Transculture GlocaLism

1. ivane GjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakulteti
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra
civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)
Ivane Djavakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Faculty of History
Department of History and Theory of Culture
Centre of Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)
civilizaciuri Ziebani
Civilization Researches
# 2
gamomcemloba artanuji
Publishers ARTANUJI
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
2004
1

2. “civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens kulturis istoriisa da
Teoriis kaTedrasTan arsebuli “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis
centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa
dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi
unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas da ar unda aRematebodes 6
kompiuterul gverds. [A4, AcadNusx, 12, 1,5] statia warmodgenili unda
, , 1,5].
iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT. literaturis miTiTebis wesi
krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis Sesabamisad.
dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212,
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra; tel. 29 08 44, an mogvwereT
eleqtronuli fostiT: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
saredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovani istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
Ciqovani,
profesori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)
levan gordeziani,
gordeziani istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
guram lorTqifaniZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
marika mSvildaZe,
mSvildaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
malxaz macaberiZe,
macaberiZe politikis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
nino fircxalava,
fircxalava filologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
redaqcia: qeTevan kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), SoTa
xinCagaSvili (teqnikuri redaqtori), levan
gaxokiZe, Toria,
gaxokiZe, malxaz Toria, nino laSxi, daviT
macaberiZe, Salva mekraviSvili, nino
CxaiZe, wereTeli.
mWedliSvili, irakli CxaiZe, ivane wereTeli.
© iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
© civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)
ISSN 1512-1941
redaqciis misamarTi
saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
2

3. I korpusi, kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra (oTaxi 212)
tel: (99532) 290844
el. fosta: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia
civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi centrisa da kaTedris Sesaxeb ix.
kaTedris veb-gverdze: kultura.geoweb.ge
3

4. REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
(Head of the reviewers board)
Levan Gordeziani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Guram Lortkipanidze, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Marika Mshvildaze, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor
Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Shota Khinchagashvili
(Technical Editor), Levan Gakhokidze, Malkhaz Toria, Nino
Lashkhi, David Matsaberidze, Shalva Mekravishvili, Nino
Mchedlishvili, Irakli Chkhaidze, Ivane Tsereteli.
© Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
© Centre of Comparative Studies of Civilizations
ISSN 1512-1941
ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE
1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of History, Department of History and
Theory of Culture
T. (99532) 290844
:
e-mail: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies
(Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.geoweb.ge
4

5. s a r C e v i
inola afaqiZe
kulturuli Soki: misi warmoqmna da acilebis xerxebi
(britanuli da qarTuli sufris magaliTze)
Inola Apakidze
Culture shock: its Origins and the Ways to Avoid It
(On the Examples of British and Georgian Table Feasts)
konstantine WiWinaZe
nacionalizmi da globalizacia: sistemuri midgomis mcdeloba
Konstantine Chichinadze
Nationalism and Globalization: an Attempt of System Approach
daviT macaberiZe
civilizaciuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis
konfliqtebSi
David Matsaberidze
Correlation of Civilizational and Political Factors in Caucasian Conflicts
SoTa xinCagaSvili
msofliosa da kavkasiis momavlis versia _ xoj-ahmed nuxaevis Teoria.
Shota Khinchagashvili
Future of the Caucasus and the World - Khoz-Ahmed Noukhaev’s Concept
giorgi lobJaniZe
yuranisa da saxarebis erTi mniSvnelovani paraleli
Giorgi Lobjanidze
A Parallel between the Bible and the Koran
qeTevan kakitelaSvili, ivane wereTeli
tradicia, modernizacia da mcire kulturebi
Targmanebi
svante korneli. avtonomia _ konfliqtis wyaro
hanTingtoni. universaluri civilizacia? modernizacia da
semuel hanTingtoni
vesternizacia (wignidan "civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da msoflio wesrigis
gardaqmna")
muhamed Tahir-ul-qadri. kulturis globalizacia?
Tahir-ul-qadri.
mixeil epSteini. kultura _ kulturologia _ transkultura
ixeil
5

6. mixail epSteini. TviTgawmenda (TviTgasufTaveba). kulturis warmoSobis
hipoTeza
6

7. inola afaqiZe
Tsu dasavleT evropis enebisa da literaturis fakulteti,
inglisuri filologiis kaTedra
kulturuli
kulturuli Soki: misi warmoqmna da acilebis xerxebi
(britanuli da qarTuli sufris magaliTze).
When in Rome, do as the Romans do
ra qveyanas mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo.
ucxo qveyanaSi stumrobisas, adre Tu gvian dgeba periodi, rodesac
Tqven ganicdiT imas, rasac kulturuli Soki (culture shock)1 hqvia. saqme isaa,
rom am dros erTi eris warmomadgeneli xvdeba misTvis sruliad ucxo
kulturul da socialur garemoSi, da, SesaZlebelia, igi garkveul
sirTuleebs waawydes ucxo kulturasTan da mis adaT-wesebTan Seguebis
procesSi. Sedegad, mas iseTi grZnobebi eufleba, rogoricaa gakvirveba,
pativiscema, gabrazeba, imedgacrueba, ucxo kulturisadmi gaucxoeba da
misi miuReblobis SegrZnebac ki. aq unda iTqvas, rom Tu ori sxvadasxva
eris warmomadgeneli ver ugebs erTmaneTs maT Soris arsebuli sxvadasxva
kulturuli Rirebulebebis, arsebuli socialuri wyobis da wes-
Cveulebebis gamo, es kulturuli Sejaxebis (culture bump) mizezi xdeba, rac
Tavis mxriv, kulturul Soks iwvevs. SeuZlebelia zustad imis Tqma, Tu
ra SeiZleba ganicados TiToeulma adamianma sxva qveynis kulturisadmi
adaptaciis dros, radgan ucxo qveyanaSi cxovrebis pirvel xanebSi
adamians sxvadasxva emocia eufleba. pamela smiTis mixedviT, gamokvlevis
Tanaxmad, arsebobs, xuTi "tipiuri" done, romelTa gavlac adamians ucxo
garemoSi xSirad uxdeba. es doneebia: Taflobis done (the honeymoon stage),
dardis, mwuxarebis done (the distress stage), re-integraciis done (the re-
integration stage), avtonomiis done (the autonomy stage) da damoukidebulebis
done (the independence stage).
1 termini “kulturuli Soki” XX saukunis Sua wlebidan gvxvdeba samecniero
literaturaSi daZabulobis, daurwmuneblobisa da SfoTvis im SegrZnebis aRsaniSnavad,
romelsac adamiani an adamianTa jgufi ganicdis axal da uCveulo kulturul garemoSi
aRmoCenisas. es aris situacia, rodesac erTmaneTs upirispirdeba adamianisaTvis Cveuli
da ucxo kulturebis faseulobebi, normebi, ena da yoveldRiuri cxovreba. Sokuri
reaqciis siZliere ganisazRvreba maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis xarisxiT.
7

8. tipiuri Taflobis donis dros yvelaferi axali Tqvens garSemo
gansxvavebuli da, metwilad, dadebiTia. xalxi sasiamovno STabeWdilebas
tovebs, Tqven enTuziazmiT xarT ganwyobili im siaxleebisadmi, romlis
molodinSic xarT.
dardis, mwuxarebis donis dros siaxlis da aRelvebis SegrZneba
TandaTan qreba da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis siZneleebi iCens xolme Tavs.
adamianma, SesaZloa, Tavi igrZnos dabneulad, moSlilad, izolirebulad
da samSobloze danaRvlebulad. ufro metic, mas, SesaZloa, janmrTelobis
problemebic Seeqmnas, rogoricaa uZiloba, alergia an warmoiSvas
sirTule axali (ucxo) sakvebis SeguebasTan dakavSirebiT. es reaqciebi
uCveulo ar aris da umetesad droTa ganmavlobaSi qreba.
re-integraciis dros Tavi jer kidev SeiZleba daTrgunulad an
daucvelad igrZnoT, sxvebi daadanaSauloT imaSi, rasac grZnobT da
ganicdiT da uaryoT is axali kultura, romelSic aRmoCndiT. male,
SesaZloa, imaze fiqric daiwyoT, rom samSobloSi yvelaferi bevrad
ukeTesad iyo, vidre iq, sadac axla xarT. es reaqciebi normaluria, es
isaa, riTac adamianebi cdiloben Seeguon did cvlilebebs TavianT
cxovrebaSi.
sabednierod, avtonomiis doneze gasvlisas, rogorc wesi, ufro
imedianad xarT ganwyobili. ufro metad rwmundebiT imaSi, rom SegiZliaT
axal situaciasTan Segueba, da, SesaZloa, ufro naklebad gaxdeT sxvebze
damokidebuli. amis Sedegad ukve aRwevT damoukideblobis im dones,
romelsac axali kulturis unikaluri da saintereso aspeqtebisadmi
mgrZnobiaroba axasiaTebs. am stadiaSi ukve gadalaxuli gaqvT Seguebis
procesi; Tqven SegiZliaT datkbeT sakuTari gamocdilebiT da aRadginoT
cxovrebiseuli balansi. axla mTeli wre gavlili gaqvT da Tavs isev
kargad grZnobT (12, 40-41).
unda iTqvas, rom ori gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebs
Soris kulturuli Sokis mizezi erTnairi yofiTi bazisis anu foniseuli
codnis ararseboba xdeba, rac, xSirad, enobriv formebSi gamovlindeba.
amis magaliTad SemiZlia moviyvano Cemi erT-erTi britaneli informantis
sityvebi: “me ar momwons, rom maZaleben sufrasTan dajdomas, miTumetes
iseTi sityvebiT, rogoricaa, “dajeqi” (sit down), “modi” (come in). es Cems
upativcemlobad mimaCnia da Cemze garkveuli zegavlenis ganxorcielebis
8

