There are four main methods of transistor biasing: base resistor method, emitter bias method, biasing with collector feedback resistor, and voltage-divider bias method. The document then focuses on explaining the base resistor method and voltage-divider bias method in more detail. For the base resistor method, a resistor is used to provide base current, but it has poor stability. For the voltage-divider bias method, two resistors are used to provide stable biasing of the transistor by controlling the base-emitter voltage. This method is widely used due to its stability from the emitter resistor preventing changes in collector current.

1. TRANSISTOR
BIASING
Presented by:
Md Abdullah Al Muzahid,
Md Abdur Rahman,
Emdadul Bari Fahad,

2. METHODS OF TRANSISTOR BIASING:
There are four types of transistor biasing
method,
(i) Base resistor method.
(ii) Emitter bias method.
(iii) Biasing with collector-feedback
resistor.
(iv) Voltage-divider bias.

3. BASE RESISTOR METHOD:
In this method, a high resistance RB (several hundred kΩ) is
connected between the base and +ve end of supply for npn
transistor (See Fig. 1) and between base and negative end
of supply for pnp transistor. Here, the required zero signal
base current is provided by VCC and it flows through RB. It
is because now base is positive w.r.t. emitter i.e. base-emitter junction is
forward biased. The required value of zero
signal base current IB (and hence IC = βIB) can be made to
flow by selecting the proper value of base resistor RB.

4. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
 It is required to find the value
of RB so that required collector
current flows in the zero signal
conditions. Let IC be the
required zero signal collector
current.

5. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
As Vcc and IB are known and VBE can be seen from the transistor
manual, therefore, value of RB
can be readily found from exp. (i).
Since VBE is generally quite small as compared to VCC, the former
can be neglected with little error. It then follows from exp. (i)
that :
It may be noted that VCC is a fixed known quantity and IB is
chosen at some suitable value. Hence,
RB can always be found directly, and for this reason, this
method is sometimes called fixed-bias method.

6. Stability factor. As shown in fig-1
In fixed-bias method of biasing, IB is independent of
IC so that dIB/dIC = 0. Putting the value of
dIB / dIC = 0 in the above expression, we have,
Stability factor, S = β + 1
Thus the stability factor in a fixed bias is (β + 1).
This means that IC changes (β + 1) times as
much as any change in ICO. For instance, if β = 100,
then S = 101 which means that IC increases 101
times faster than ICO. Due to the large value of S in a
fixed bias, it has poor thermal stability.

7. ADVANTAGES :
(i) This biasing circuit is very simple as only
one resistance RB is required.
(ii) Biasing conditions can easily be set and the
calculations are simple.
(iii) There is no loading of the source by the
biasing circuit since no resistor is employed
across base-emitter junction.

8. DISADVANTAGES :
(i) This method provides poor stabilization. It is
because there is no means to stop a self
increase in collector current due to
temperature rise and individual variations.
For example, if β increases due to transistor
replacement, then IC also increases by the
same factor as IB is constant.
(ii) The stability factor is very high. Therefore,
there are strong chances of thermal
runaway.
Due to these disadvantages, this method of
biasing is rarely employed.

9. METHODS OF TRANSISTOR
BIASING
 Base resistor method
 Emitter bias method
 Biasing with collector feedback resistor
 Voltage-divider bias

10. TRANSISTOR BIASING
 The proper flow of zero signal collector
current and the maintenance of proper
collector-emitter voltage during the passage
of signal is known as transistor biasing.

11. VOLTAGE DIVIDER
BIAS METHOD
A circuit of voltage divider bias
method
 This is the most widely used
method of providing biasing and
stabilisation to a transistor. In this
method, two resistances RB1 and
RB2 are connected across the
supply voltage Vcc and providing
biasing. The emitter resistance RE
provides stabilisation. The name
“voltage divider” comes from the
voltage divider formed by RB1 and
RB2. The voltage drop across R2
forward biases the base emitter
junction. The causes the base
current and hence collector
current flow in the zero signal
conditions.

12. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
A circuit of voltage divider bias
method
 Circuit analysis: Suppose
that the current flowing
through resistance RB1 is
I1. As base current IB is
very small. Therefore, it
can be assumed with
reasonable accuracy that
current flowing through
RB2 is also I1.

13. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
A circuit of voltage divider bias
method
 Collector Current IC:
I1 =VCC ̸ RB1+ RB2
So, voltage across resistance RB2 is
V2 = (VCC ̸ RB1+ RB2) RB2
Appling KVL to the base circuit of the Fig
V2 = VBE + VE
V2 = VBE + IERE
Or, IE = (V2+ VBE) ̸ RE
Since, IE = IC
IC = (V2- VBE) ̸ RE
Though IC depends upon VEE but in
practice V2 >> VBE, so that IC is practically
independent of VBE.

14. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
A circuit of voltage divider bias
method
 Collector-emitter voltage VCE:
Applying KVL to the collector side.
VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE
= ICRC + VCE + ICRE
[Because IE = IC]
= IC (RC + RE) + VCE
VCE = VCC – IC (RC + RE)
Stabilisation: In this circuit, excellent
stabilization is provided by RE. We know
that,
V2 = VCC – IC (RC + RE)
Suppose the collector current IC
increases due to rise in temperature.
This will cause the voltage drop across
emitter resistance RE to increases. As
voltage drop across R2 is independent
of IC therefore, VBE decreases. This in
turn causes IB to decrease. The
reduced value of IB tends to restore IC
to the original value.

15. THE END