of the container is
covered with tarpaulin sheets instead of a
solid roof. That way it can be covered or left
open according to convenience. The container
is made of steel with wooden flooring and the
door heads can be swung open for easy
loading and unloading. They’re usually in the
sizes of 20-feet and 40-fee containers
19. Pallet wide
These containers were designed specifically
to carry wooden Euro pallets that are
commonly used within Europe. They are
available as 20-feet, 40-feet, and high cube
containers. The pallets are usually in the
size of 1200x800x144. A standard 20-feet
container can carry 11 of them, while a
pallet-wide 20-feet container can carry 15
pallets. This is possible because the
containers are approximately 5m wider on
the inside than the standard ones.
20. Flat rack containers
Flat rack containers are used for heavy
loads and cargo that need loading from
the top or sides such as pipes, machinery,
or busses. The containers only have sides
on the short end of the container.
32.
للتداول والقابلة النقل وسائل متعددة الشحن لوسطاء الدولي لالتحاد الشحن بوليصة
Negotiable Combined Transport Bill of
Lading (FIATA FBL)
للتداول القابلة غير النقل وسائل متعددة الشحن لوسطاء الدولي لالتحاد الشحن بوليصة
Non-negotiable FIATA Multimodal
Transport Waybill (FIATA FWB)
الخطرة السلع لنقل الشحن شركات إعالن
Announcement of shipping companies to transport dangerous goods
الوسائط متعدد للوزن الشحن شركات شهادة
Multimodal Weight Shipping Companies Certificate
وساطة بشأن الشحن لوسطاء الدولي االتحاد تعليمات
االشحن
International Federation of Freight Forwarders' Regulations
on Freight Mediation
33. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
الدولية التجارة غرفة
representative of more than 45 million companies in over
100 countries with a mission to make the business work
for everyone, every day, everywhere.
34. الدولية البحرية المنظمة
IMO
)International maritime organization)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), known as the
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO)
until 1982, was established in Geneva in 1948 and came into
force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959.
ا
التجارة بتيسير المرتبطة الدولية البحرية المنظمة عمال
Convention of Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic
FAL 1967
46. (E-freight)
الجمارك وسلطات الجمارك ووسطاء والشاحنين األرضية والمناولة الشحن ووكالء النقل شركات تشمل الصناعة مستوى على مبادرة هو
.
ي
هدف
عال بيانات وجودة إلكترونية ورسائل تنظيمي إطار خالل من الجوي للشحن شاملة ورقية غير نقل عملية بناء إلى اإللكتروني الشحن
ية
.
Customs documents, engaging regulators and governments worldwide to create an "e-freight
route network" where customs procedures are electronic and regulations support paperless
shipments.
Transport documents, working collaboratively within the cargo supply chain to digitize the
core industry transport documents, starting with the Air Waybill (AWB).
Commercial & special cargo documents, developing a plan to digitize the commercial and
special cargo documents typically accompanying airfreight today, in or out of the "cargo
pouch".
تحدد
خارطة
طريق
الشحن
اإللكتروني
اًجنه
ًاكمشتر
للصناعة
الشاملة
إلزالة
ثالثة
أنواع
من
المستن
دات
:
65. STOWAGE PRINCIPLES & STOWAGE PLANNING
FULL DISPLASMENT:
It is a term used to measure the weight of water displacement by the ship when she
is fully loaded with all her CREW, BUNKERS, FRESH WATER, STORES,EQUIPMENT &
CARGO.
LIGHT DISPLASCEMENT:
The weight of a ship complete with outfit & propulsion machinery, and ready for the
sea but without fuel,f.w., stores, crew, or cargo on board
66. DEAD WEIGHT TONNAGE (D.W.T):
Total weight of cargo, stores, fuel & water needed to submerge a ship from her light draught to her maxim
permitted draught (summer load draught)
DWT=FULL DISP. – LIGHT DISP.
GROSS TONNAGE :( G.T)
Is a common measurement of the total internal volume of a ship(holds, tanks , stores, E/R ,bridge &
accommodation & any close areas
NET TONNAGE: (N.T)
N.T=GT – deductions for space occupied by crew accommodation, E/R, BRIDGE & TANKS
It represents space available for cargo & passengers
67.
68. Bill of Lading
1. It’s evidence for receipt of goods on board at a certain data/place and in a certain condition.
2. It is evidence of the contract of carriage between the Carrier and holder.
3. It is a document of title to the goods shipped. The B/L is entitled to the delivery of the cargo. The B/L is a
negotiable document, which can be transferred to the other parties during the transit time.
69. Hague – Visby Rules
is a set of international rules for the international carriage of goods by sea. They are a slightly updated
version of the original Hague Rules which were drafted in Brussels in 1924.
70. Hamburg Rules
The Hamburg Rules are a set of rules governing the international shipment of goods, resulting
from the United Nations International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea adopted
in Hamburg on 31 March 1978.
71. Rotterdam Rules
The "Rotterdam Rules" (formally, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of
Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea) is a treaty proposing new international rules to revise the legal framework
for maritime affreightment and carriage of goods by sea. The Rules primarily address the legal relationship
between carriers and cargo owners.