9. mcdeloba mgonia”. saqme isaa, rom qarTveli maspinZeli ucxoeli stumris
mipatiJebisas pirdapir Targmnis inglisurad iseT frazebs, rogoricaa
“modi”, “dajeqi” da Sedegad ase mimarTavs ucxoels: “come in”, “sit down”.
britaneli ki, romlisTvisac brZanebiT kiloSi mimarTva miuRebelia, amas
miiCnevs ara mipatiJebad, aramed brZanebad, rac masSi protests iwvevs.
amitom, umjobesia, qarTvelma Semdegnairad miipatiJos ucxoeli stumari
sufrasTan: Take a seat, please (dabrZandiT, geTayva); Come in, please (mobrZandiT,
geTayva).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveulebriv, britanelebi ukareba da
arastumarTmoyvare xalxad miaCniaT. erTi SexedviT es TiTqos asea.
sinamdvileSi ki britanelebi did pativs scemen adamianebis ganmartovebas
da ar surT misi darRveva. andre morua werda: “inglisSi siCumis gamo
Tqven aravin dagadanaSaulebT. Tu Tqven sami wlis ganmavlobaSi sityvas
ar daZravT, isini daaskvnian, rom kargi, wynari adamiani xarT” (11, 78). rac
Seexeba britanelebis stumar-maspinZlobas, unda iTqvas, rom, Tu stumari
maspinZlisaTvis nacnobi adamiania an sarekomendacio werili aqvs,
britanul ojaxSi mas gulRiad miiReben da Rirseul maspinZlobasac
gauweven. uiliam trevori wers: “ucxoeli uceb ver grZnobs britanelebis
siTbos, magram Tu isini mas miiReben, anebivreben da maT megobrobas
sazRvari ara aqvT. maT aqvT wesebi da tabu, rac ucxoelma aucileblad
unda daicvas” (14,76).
qarTvelma unda gaiTvaliswinos is faqtic, rom britaneTSi ar aris
miRebuli moulodneli stumroba. iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa:
“gamomiare”, “gvinaxule xolme”, anu CvenTvis Cveuli frazebi SesaZloa
ingliselebs Soris saubarSic Segvxdes: “You might come over any time”
(“gamoiareT nebismier dros”), “Why don't you come and have a cup of coffee some day?”
(“xom ar SemoivlidiT CvenTan yavis dasalevad?”) amgvar gamonaTqvamebs
fatikuri komunikaciis magaliTebs uwodeben, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom
maT pozitiuri Tavazianobis xasiaTi aqvT da adamianebs Soris axlo
urTierTobaze migvaniSneben an exmarebian maT am urTierTobebis
CamoyalibebaSi. magram, britaneTSi, amdagvari fatikuri “mipatiJebis”
safuZvelze moulodneli stumroba mizanSewonili ar aris: maspinZeli
SeiZleba dakavebuli aRmoCndes, rac metad uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens
stumarzec da maspinZelzec da, savsebiT SesaZloa, urTierTobaSi
9

10. daZabulobis da kulturuli Sejaxebis mizezic gaxdes. britaneTSi
“stumrobaze” SeTanxmeba winaswar xdeba da, sakmaod xSirad, werilobiTi
formiT. miRebuli mipatiJebis werilze aucilebelia sapasuxo werilis
gagzavna, romelSic maspinZels SeatyobinebT, SeZlebT Tu ara masTan
misvlas. Tqveni dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, miiRebT maspinZlis sapasuxo
werils, romelic adasturebs mipatiJebas da azustebs, rom gelodebian,
magaliTad, saRamos 7.45 saaTidan 8.15 saaTamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tqveni
moulodneli stumroba, mipatiJebis werilze dadebiTi pasuxis gagzavnis
gareSe, uxerxulobaSi Caagdebs Tqvens maspinZels, iseve rogorc is faqti,
Tu masTan SeuTanxmeblad erT an, miTumetes, ramdenime megobars miiyvanT.
dameTanxmebiT, rom bevri qarTvelisaTvis es metad uCveulod JRers da,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, misTvis morigi kulturuli Sejaxebis mizezi
gaxdes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu britanels surs, rom Tqven Tan vinme
wamoiyvanoT, zepir an werilobiT mipatiJebaSi aucileblad aRniSnavs amas
aseTi sityvebiT: “Bring a friend” (megobaric Tan wamoiyvane). saqarTveloSi ki
TviT andaza “stumari RvTisaa”, vfiqrob, ukve iZleva pasuxs imaze, Tu
rogori damokidebuleba aqvT qarTvelebs dapatiJebuli an daupatiJebeli
stumrisadmi. rogorc vxedavT, is, rac misaRebia da bunebrivad aRiqmeba
erT kulturaSi, SesaZloa, dauSvebeli da Seuracxmyofelic ki aRmoCndes
sxva kulturis warmomadgenelisTvis, rac ara mxolod kulturul Soks
iwvevs, aramed Tqvens mier Cadenili araswori saqcieli, SesaZloa, Tqveni
“saxis Selaxvis” (loss of face) mizezic gaxdes. “saxis” cneba ekuTvnis
e.gofmans da gulisxmobs pirovnebis pativiscemis grZnobas sakuTari
Tavisadmi. Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi TiToeuli sityva Tu saqcieli
ganpirobebulia saxis SenarCunebis faqtorebiTa da Sesabamisi qceviT sxva
adamianebis mimarT, raTa Tavidan acilebul iqnes is situaciebi an
sityvebi, romelic “saxis Selaxvas” iwvevs. britaneTSi wveulebaze
dagvianeba, daupatiJeblad misvla an maspinZelTan SeuTanxmeblad
amxanagis miyvana, anu is, rac qarTvelTa umravlesobas bunebriv movlenad
miaCnia, iwvevs misi “saxis Selaxvas” britanelebis TvalSi, qarTveli ki,
garda amisa, kulturuli Sokis morigi msxverpli xdeba. qarTvelma
aucileblad unda icodes, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania britanelebisTvis
drois faqtori. Tu britaneli wveulebaze 8 saaTze gepatiJebaT, es ar
niSnavs imas, rom cxris naxevarze unda mixvideT: unda icodeT, rom es
10

11. zustad 8 saaTs niSnavs. magaliTad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu stumrad 4.30 saaTvis
xarT miwveuli, iqidan unda wamoxvideT ara ugvianes 6.15 saaTisa, Tu, ra
Tqma unda, darCena ar gTxoves. Tumca, rogorc acxadebs C.mosli,
wveulebidan wamosvlis zusti drois wesi adre moqmedebda: “dResdReobiT
nebismierma adamianma, romelic marTavs wveulebas londonSi saRamos 8
saaTze, unda ivaraudos, rom es wveuleba damTavrdeba ara uadres Ramis 12
saaTisa”, ris Sedegad C. mosli gansazRvravs stumarTa wasvlis dros da
axdens metad saintereso klasifikacias maTi socialuri statusis
mixedviT: “yvelaze adre wveulebas toveben is adamianebi, romelTac
kargad anazRaurebadi samsaxuri aqvT, dabali xelfasis mqone stumrebi
odnav ufro didxans rCebian; magram Tu maT Soris arian iseTebi, visac
samsaxureobrivi dawinaurebis ambiciebi gaaCniaT, isinic adre wavlen
sufridan. yvelaze bolos wveulebidan sasmelis uzomo moyvaruli da
studentebi midian” (12, 7).
rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis, iseve britanelebisTvis xSirad iqmneba
bevri uxerxuli situacia, romelic britanuli da qarTuli kulturuli
gansxvavebebis gamo maT kulturuli Sejaxebis da Sokis msxverplad
aqcevs. Tavdapirvelad, aRsaniSnavia is, rom dasavleTSi farTod
gavrcelebuli koqteilebisa da furSetebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli
tradicia sufrasTan jdomas iTvaliswinebs. CvenTvis miuRebelia sasmisiT
xelSi aqeT-iqiT siaruli da sasmelis nel-nela wrupva. qarTuli sufris
ZiriTadi mizani sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqma da erTmaneTisTvis gulis
gadaSlaa. ucxoeli stumrebi, romlebic ar icnoben qarTuli
sadRegrZeloebis jerobas, xSirad arRveven wesebs da uxveven Tamadis mier
SemoTavazebul Temas, rac kulturuli Sejaxebis mizezi xdeba. ucxoeTSi
myofi qarTvelebi ki xSirad arasworad afaseben maspinZlebs, romlebic
sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqmaSi Zlier sityvaZunwi arian. maTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli sadRegrZeloebi xom Semdegi saxisaa: Cheers! an Chin-Chin!
(gagimarjos!). garda amisa, zogi qarTvelisTvis tradiciuli sufris
nacvlad gamarTuli kokteilebi da furSetebi kulturuli Sokis kidev
erTi mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes, iseve rogorc amdagvar Tavyrilobaze
Tamadis ararseboba. amis sanacvlod, sufraze myof nebismier stumars,
survilisamebr, nebismier dros SeuZlia sityvis warmoTqma da
sadRegrZelos daleva. ukve aRvniSneT, rom britanuli sadRegrZeloebi,
11

