THIS BOOK IS ABOUT TRANSITIONAL FORMS OF LIFE WHICH FORM LINK BETWEEN SPECIES DURING EVOLUTION ILLUSTRATED WITH PICTURES AND SHORT COMMENTS INCLUDING TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH DESCRIPTION IN HINDI
IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
IT IS A PRAYER INCORPORATING THANKS TO CHAMPION OFCHAMPIONS- LORD VISHVKARMA -GREAT GOD WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE AND SCOPE OF CHANPIONSHIP TO EACH CLASS AND CATEGORY OF LIVING BEINGS
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE TWO CLAIMENTS FOR THE TITLE OF SMALLEST BACTERIA
AND BOTH ARE RIGHT IN THEIR OWN
WAY - MYCOPLASMA AS A PARASITE AND PELAGIBACTER AS A SELF SUFFICIENT ORGANISM .
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
LIKE YEAST THEY ARE ALSO ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI ;THEIR DISTIGUISHING FEATURE IS THEIR REPRODUCTION BY MOTILE ZOOSPORES .
THEY ARE THE MOST ANCIENT FUNGI -CARRYING ON SINCE 1.5 BYA
YEAST IS ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI KNOWN ;BUT IT IS UNLIKE TYPICAL FUNGI .ITS MAIN FEATURE IS ITS UNICELLULAR CHARACTER AND ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE FERMENTATION BY ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ;AND THEREFORE ITS USE IN BEER &BREAD MAKING ;
ITS USE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY IS ALSO EMERGING AS ANOTHER USEFUL FEATURE .FOR SCIENTISTS IT IS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT INTRA CCELLULAR PROCESSES OF EUKARYOTES AND GENETICS
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - ALGAE SMALLEST - B BIGELOII SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
ALGAE ARE SMALL ORGANISMS AS A WHOLE BUT b BIGELOII HAVE THE DISTINCTION OF BEING THE SMALLEST ;ITS FAME HOWEVER RESTS ONITS ABILITY TO EAT BACTERIA OF ALMOST THE SAME SIZE BY SEMI EXTRA CELLUALAR CYTOSIS .
IT IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A UNIQUE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A FERN AND AND A BACTERIUM WHICH IS CONTINUING FRO MESOZOIC TIMES UNINTERRUPTED TILL DATE AND I S PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION VIA SPORES ;IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY CALLED PERFACT MARRIAGE OR INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP
IT IS ALL ABOUT A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FERN AND A BACTERIA- A MILLIONSOF YEARS OLD RELATIONSHIP WHICH HAS CONTIUED UNINTERRUPTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION TILL DATE AND CONTINUED FROM BIRTH TO DEATH IN EACH GENERATION AND PASSED ON TO NEXT VIA SPORES .
CHAMPIONS ARE THOSE WHICH EXCEL IN SOME FIELD AND OUTBIDDING NEAREST RIVALS SHOWING THEY ARE THE BEST AND REACH THE TOP ;EXCELLENCE IS NOT THE PRESERVE OF THE TALLEST BIGGEST LARGESTOR HIGHEST -IT CAN BE EXHIBITED EVEN THE SMALLEST SHORTEST OR LIGHTEST;HERE INTERESTING EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN GIVEN FROM ALL TYPES DESCRIBING THEIR SPECIAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERING THEM CHAMPIONS ON THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED FACTS
IT IS ALL ABOUT AN UNUSUAL ALGA
UNICELLULAR BUT NOT SIMPLE
LOOKS LIKE A TINY PLANT WITH STEM LIKE STALK ROOT LIKE RHIZOIDS AND LEAF LIKE CAP ;A VERY LARGE SINGLE NUCLEUS IN RHIZOID ! WHAT A SURPRISE .
CHAMPION LIVING FOSSILS -META SEQOIA WOLLEMI PINE CYCAD SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
THESE LIVING FOSSILS ARE SURVIVING REPRESENTATIVES OF SPECIES WHICH FLOURISHED WORLD WIDE IN THE HEY DAYS OF DINOSAUR ERA IN MESOZOIC TIMES.