12. rogorc wesi, gacilebiT nakleb droSi warmoiTqmeba, vidre qarTuli;
britanelebs miaCniaT, rom sadRegrZelo 4 wuTze met xans ar unda
grZeldebodes, rac SeiZleba imis winapirobad CaiTvalos, rom stumars ar
daeufleba daRliloba da mobezrebis grZnoba.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegad unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc wesi,
ucxoel stumrebs aocebT da akvirvebT is faqti, rom qarTvelebi bevrs
laparakoben sarRegrZelos Sesmis win, xSirad fexze dgebian, da, es
aucilebelia sufris wevri yvela mamakacisTvis. ucxoeli stumrebisTvis
gansakuTrebiT gamaRizianebelia, rodesac sufris wevrebi aiZuleben maT
dalion didi raodenobiT Rvino da uaris SemTxvevaSi Tavs
Seuracxyofilad grZnoben. aRsaniSnavia, romEerT-erT britanel
informantTan qarTul stumar-maspinZlobaze saubrisas, man qarTul
sufrasTan dakavSirebiT Camoayaliba cneba: “agresiuli stumar-
maspinZloba” (aggressive hospitality). igi gulisxmobda iseT SemTxvevebs,
rodesac ucxoel stumars aiZuleben sadRegrZeloebis dalevas da
sufraze jdomas maSinac ki, rodesac is Zalian daRlilia da dasveneba
surs. am sityvebis avtors esmis, rom amiT qarTvelebi cdiloben TavianTi
pativiscemisa da stumarTmoyvareobis gamoxatvas ucxoelis mimarT, magram
misTvis es Zalian uCveulo, da, pirvel xanebSi, sakmaod Zneli
aRsaqmelicaa, gansakuTrebiT sadRegrZeloebis xangrZlivoba da maTi
raodenoba. Tu Cven vixelmZRvanelebT p. smiTis kulturuli Sokis
doneebis sistemiT, am ucxoels re-integraciis donisaTvis
damaxaliaTebeli grZnobebi eufleboda da mwvaved ganicdida
SeuTavseblobas mocemul kulturasTan. amave dros, meore britaneli
informanti CemTan saubris dros, rogorc Cans, ukve avtonomiis dones
gadioda da misTvis qarTuli stumar-maspinZloba drois sasiamovnod
gatarebas niSnavda. man ukve icoda, rom, Tu sufraze kacs daleva ar surs,
arsebobs sapatio mizezebi, romlebic aucileblad iqneba
gaTvaliswinebuli, magaliTad, “samwuxarod, wamali unda davlio (an
davlie) da ver davlev”, an “saWesTan var da ver davlev”. am stumarma ukve
icis, rom amdagvari mizezebi ar gamoiwvevs maspinZlis grZnobebis
Seuracxyofas da amave dros, mis, rogorc stumris saxesac safrTxes ar
Seuqmnis.
12

13. amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom
kulturuli Soki aris is movlena da gancda, romlis gadalaxva
aucilebelia im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic maTTvis ucnob da uCveulo
kulturul garemoSi aRmoCndebian. unda gvaxsovdes, rom es movlena
droebiTi xasiaTisaa da qveynis, eris da kulturis ukeTesad gacnobis
Semdeg misi Tavidan acileba ufro advili xdeba. mTavaria, ar
dagvaviwydes imis gaTvaliswineba, rom gansxvavebuli yofis
warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas maT eTikur normebsa da tradiciebs
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT da gagebiT unda movekidoT, raTa Cveni
Tanamosaubreni da stumrebi ar gavaRizianoT, ar SeuracxvyoT da
maqsimalurad kargad warmovaCinoT Cveni erovnuli da piradi saxe. garda
amisa, Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom tradiciebi
da kultura, romelic sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenels aqvs, unda miRebul
iqnas ara rogorc dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, aramed rogorc yvela erisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba da wes-Cveuleba. amrigad, mocemul statiaSi
me vcade meCvenebina, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia adamianebisaTvis
erTmaneTis kulturisa da wes-Cveulebebis gacnoba da maTi pativiscema.
isini, Cemis azriT, ar SeiZleba iyos kargi an cudi, aramed mxolod
gansxvavebuli.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. goqsaZe l., demetraZe i. qarTul-inglisuri kulturuli
Taviseburebebi. (1) Tavazianobis normebi. Tb., 1996.
2. demetraZe i. kulturuli Rirebulebebi. normaTa rRveva rogorc
saxis dakargvis faqtori. saerTaSoriso lingvistikuri
konferencia. Tb., 2000.
3. jolia g. etiketi. ucxoelebTan urTierTobis zogadi wesebi da
erovnuli Taviseburebebi. Tb., 1998.
4. Brown. P., Levinson. S. C. Politeness _ Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge
Univ. Press. 1987.
5. Duduchava R., Orembovskaya M., Orembovskaya T. Reader for Advanced Students.
Tb., 1971.
6. English Proverbs and Sayings. Tb., 1970.
13

14. 7. Goffman, E. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior, Garden City, New
York. 1967.
8. Ingram R. England. An Anthology. Harper Collins Book Manufacturing. 1989.
9. Malkoe A.-M. Letter Writing in English. U.S. Information Agency. Washington. D.C.
10. Markova N. Across England to Scotland. Moscow, 1971.
11. Maurois A. Three Letters on the English. _ England Fontana, 1989.
12. Mosley C. Debrett's Guide to Entertaining. Headline Book Publishing. 1994.
13. Smith P.A. American Colleges & Universities Magazine. Westford, 2004.
14. Trevor W. England. compiled by Richard Ingrams. Fontana, 1989.
15. Valdes J.M. Culture Bound. Bringing the Cultural Gap in Language Teaching:
Cambridge Univ. Press. 1992.
16. Карасик В.И. Статус Лица в Значении Слова. Волгоград, 1989.
17. Культурология XX век. Энциклопедия. Т.2. СПб.,1998.
18. Овчинников В.О. Корни Дуба. М., 1980.
19. Уолкер В. Культурный Шок. www.rambler.ru
lingvisturi informantebi
1. Rebecca. S. Katz
2. Jody McPhillips
3. Jon Davies
4. David Gentry
5. Baci Gentry
6. Stuart Scharf
7. Kevin Sparrow
8. Lianna Maria Collins-Dolaberidze
14

15. konstantine WiWinaZe
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
iv. beritaSvilis saxelobis fiziologiis instituti
midgomis
nacionalizmi da globalizacia: sistemuri midgomis mcdeloba
humanitaruli mecnierebebis urTierTobas maTematikasa da
sabunebismetyvelo dargebTan mravali saintereso Sedegis motana
SeuZlia. swored aseT mcdelobas warmoadgens winamdebare statiac.
sistemaTa zogadi Teoriis saSualebiT SevecadeT gagveanalizebina
samyaroSi mimdinare procesebi, erovnuli interesebis cneba da
nacionalisturi ideologiis arsi. Cvens TanamedroveobaSi mimdinare
masStaburi Zvrebi, romelic globalizaciis saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili, ar eqvemdebareba erTmniSvnelovan Teoriul interpretacias (12).
es exeba rogorc am procesTa meqanizmebis analizs, ise mosalodnel
Sedegebsac. Cveni interesis obieqts, upirveles yovlisa, mainc
warmoadgenda globalizaciis kulturuli zemoqmedeba eTnikur
struqturebze.
jer kidev p. sorokini “sociokulturuli urTierTobis
struqturaSi” gamoyofda sam komponents: individs, rogorc urTierTobis
subieqts; sazogadoebas, rogorc urTierTobaSi myof subieqtTa
erTobliobas da kulturas, rogorc faseulobebisa da normebs
erTobliobas, romelsac urTierTobaSi myofi subieqtebi floben (14). es
urTierToba SeiZleba aRweril iqnas informaciis Teoriis farglebSi.
Cvens statiaSic globalizaciis zemoqmedeba eTnosze ganxilulia
rogorc informaciis mimocvlis procesi. miTumetes rom, rogorc
samarTlianad SeniSnavs n. lumani, nebismieri “socialuri sistemebi
warmoiqmnebian... mxolod komunikaciis wyalobiT” da informaciis
“seleqtiuri SeTanxmebis aucileblobidan” gamomdinare (9). es exeba
rogorc eTnosis SigniT, ise mis gareT kontaqtebs (13).
swored informaciis mimocvlis procesebis analizi daedo
safuZvlad globalizaciis Cveneul Sefasebas. miTumetes, rom
literaturaSi xazgasmulia globalizaciis procesis kavSiri
informaciuli sazogadoebis formirebasTan (6; 12).
15

16. aseve cnobilia, rom informaciuli sazogadoebis formireba iwvevs
kulturuli erTgvarovnebis zrdas (12). es ukanaskneli ki SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes informaciis Teoriis farglebSi.
nebismieri tipis eTnikuri gaerTianebebis arseboba, maTi
stabiluroba damyarebulia kavSirebze, romlebic aseve SeiZleba
aRweril iqnas informaciis cnebis farglebSi (6). informaciis Teoriidan
cnobilia, rom adamianTa sociumSi ori ZiriTadi tipis informaciis
gadacema xdeba: genetikurisa da signaluris (kulturulis _ am terminis
ufarToesi gagebiT). maSasadame, eris TviTmyofadobas uzrunvelyofs
eTno-genetikuri da eTno-kulturuli informacia.
eTno- eTno-
eTnosis (eris)2 SigniTa da gareT, calkeul individTa Soris
arsebuli signaluri informaciis gacvlis procesSi, specialistebi
gamoyofen sinqronul da diaqronul nakadebs (6). sinqronuli nakadebi
e.w. horizontaluri xasiaTis informaciuli kavSirebia individuumebs
Soris (sityvieri, werilobiTi, grafikuli Tu sxva bunebis). xolo
diaqronuli nakadebi ki e.w. vertikaluri kavSirebia, romelic
dakavSirebulia Taobidan TaobaSi eris mTeli kulturuli
memkvidreobiTobisa da tradiciis gadacemis procesTan. xazgasmiT
SevniSnavT, rom diaqronuli informaciuli nakadi dakavSirebulia wina
Taobebisagan swored kulturuli memkvidreobiTobis da ara nebismieri
saxis informaciis gadacemasTan.
am midgomidan gamomdinare, eTnosSi mocirkulire diaqronuli
informacia (DI), rogorc wesi, metwilad eTnikuria (an
nacionalizirebulia), xolo sinqronuli informacia (SI) mxolod maSinaa
eTnikuri (isic nawilobriv), Tuki igi eTnosis SigniT informaciis
mimocvlis process warmoadgens (mas Cven vuwodeT _ Sida sinqronuli
informaciuli nakadi). xolo Tuki igi eTnosis gareT arsebul
subieqtebTan kavSirs gulisxmobs (mas Cven gare sinqronuli
informaciuli nakadi vuwodeT), maSin mas, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRar
aqvs eTnikuri xasiaTi, miTumetes, Tu igi upiratesad informaciis
SemosvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli (swored aseTi mimarTulebis nakadebs aqvs
2 statiaSi Segnebulad ar vasxvavebT erisa da eTnosis cnebebs. maT Soris realobaSi
arsebuli, sakmaod seriozuli, gansxvaveba ugulvebelyofilia, radganac Cveni
midgomis meTodologiidan gamomdinare misi ugulvebelyofa SesaZlebelia.
16

17. ZiriTadad adgili patara erebSi3). gasagebia, rom informaciis mimocvlis
swored am ukanasknel tips miekuTvneba sxva erebisagan informaciis
miReba da cxovrebaSi damkvidreba, rasac eTnikuri qcevis stereotipis
Secvla SeiZleba mohyves.
individis eTnikuri cnobierebis matareblad CamoyalibebisaTvis
aucilebelia sinqronuli da diaqronuli informaciis, agreTve gare da
Sida sinqronuli informaciul nakadTa garkveuli Sefardebis arseboba
rogorc individis socializaciis periodSi, ise mTeli misi sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi. es Sefardebebi eTnospecifiuria da icvleba eTnosidan
eTnosamde.
mecnierul-teqnikur progress, gansakuTrebiT epoqaSi, romelsac
rene genonma Tanamedroveoba uwoda (am terminma misi Sromebis Semdeg (5)
sruliad konkretuli mniSvneloba SeiZina), informaciis Teoriis enaze
rom vTqvaT, mivyavarT sinqronuli informaciis wilis zrdisaken da
diaqronuli informaciis wilis Semcirebisaken (e.i. Sefardeba DI/SI –
permanentulad ecema). kulturologiaSi am procesebs tradiciis
(rogorc qcevisa da azrovnebis wesis) kargva ewodeba da Sedegad
kulturuli denacionalizacia SeiZleba mohyves.
am procesebis paralelurad mimdinareobs Sida sinqronuli
informaciuli nakadis (ISI) procentuli wilis Semcireba gare
sinqronuli informaciul nakadTan (ESI) SedarebiT (e.i. Sefardeba ISI/ESI
– permanentulad ecema). kulturologTa enaze es procesi niSnavs
sakuTari kulturuli memkvidreobiTobis TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas
sxvaTa kulturiT da, faqtobrivad, ucxouri kulturis agresias
warmoadgens (yovel SemTxvevaSi patara erebisTvis mainc). am procesebis
Sedegia movlenebi, romelsac eTnologebi eTnosTaSoris integracias
an/da asimilacias uwodeben (4).
radganac dResdReobiT denacionalizacia da kulturuli agresia
globaluri masStabis movlenebia da met-naklebad yvela ers emuqreba,
amitomac Sedegad viRebT samyaros kosmopolitizacias. aseTi situacia
sxvadasxva erebSi (gansakuTrebiT ki patara erebSi) iwvevs damcavi
3
am terminiT Cven aRvniSnavT SezRuduli resursebis mqone mcirericxovan erebs
(eTnosebs). am ukanasknelTa umravlesobis winaSe seriozulad dgas sakuTari
identurobis SenarCunebis problema. swored es momenti ganapirobebs maTi
nacionalizmebis garkveul Taviseburebas. Tumca SevniSnavT, rom e.w. didi erebis
winaSec SeiZleba idges (da dgas kidec) mocemuli problemebi.
17

18. reaqciebis ganviTarebas, rac sxvadasxva politikuri, religiuri Tu sxva
saxis moZraobebis Casaxvasa da gaaqtiurebas iwvevs. erT-erTi aseTi tipis
ideologiaa nacionalizmi.
jer kidev 1978 wels avgust vinkleri aanalizebda ra imdroindel
bibliografias, aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi
nacionalizmis problemas Zalian cota yuradReba hqonda daTmobili (18).
TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg qaTrin verderi werda, rom 1980-ian da 1990-ian
wlebSi nacionalizmis problematika aSkarad gaxda prioritetuli (17).
mas Semdeg nacionalizmisadmi interesi gamudmebiT izrdeba (10; 11).
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad mkvlevarTa aseTi
interesisa, nacionalisturi ideologiis raime mwyobri Teoria dRemde
ar arsebobs. ufro metic, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, “nacionalizmis
erTiani, universaluri Teoriis arsebobac ki SeuZlebelia. radganac
warsuli gansxvavebulia, gansxvaveba iqneba Cvens koncefciebs Sorisac”
(16). termini nacionalizmi mocemuli statiis avtors saTaurSi
mravlobiT ricxvSi aqvs gamoyenebuli. marTlac, nacionalizmSi
asaxulia ama Tu im eris erovnuli interesebi da misi msoflmimarTeba.
ramdeni eric aris dedamiwaze, imdenive nacionalizmi arsebobs. aseTi
maRali eTnospecifikurobis gamo, nacionalizmi sakmaod heterogenuli
ideologiaa, gansxvavebiT sxva ZiriTadi ideologiebisagan _
liberalizmisgan da internacionaluri socializmisagan, romelebic
sakmaod homogenurni arian da maTi Teoriuli struqtura SedarebiT
naklebadaa eTnospecifikuri.
miuxedavad problemisadmi aseTi skeptikuri midgomisa Cven vTvliT,
rom sistemaTa zogadi Teoria nacionalizmis erTiani Teoriis sawyisi
konturebis Seqmnis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rac, adre Tu gvian, myar
meTodologiur bazisze dafuZnebuli erTiani Teoriis SeqmniT
dasruldeba. saqme imaSia, rom sxvadasxva eTnosebis erovnuli interesebi
sakmaod hgvanan erTmaneTs, (upirveles yovlisa, es iTqmis e.w. patara
erebis erovnul interesebze), rac ganapirobebs maTi nacionalizmebis
garkveul, oRondac, upirveles yovlisa, struqturul_Sinaarsobriv da
ara konkretul-politikur msgavsebas. swored am TvalsazrisiTaa
SesaZlebeli nacionalizmis erTiani Teoriis Seqmna. Tumca, aq SeiZleba
nawilobriv daveTanxmoT j. holls da, minimum, ori tipis nacionalizmi
18