THEY ARE ALL BEAUTIFUL BUT WOLLEMI PINES HAVE BECOME SCARCE AND HARDLY FORTY HAVE BEEN LEFT NOW .
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
IT IS A PRAYER INCORPORATING THANKS TO CHAMPION OFCHAMPIONS- LORD VISHVKARMA -GREAT GOD WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE AND SCOPE OF CHANPIONSHIP TO EACH CLASS AND CATEGORY OF LIVING BEINGS
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE TWO CLAIMENTS FOR THE TITLE OF SMALLEST BACTERIA
AND BOTH ARE RIGHT IN THEIR OWN
WAY - MYCOPLASMA AS A PARASITE AND PELAGIBACTER AS A SELF SUFFICIENT ORGANISM .
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
LIKE YEAST THEY ARE ALSO ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI ;THEIR DISTIGUISHING FEATURE IS THEIR REPRODUCTION BY MOTILE ZOOSPORES .
THEY ARE THE MOST ANCIENT FUNGI -CARRYING ON SINCE 1.5 BYA
YEAST IS ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI KNOWN ;BUT IT IS UNLIKE TYPICAL FUNGI .ITS MAIN FEATURE IS ITS UNICELLULAR CHARACTER AND ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE FERMENTATION BY ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ;AND THEREFORE ITS USE IN BEER &BREAD MAKING ;
ITS USE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY IS ALSO EMERGING AS ANOTHER USEFUL FEATURE .FOR SCIENTISTS IT IS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT INTRA CCELLULAR PROCESSES OF EUKARYOTES AND GENETICS
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - ALGAE SMALLEST - B BIGELOII SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
ALGAE ARE SMALL ORGANISMS AS A WHOLE BUT b BIGELOII HAVE THE DISTINCTION OF BEING THE SMALLEST ;ITS FAME HOWEVER RESTS ONITS ABILITY TO EAT BACTERIA OF ALMOST THE SAME SIZE BY SEMI EXTRA CELLUALAR CYTOSIS .
IT IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A UNIQUE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A FERN AND AND A BACTERIUM WHICH IS CONTINUING FRO MESOZOIC TIMES UNINTERRUPTED TILL DATE AND I S PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION VIA SPORES ;IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY CALLED PERFACT MARRIAGE OR INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP
IT IS ALL ABOUT A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FERN AND A BACTERIA- A MILLIONSOF YEARS OLD RELATIONSHIP WHICH HAS CONTIUED UNINTERRUPTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION TILL DATE AND CONTINUED FROM BIRTH TO DEATH IN EACH GENERATION AND PASSED ON TO NEXT VIA SPORES .
CHAMPIONS ARE THOSE WHICH EXCEL IN SOME FIELD AND OUTBIDDING NEAREST RIVALS SHOWING THEY ARE THE BEST AND REACH THE TOP ;EXCELLENCE IS NOT THE PRESERVE OF THE TALLEST BIGGEST LARGESTOR HIGHEST -IT CAN BE EXHIBITED EVEN THE SMALLEST SHORTEST OR LIGHTEST;HERE INTERESTING EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN GIVEN FROM ALL TYPES DESCRIBING THEIR SPECIAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERING THEM CHAMPIONS ON THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED FACTS
IT IS ALL ABOUT AN UNUSUAL ALGA
UNICELLULAR BUT NOT SIMPLE
LOOKS LIKE A TINY PLANT WITH STEM LIKE STALK ROOT LIKE RHIZOIDS AND LEAF LIKE CAP ;A VERY LARGE SINGLE NUCLEUS IN RHIZOID ! WHAT A SURPRISE .
CHAMPION LIVING FOSSILS -META SEQOIA WOLLEMI PINE CYCAD SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
THESE LIVING FOSSILS ARE SURVIVING REPRESENTATIVES OF SPECIES WHICH FLOURISHED WORLD WIDE IN THE HEY DAYS OF DINOSAUR ERA IN MESOZOIC TIMES.
THEY ARE ALL BEAUTIFUL BUT WOLLEMI PINES HAVE BECOME SCARCE AND HARDLY FORTY HAVE BEEN LEFT NOW .
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.