19. gamovyoT: e.w. didi da patara erebis. sxvaTa Soris, am ukanasknel
termins xSirad iyenebdnen marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebic (statiaSi
imis axsna, Tu riT gansxvavdeba nacionalizmis es ori tipi
erTmaneTisagan Zalian Sors wagviyvanda. miTumetes, rom Cveni statiis
mizans patara erebis nacionalizmi warmoadgens).
Cveni azriT, nacionalisturi ideologiis mTavari Semadgeneli
elementia _ erovnuli interesebis uzenaesobis cnoba yvela sxva
interesebTan da uflebebTan (klasobriv, jgufobriv, individis, rogorc
aseTis, miTumetes sxva erebisa da zogadad kacobriobis) SedarebiT.
nebismieri eTnosi da/an eri warmoadgens, mTlianobis mqone
garkveul sistemas, amitom maTi aRwerisaTvis Cven gamoviyenebT sistemaTa
zogad Teorias. am Teoriis mixedviT cnobilia, rom rTul sistemas
Tavisi mTlianobis xarjze SeuZlia iseTi axali Tvisebebis SeZena,
romlebic mis Semadgenel elementebs ar gaaCniaT (8). e.i. adgili aqvs
araaditiurobis movlenas. radganac eri (eTnosi) zemoTaRniSnuli saxis
sistemaa, amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi Tavisi mTlianobis xarjze
iRebs misi Semadgeneli yoveli individuumisagan gansxvavebul Tvisebebs.
aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom eris, rogorc sistemis,
interesebic gansxvavebuli unda iyos misi Semadgeneli individuumebis
interesebisagan da aseve maTi interesTa jamisaganac.
sociologiidan ki cnobilia, rom socialuri saxis interesi
socialuri sistemis sakuTari statusis SenarCunebasa da gaumjobesebaSi
mdgomareobs (7).
maSasadame, sistemaTa zogadi Teoriis mixedviT, kulturis sferoSi
erovnuli interesi, upirveles yovlisa, zemoTaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebis
SenarCunebasa da gaumjobesebaSi unda mdgomareobdes. kulturologTa
enaze am process TviTmyofadobisa da TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas
uwodeben da igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania e.w. patara erebisaTvis.
rasakvirvelia, yovelive es sulac ar niSnavs wminda samecniero da
teqnikur inovaciebze an msoflio kulturis calkeul miRwevebze uaris
Tqmas. aq saubaria warsulTan, wina TaobebTan uwyveti jaWvis arsebobaze,
anu erovnuli kulturis mier formiT, SinaarsiTa da statusiT eTnikuri
xasiaTis SenarCunebaze, xolo mecnierul-teqnikur progresze uaris Tqma
ubralod gamoiwvevs imas, rom ers ar eqneba Sesabamisi instrumentari am
19

20. statusis SesanarCuneblad. maSasadame, kulturis doneze (sferoSi) eris
mier sakuTari statusis SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes sxva doneebze (upirveles yovlisa samxedro da
ekonomikur) statusis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebis process.
radgan kulturis sferoSi erovnuli interesi, upirveles yovlisa,
TviTmyofadobisa da TavisTavadobis SenarCunebaSi mdgomareobs (yvela
aRniSnuli SeniSvnis gaTvaliswinebiT), xolo nacionalizmi ki am
interesebis prevalirebas niSnavs, maSasadame es ideologia gulisxmobs
aRniSnul procesebTan (denacionalizacia, kulturul agresia)
dapirispirebas.
vfiqrobT, rom informaciis Teoriis enaze TviTmyofadobis
SenarCuneba niSnavs:
1) unda iqnes miRweuli Sida sinqronuli informaciuli nakadis
metoba (Tanac mniSvnelovani metoba), gare sinqronul informaciul
nakadze:
ISI
>>1
ESI
kulturologTa enaze es niSnavs sakuTari enis damcav RonisZiebaTa
Catarebas _ purizms, ucxo kulturuli memkvidreobiTobis gamoZevebas da
mis Canacvlebas erovnuliT (konkretulad ra nawili unda iqnas
gamoZevebuli es sxva sakiTxia da mis garCevas aq ar daviwyebT).
politologebi am moZraobas kulturul nacionalizms uwodeben.
2) unda iqnes gazrdili diaqronuli informaciis procentuli wili
informaciis saerTo nakadSi anda, rogorc minimumi, SeCerebul iqnes misi
vardna:
DI 2 DI1
≥
DI 2 + SI 2 DI1 + SI1
sadac DI1 da SI1 eTnosSi moZravi diaqronuli da sinqronuli
informaciis raodenobaa garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebamde, xolo DI2
da SI2 ki aseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg.
kulturologTa enaze es niSnavs erovnuli tradiciebis
SenarCunebasa da miviwyebuli Zveli tradiciebis aRdgenis procesebs.
politologTa enaze ki _ konservatizmsa da restavracionizms.
20

21. konservatizmic da restavracionizmic tradicionalisturi da
konservatiul-revoluciuri mimdinareobis organul Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgenen.
Tanac, aucilebelia erTi momentis gaTvaliswineba: diaqronuli
informaciis raodenoba Tavisi bunebiT limitirebulia eTnokulturuli
farglebiT (winaprebis mier gadmocemuli informacia ar SeiZleba iyos
usasrulod didi), xolo sinqronuli informaciis absoluturi
raodenoba ki ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. amis gamo, zemoTaRniSnuli Sedegis
misaRwevad unda gaizardos diaqronuli informaciis ganmeorebadoba.
Tanac informaciis aseTi erTgvari “zedmetoba” sasargebloc iqneba,
radganac rogorc pedagogikidanaa cnobili – informaciis garkveuli
“zedmetoba” aucilebelia teqstis adeqvaturi aRqmisaTvis. magram aris
informaciuli "xmauris" problemac anu safrTxe imisa, rom am "xmauris"
gamo ar moxdeba umniSvnelovanesi informaciis aRqma da igi Caikargeba
SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone informaciis nakadSi. amitom
diaqronuli informaciis calkeuli "blokebis" zedmetobis xarisxi
proporciuli unda iyos maTi mniSvnelobisa. esec Zalian mniSvnelovani
momentia erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
vfiqrobT, rom orive punqtma centraluri adgili unda daikavos
nacionalizmis ideologiur struqturaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, Cvens mier Camoyalibebul iqna eTno-kulturuli
informaciis moZraobis regulirebis principebi nacionalisturi
ideologiis TvalTaxedviT. magram migvaCnia, rom igive ori punqtis
eqstrapolireba SesaZlebelia eTno-genetikur informaciazec.
rasakvirvelia, sinqronuli da diaqronuli eTno-genetikuri informaciis
cneba ar iqneba iseTive calsaxa, rogorc eTno-kulturuli informaciis
SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa vfiqrobT, rom SeiZleba vuwodoT
memkvidruli informaciis eqskluziurad eTnosis SigniT gadacemis
process _ eTno-genetikuri Sida sinqronuli informaciuli nakadi, xolo
gare sinqronuli informaciuli nakadi _ analogiur process eTnosis
gareT anu ucxoelebTan. gasagebia, rom diaqronuli nakadis sidide _
STamomavlobaSi datovebuli sakuTari genebis raodenobaa, romelic
datovebuli STamomavlobis ricxviT izomeba.
maSin zemoTCamoyalibebuli ori punqtis interpretacia niSnavs:
21

22. 1) unda iqnes miRweuli Sida sinqronuli eTno-genetikuri
informaciuli nakadis prevalireba gare sinqronul informaciul
nakadze.
eTnologiis enaze es niSnavs endogamias. eTnologiidan cnobilia,
rom eTnosis formirebisa da stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia, misi
garkveuli genetikuri gancalkeveba sxva eTnosebisagan, ramac asaxva
eTnikur endogamiaSi naxa (15).
politologiaSi msgavsi midgoma SesaZlebelia eTno-rasobrivi
evgenikuri RonisZiebebis terminiT ganimartos. rogori gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva ara aqvs aRniSnul terminsa da endogamias,
mTavari mainc erTia _ sakuTari eTnosis genetikuri informaciis dacva
ucxo elementebisagan.
2) unda iqnes miRweuli diaqronuli informaciis procentuli
wilis zrda.
demografTa enaze es niSnavs mocemuli eTnosis mier datovebuli
STamomavlobis raodenobis zrdas anu mravalSvilianobas. eris fizikuri
gadarCenis procesSi, es, rasakvirvelia, aucilebeli momentia.
∗ ∗ ∗
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalisturi ideologiis garSemo
sakmaod didi moculobis literaturaa dawerili (gansakuTrebiT ki
bolo aTwleulebSi) (1; 2; 11), vfiqrobT, rom am fenomenis analizi mainc
ar gacdenila beletristikis sazRvrebs. mxolod sistemuri midgomis
saSualebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, sarwmunod dadgeniliyo is faqti, rom
nacionalizmis Teoriuli struqturis aucilebeli komponentebia:
kulturuli nacionalizmi, tradicionalizmi, eTno-rasobrivi evgenika,
mravalSvilianoba. SesaZlebelia, swored amis gamoa nacionalizmSi (mis
ekonomikur koncefciaSic ki) kulturuli da genetikuri komponentebis
wamyvani mniSvneloba.
rasakvirvelia amiT ar amoiwureba nacionalisturi ideologiis
Sinaarsi, magram am fenomenis sirTulis gamo, romelime erT midgomas ar
SeuZlia moicvas misi mTeli mravalgvaroba. amitom, maTematikosebis
22

23. enaze rom vTqvaT, zemoCamoTvlili niSnebi nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi niSnebia.
maSasadame sistemuri midgomis saSualebiT, Cven calsaxad
ganvsazRvreT erovnuli interesis Sinaarsi da amiT nacionalisturi
ideologiis struqturac. igi moicavs eris, rogorc sulieri ise
fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis aucilebel konkretul RonisZiebaTa sistemas.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. gelneri e. erebi da nacionalizmi. Tb., 2003.
2. smiti e.d. nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria. Tb., 2004.
3. Арутюнов С.А., Чебоксаров Н.Н. Передача информации как механизм
существования этносоциальных и биологических групп // Расы и народы. Еж.
1972. вып. 2. c. 8-30.
4. Бромлей Ю.В., Пучков П.И. Процессы этнического развития и этническое
прогнозирование // Природа. 1986. №2. с. 28-35.
5. Генон Р. Кризис современного мира. М., 1993.
6. Глоссарий базовых терминов по информационному обществу
(http://www.iis.ru/glossary)
7. Краткий словарь по социологии. М., 1988.
8. Лоусон Ч.А. Язык, коммуникация и биологическая организация // Исследования по
общей теории систем. Сб. переводов. М., 1969. с. 462-485.
9. Луман Н. Власть. М., 2001.
10. Миллер А.И. Национализм как теоретическая проблема // ПОЛИС. 1995. №6. с.55-
60.
11. Нации и национализм. Б. Андерсон и др. М., 2002.
12. Семененко И.С. Глобализация и социокультурная динамика: личность, общество,
культура // ПОЛИС. 2003. №1. с.5-20.
13. Соловьев А.И. Коммуникация и культура: противоречия поля политики // ПОЛИС.
2002. №6. с. 6-17.
14. Сорокин П. Человек, цивилизация, общество. М., 1992.
15. Bauch B. Vom Begrif der Nation: Ein Kapitel zur Geschichtsphilosophie. B. 1986.
16. Hall J.A. Nationalisms: Classified and Explained - “Daedalus”. Summer, 1993.
17. Verdery K. Whither “Nation” and “Nationalism” – “Daedalus”. Summer, 1993.
18. Winkler H.A. Vorwort-Winkler H.A. (Hrgs) Nationalismus. Köln, 1978.
23

24. daviT macaberiZe
Tsu istoriis fakulteti,
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra
faqtorebis
civilizaciuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiur
konfliqtebSi
kavkasia, romelic eTnosebis, kulturebis, religiebisa da
civilizaciebis rTul mozaikas warmoadgens, dReisaTvis ramdenime
konfliqtisa da kidev ufro meti potenciuri konfliqtis arenaa.
kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad rigi mkvlevarebi da
politikosebi cdiloben s.hanTingtonis “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis
Teoriis gamoyenebas. amasTan, mecnierul interess xSirad gadafaravs
politikuri motivi, rodesac konfliqtSi monawile romelime mxare
cdilobs “civilizaciur-religiuri SeuTavseblobis” ideis gamoyenebas.
s.hanTingtonis koncefciis Tanaxmad, civilizaciurad dayofil
msoflioSi konfliqtebi, umTavresad, sxvadasxva civilizaciis Sexvedris
arealebSi warmoiSoba. 1993 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi hanTingtoni (6)
Tavisi Teoriis dasturad asaxelebs kavkasiaSi arsebul konfliqtebsac,
kerZod, CeCneT-ruseTis, somxeT-azerabaijanis, oseT-inguSeTis. magram, am
statiaSi igi saerTod ar exeba saqarTvelos, qarTul-osur da qarTul-
afxazur konfliqtebs, romlebic, cxadia, ar aixsneba civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis versiis farglebSi. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” 1996 wlis
gamocemaSi kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi mimdinare konfliqtebi
(afxazeTisa da oseTis) ar aris ganxiluli civilizaciaTaA Sejaxebis
WrilSi. isini moxseniebulia mxolod faqtad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg
mimdinare dezintegraciuli procesebis fonze (7).
amrigad, kavkasia hanTingtonTan saxeldeba momaval msoflioSi
mosalodneli konfliqtebis erT-erT ZiriTad kerad, iseve rogorc
iugoslavia, maxlobeli aRmosavleTi da zogierTi sxva regioni.
oriode sityviT SevexoT kavkasiaSi mimdinare konfliqtebis
politikur diskurss. amas SeiZleba regionis (kavkasiis) politikuri
orientaciis sakiTxic ewodos, Tumca, isic gasarkvevia, marTebulia Tu
ara saubari saerTo-kavkasiur (an, Tundac, samxreT-kavkasiur) politikur
orientaciaze. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebTan dakavSirebiT
24

25. aucilebelia moxdes TviT samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis marTebuli
identifikacia. pirvel rigSi, SeuZlebelia samxreT kavkasiis
respublikebi mudmivad postsabWouri sivrcis nawilad moiazrebodnen.
saWiroa maTi identuroba ufro konkretulad ganisazRvros. erTi mxriv,
evrosabWoSi saqarTvelos miReba da somxeT-azerbaijanis gawevrianebac
kavkasiis “gaevropulebis” garkveul imedebs iZleva. meores mxriv, am
qveynebis evrokavSirSi miRebis Zalian Soreuli da saeWvo perspeqtiva
regionis evropul mowodebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. calke unda
aRiniSnos, rom ikveTeba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis yvelaze
gavleniani Zalebis _ aSS, evrokavSiris, islamuri samyaros da ruseTis _
interesebi. am Zalebs Soris daZabuloba Zalzed negatiurad aisaxeba
kavkasiaze (3).
rogorc vTqviT, kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebidan zogierTi ver
jdeba s.hanTingtonis “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” versiaSi. esenia:
qarTul-osuri da qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtebi; aseve, azerbaijanis
TurqeTTan kavSiris sapirispirod, qristianuli somxeTis daaxloeba
Siitur iranTan (90-iani wlebi, am dros saqme energosistemaTa
integraciamdec ki mivida); meore mxriv, ori Siituri saxelmwifos,
azerbaijanisa da iranis civi urTierTobebi. 1992 wels, afxazeTis
konfliqtis dros, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Crd. kavkasiel muslimebTan
erTad ibrZodnen qristiani kazakebi. zviad gamsaxurdias kavSiri
dudaevTan, baqo-Tbilisi-kievis RerZis Seqmnis mcdeloba, kaspiis
navTobis evropaSi transportireba ruseTis gverdis avliT, ruseT-iranis
_ ori civilizaciurad gansxvavebuli qveynis _ daaxloeba aseve
ewinaaRmdegeba am Teorias.
kavkasiis faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvisas s.hanTingtonis koncefcias
bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda. magaliTad, oqsfordis universitetis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kaTedris gamgis nil makfarleinis azriT,
s.f.hanTingtonis koncefcia kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi “konceptualuri
TvalsazrisiT bundovani, empiriulad arazusti da regionisTvis,
erTgvarad, safrTxis matarebelia.” Tumca, amave dros, igi mimzidvelia
regionis xalxebisaTvis, radgan, misi logikiT, regioni globaluri
politikis yuradRebis fokuss warmoadgens (2, 11). n.makfarleins eWvi
Seaqvs TviT imaSi, Tu ratom aris civilizaciuri kuTvnileba yvelaze
25

26. Zlieri faqtori, amis damamtkicebeli argumentebi mas arcTu ise
safuZvlianad eCveneba: hanTingtonTan civilizaciuri kuTvnileba
ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens
adamianebis interesTa gansazRvrasa da maT Semdgom qmedebaze. magram
savsebiT cxadi araa, ratom unda movaxdinoT civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis
faqtoris amgvari interpretacia (2, 13).
Zalze sainteresoa hanTingtonis Teoriis makfarleiniseuli analizi
kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi. ras uwinaswarmetyvelebs es Teoria kavkasias?
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, savaraudoa kavSiri erTi mxriv, ruseTs,
saqarTvelosa da somxeTs, rogorc qristianul qveynebs
(hanTingtonisaTvis religia civilizaciuri identurobis ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvrelia), xolo, meore mxriv _ TurqeTs, irans, azerbaijansa da
Crd. kavkasiis muslim xalxebs Soris. es samwuxaro scenaria, romlis
Tanaxmad, subregionuli TanamSromlobis yovelgvari mcdeloba,
magaliTad, “mSvidobiani kavkasia” da evraziuli derefani, warumatebeli
an droebiTi xasiaTisaa (2, 14).
kavkasiis konfliqtebis mizezebi SeiZleba iZebnebodes politikur da
ekonomikur faqtorebSi. exeba ra azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris
konfliqtis sakiTxs, n.makfarleni aRniSnavs, rom irani pirdapir
exmareboda somxeTs da es ganpirobebuli iyo politikuri (TurqeTis
gavlenis gaZliereba, azerbaijanuli nacionalizmis zrda iranis
azerbaijanul umciresobaSi, SiSi aSS-azerbaijanis daaxloebisa) da
ekonomikuri (ekonomikuri mogeba blokadaSi myof somxeTTan vaWrobiT,
iranis wili energetikul ganviTarebaSi) mizezebiT (2, 16).
kavkasiaSi mimdinare konfliqtebma mravali problema warmoSva
rogorc Tavad regionSi, aseve saerTaSoriso arenazec. es regioni erT-
erTi mniSvnelovania strategiuli TvalsazrisiT da mravali qveynisTvis
(gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi) yuradRebis obieqtia sxvadasxva mizezis
(politikuri, ekonomikuri da a.S.) gamo.
TiToeulma konfliqtma didi politikur-ekonomikuri (kavkasiaSi
arsebuli satransporto qselis rRveva, afxazeTis sarkinigzo blokada)
da socialur-eTnikuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia (igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi,
migraciuli procesebi). gadauwyvetel konfliqtebs didi gavlena aqvT
regionSi arsebul situaciaze. isini aferxeben am qveynebis politikur-
26

27. ekonomikur ganviTarebas, iwveven politikuri cxovrebis sisastikes da
arastabilurobas organizebuli danaSaulebebiTa da terorizmiT. es,
Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba im did proeqtebze (navTobsadeni, traseka),
romlebic kavkasiaSi unda ganxorcieldes da romlebic am regionSi
usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis garantad gvevlineba.
dResdReobiT dasavleTi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs am
konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. am procesSi CarTulia evrokavSiri da sxva
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. isini regionSi stabiluri da mSvidi
situaciis SeqmniT arian dainteresebuli. evrokavSirs stabilurobis
miRweva surs politikuri da ekonomikuri saSualebebiT, aSS ki amas
politikuri da samxedro meTodebiT cdilobs.
aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom kavkasiis konfliqtebs
diferencirebulad unda mivudgeT. ar SeiZleba CrdiloeT da samxreT
kavkasiis konfliqtebi erT prizmaSi moiazrebodes. pirvel rigSi, es
saerTaSoriso politikur arenaze maTdami sxvadasxva damokidebulebiT
aris ganpirobebuli. samxreT kavkasiaSi ukve aqtiurad ikveTeba
dasavleTisa da aSS interesebi yvela sferoSi, maSin rodesac CrdiloeT
kavkasia ruseTis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqmeba. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas,
arsebuli politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, kavkasia erTian
regionad ver ganixileba, Tumca politologebi gvTavazoben amis
SesaZleblobas, Tu dakmayofilebuli iqneba Semdegi pirobebi: pirveli,
Tu kavkasiaSi moqmedi eqstraregionuli Zalebi (ruseTi, TurqeTi, irani,
aSS, evrokavSiri) gadawyveten mWidrod iTanamSromlon am regionSi, da
meore, Tu ruseTis dezintegraciis procesi gagrZeldeba da CrdiloeT
kavkasiasac moicavs. sxva SemTxvevaSi marTebuli iqneba CrdiloeT da
samxreT kavkasiis cal-calke subieqtebad warmodgena (3, 38).
erTgan saqarTvelos orientaciasTan mimarTebaSi iyo moxseniebuli
Semdegi Tezisi da, vfiqrobT, mTlianad regionTan, kavkasiasTan
mimarTebaSic SeiZleba amis ganzogadeba: “prodasavlur, prorosul da
pankavkasionistur Tu izolacionistur mimarTulebebs Soris brZolaSi
mtkivneulad mimdinareobs saqarTvelos sagareopolitikuri priorite-
tebis Camoyalibebis procesi” (3, 42). samxreT kavkasiis regionSi arsebul
saxelmwifoebsac am Zalebs Soris aqvT arCevani gasakeTebeli da es
TiTqmis gakeTebulic ki aqvT. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis dasavluri
27

28. da somxeTis gamokveTilad prorusuli orientacia, bunebrivia,
gaaZnelebs kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs Soris daaxloebas da erTian
kavkasiaze saubars. miTumetes im garemoSi, rodesac am saxelmwifoebs
ruseTisagan provocirebuli konfliqtebi ukve aTeuli weliwadia
mougvarebeli aqvT da amis gamo mravali problema aqvT gadasawyveti
(ltolvilebi, samSvidobo Zalebi, separatistuli reJimebi da a.S.). Tumca
isic aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreT kavkasiis xelsayreli
geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, ramac es regioni dasavlelTa
interesis sferoSi moaqcia, CrdiloeT kavkasiisagan gansxvavebiT, igi
ufro advilad “dausxlta” xelidan “did mezobels”. survilis
SemTxvevaSi, dasavleTis da aSS mxardaWeris pirobebSi, samxreT kavkasiis
qveynebi advilad SeZleben damoukideblobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis
srul ganxorcielebas da demokratiuli sistemis aSenebas.
Yrac Seexeba kavkasiis konfliqtebis politikur mizezebs, Cveni
azriT, aq gadamwyveti roli Seasrula sabWoTa periodis
administraciul-teritoriulma dayofam. kerZod, Crdilo kavkasiaSi
rsfsr Semadgeneli avtonomiuri erTeulebi (yabardo-balyareTi, CeCneT-
inguSeTi, yaraCai-CerqezeTi) xelovnurad Camoyalibda ise, rom sadao
teritoriebis sakiTxebi Riad darCa. amas daemata Crdilo kavkasiis
xalxebis mimarT xelisuflebis ukanono qmedeba, magaliTad, 1940 wels
inguSebis gadasaxleba da maTi teritoriebis gadacema CrdiloeT oseTis
avtonomiuri respublikisaTvis.
samxreT kavkasiaSic realuri safuZvlis ararsebobis pirobebSi
Seiqmna avtonomiuri respublikebi da olqebi (samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, aWaris
avtonomiuri respublika, yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi, naxWevnis
avtonomiuri respublika), ganisazRvra maTi teritoriebi.
rogorc ki sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva daiwyo, yovelive aman safuZveli
Seqmna aq warsulis gaxsenebasa da konfliqtebis warmoSobisaTvis.
amrigad, kavkasiis yvela konfliqtSi civilizaciuri da politikuri
faqtorebis Tanafardoba erTnairi ar aris. am konfliqtebis
umravlesobaSi civilizaciuri faqtori gadamwyvet rols ar asrulebs.
aq, umetesad, didi saxelmwifoebis politikuri da ekonomikuri
interesebi ikveTeba. Svedi mecnieri svante korneli cdilobs daamtkicos,
28

29. rom kavkasiis konfliqtebSi religia, romelic hanTingtonisaTvis
mTavari civilizaciuri maxasiaTebelia, SezRudul rols TamaSobs.
regionSi mimdinare konfliqtebs eTnopolitikuri safuZveli aqvs. misi
azriT, am konfliqtis warmoSobaSi eTnikurobis politizacias ufro
aqvs adgili, vidre religiur identifikacias (8).
zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom civilizaciur-kulturuli da
religiuri faqtorebi gavlenas ar axdenen politikuri safuZvliT
warmoqmnili konfliqtebis dinamikaze. maT SeiZleba katalizatoris
roli iTamaSon. konfliqtis dasawyisSi maTi gavlena SeiZleba
gamoixatos konfliqtis monawile mxareTa gaucxoebaSi, Semdeg ki
konfliqtis gaRrmavebis xelSewyobaSi (magaliTad, islamuri
fundamentalizmis gavrceleba). meore mxriv, kulturuli faqtoris win
wamowevam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos konfliqtis warmoqmnas (mag.
“kavkasiuri erTobis” idea CeCnur-qarTul urTierTobebSi).
kavkasiis konfliqtebis, kerZod, ruseT-CeCneTis konfliqtis
sakiTxisa da misi mowesrigebis sayuradRebo, Tumca sakamaTo xedva
SemogvTavaza CeCneTis yofilma premier-ministrma xoj-ahmed nuxaevma,
amJamad “fond daxuruli sazogadoebis” (amsterdami) direqtorma. mis
TeoriaSi figurirebs samive zemoTnaxsenebi faqtori – civilizaciuri,
kulturuli da religiuri (5).
vfiqrobT, marTebuli iqneba gavixsenoT politologTa Sexeduleba
kavkasiis momavalze. aq, rogorc wesi ori ZiriTadi varianti ganixileba.
optimisturi versiis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani unda
mixvdnen, rom mWidro TanamSromloba da regionuli integracia maT
saSualebas miscems, ufro srulad gamoiyenon ekonomikuri da
geoekonomikuri potenciali da amiT ganimtkicon damoukidebloba da
suvereniteti. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo
sakmarisad ganviTarebuli ar aris imisTvis, rom airCion integraciisa da
kompromisebis gza da mihyves am gzas bolomde, gare Zalebis nebisgan
damoukideblad. isini saubroben kavkasiaSi ori metoqe aliansis (erTi
mxriv, ruseTi_somxeTi_irani, meore mxriv, saqarTvelo_azerbaija-
ni_TurqeTi) warmoqmnaze ucxo saxelmwifoTa monawileobiT. Tumca
dasasruls isic unda iTqvas, rom ucxo saxelmwifoebi zrunaven
29

30. regionis stabilizaciisTvis, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, rogorc es
zemoT iyo naxsenebi (3). Y
mkvlevarTa nawili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs kavkasiis xalxebis
gansakuTrebul istoriul gamocdilebas civilizaciur-kulturuli
TanamSromlobis sferoSi. magaliTad, poloneli Teologi, filosofosi
da kulturologi avgust peter kirSi (1916-2002) gardacvalebamde cota
xniT adre werda: “kavkasia aris is regioni, sadac samma umTavresma
kulturam, religiam, azrovnebis meTodma, mentalobam _ uZvelesma
iudaizmma, evropulma qristianobam da aRmosavlurma islamma _
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis TvalsaCino da xelSesaxebi magaliTi misces
kacobriobas. dRes, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis fonze
warmoCenili sxvadasxva fobiis sawinaaRmdego efeqturi antidotis
gamomuSaveba mxolod da mxolod kacobriobis kulturul monapovarSi
iberul-kavkasiuri Rvawlis SeswavliT, saTanado daskvnebiTa da codniT
SeiaraRebis SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli” (1).
radgan 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers SevexeT, aucileblad unda
gavixsenoT is faqti, rom swored 2001 weli gaeros mier civilizaciaTa
Soris dialogis wlad iyo gamocxadebuli. dialogi konfliqtis
gadawyvetis yvelaze sasurveli gzaa. gaeros generaluri mdivani kofi
anani gaeros 53-e plenarul sxdomaze (1998 wlis 4 noemberi) aRniSnavda:
samarTlian da konstruqciul dialogs SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
civilizaciisa da religiis sakiTxebis gancalkevebas politikuri da
teritoriuli sakiTxebisagan da migviyvanos konfliqtebis
daregulirebamde, rac misaRebi iqneba yvela religiisaTvis.
xazi gavusvaT, rom kavkasiis konfliqtebis umravlesobaSi swored es
sakiTxebia urTierTaRreuli, rac xelsayreli garemoebaa konfliqtis
SenarCunebaSi dainteresebulTaTvis. axla ki kofi ananis mier axlo
aRmosavleTis konfliqtebis gadawyvetis versias SevexoT: dialogi
kulturebsa da religiebs, WeSmarit da mcdar Sexedulebebs,
samarTlianobasa da aucileblobas (garduvalobas) Soris SeiZleba
xelSemwyobi faqtori aRmoCndes monawileTa mier mSvidobisaken gzis
sapovnelad, _ aRniSnavda igi. am regionebSi namdvilad arsebobs
TviTgansazRvrisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
seriozuli da savsebiT realuri problemebi. maTi gadawyveta Znelia,
30

31. magram sityvisa da saqmis dialogma da SeTanxmebulma moqmedebam,
romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba meore mxaris pretenziebis pativiscemasa da
gagebaze, SeiZleba Secvalos situacia. dialogi unda daiwyos
dauyovnebliv, yovelTvis da yvelgan, rodesac arsebobs Tundac
mcireodeni SesaZlebloba [4].
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 2. IX. 2003
2. makfarleini n. “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba”: kritikuli xedva. _
saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo politikis
kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni. # 11 (20), Tb., 1999.
3. utiaSvili S. kavkasiis usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebi. “mSvidobiani
kavkasia?” _ saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis
centris biuleteni. # 41, agvisto, Tb., 2000.
4. 2001 год – год диалога между цивилизациами под егидой ООН. М., 2001.
5. Нухаев Х.-А. Конец цивилизации. – Международная конференция ”Открытое и
закрытое общество – конфликт и диалог”. Варшава, 22-24 февраля, 2003. с.17-44.
6. Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations? – Foreign Affairs, Summer, 1993.
7. Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. N.Y., 1996.
8. Kornell S. E. Religion as a Factor in Caucasian Conflicts. – Civil Wars, vol.1, # 3, Autumn
1998.
SoTa xinCagaSvili
Tsu istoriis fakulteti,
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra
hoj-
msofliosa da kavkasiis momavlis versia _ hoj-ahmed nuxaevis Teoria
pirvel rigSi, minda SemogTavazoT im avtoris mokle biografiuli
cnobebi, romlis naSromebis ganxilva da warmodgena maqvs ganzraxuli.
hoj-ahmed nuxaevi daibada 1954 wels yirgizeTSi, sadac misi ojaxi,
iseve rogorc sxva CeCnebi, 1944 wels gadaasaxles. 1974 wels Cairicxa
31

32. moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, romelic ar
daumTavrebia. swavlis periodSi, sxva CeCen studentebTan erTad, daaarsa
CeCneTis damoukideblobis iatakqveSa komiteti. 1991 wels daukavSirda
joxar dudaevs. 1995 wels groznosTvis brZolis dros daiWra.
mogvianebiT ekava vice-premieris posti. 1998 wlidan igi ukve aqtiurad
iwyebs naSromebis gamoqveynebas religiaTmcodneobisa da
sazogadoebaTmcodneobis sferoSi. misi TaosnobiT daarsda
konfesiaTaSorisi sazogadoebrivi moZraoba “xanifi”, 2001 wels ki
daafuZna “fondi daxuruli sazogadoeba” (amsterdami), romelsac Tavad
Caudga saTaveSi. 2003 wlis ivlisSi, misi daxmarebiT, TbilisSi Catarda II
saerTaSoriso konferencia “Ria da daxuruli sazogadoeba: konfliqti
da dialogi”, romlis organizatori iyo kavkasiis xalxTa saerTaSoriso
samecniero-kvleviTi instituti.
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, hoj-ahmed nuxaevi ar aris
ganaTlebiT istorikosi, Tumca misi, rogorc kavkasieli sazogado
moRvawis damokidebuleba rigi sakiTxebisa da problemebisadmi, piradad
me, sainteresod da sayuradRebod miviCnie. igi aqtiurad moRvaweobs
sazRvargareT, afinansebs sxvadasxva konferenciasa Tu programas. misi
mravalricxovani statiebi da naSromebi sxvadasxva problemas exeba _
rogorc saerTo-sakacobrio, ise lokalur-regionuli ganviTarebis gzebs.
amjerad msurs gadmogceT mcire informacia misi Teoriis Sesaxeb
msoflios momavali ganviTarebisa da kavkasiis eTno-politikuri Tu sxva
saxis krizisidan gamosavlis ZiebasTan dakavSirebiT. faqtobrivad, Cems
moxsenebaSi statiaSi ori Temaa gaerTianebuli, romlebzec cal-calke
ajobebda dawvrilebiT saubari, Tumca oriveSi erTi msoflmxedveloba
ikveTeba, erTiani, urTierTgamomdinare poziciaa, amitomac gadavwyvite,
mainc gameerTianebina es Tematika.
Tavis naSromSi “civilizaciis dasasruli” hoj-ahmed nuxaevi
kacobriobis gaviTarebis suraTs “barbarosoba _ kultura _
civilizacia _ velurobis” modelis mixedviT gvTavazobs. sanam uSualod
am kategoriebs Sevexebode, aRvniSnav, rom, rogorc Cans, mkvlevars am
naSromis dawerisken 2001 wels niu-iorksa da amerikis sxva adgilebSi
ganxorcielebulma teroristulma aqtebma da misma Sedegebma ubiZga.
nuxaevi am movlenas pirdapir ukavSirebs globalizaciis process,
32

33. rogorc saerTo sakacobrio kriziss, damRupvels rogorc umciresobis,
ise umravlesobisTvis, romelSic Serwymulia kacobriobis yvelanairi
arqetipuli koSmari. igi dakavSirebulia iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa
tirania, ukanonoba, Zaladoba. globalizacia gvTavazobs iseT samyaroSi
cxovrebas, romelic agebuli iqneba principze “yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg
pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisaTvis brZolaSi”. am ukanasknelzea
damokidebuli yoveli civilizebuli adamianis arseboba.
rogor esmis Tavad “civilizacia” nuxaevs? misi azriT, civilizacia
yoveldRiuri, daCqarebuli cvlilebebiT Sepyrobili sociumis
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesia, igi kulturis krizisia,
romelic sulieri da materialuri faseulobebisadmi gaorebuli da
winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulibiT aris ganpirobebuli. nuxaevis azriT,
civilizacia faseulobiTi gamowvevaa, romelzec ori racionaluri
pasuxi arsebobs:
_ kulturis daCqarebuli modernizacia da oqros kerpisadmi
Tayvaniscemis sasargeblod gakeTebuli gacnobierebuli arCevani _ nabiji
win, velurobisaken, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli virtualuri cxovrebis
wesis Tanamdevi faseulobebiTurT (teqnokratia);
_ kulturis uaryofa da RvTis samsaxuris Segnebuli arCeva _ esaa
nabiji ukan, barbarosobisken, tradiciuli cxovrebis wesisaken
(Teokratia);
arsebobs aseve erTi iracionaluri pasuxi:
_ meryeoba modernizmsa da tradicionalizms Soris _ es aris
arCevanze uaris Tqma gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobisa da koleqtiuri
cnobierebis sul ufro Rrma krizisis fonze (demokratia).
SemogTavazebT civilizaciis genezisis nuxaeviseul versias. misi
azriT, aq gadamwyvetia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli cvalebadobis faqtori,
romelic Sesaferisi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvavaSi iwvevs socialur
inovaciebs da kataklizmebs, arRvevs ra stabilurobas sazogadoebis,
adamianis Tavdapirveli, tradiciuli, cikluri cxovrebis periodSi.
Tavdapirvelad Temebad mcxovrebi adamianebi ganuxrelad misdevdnen
winaparTa tradiciebs, miwaTmoqmedebas. Tumca SedarebiT nayofieri
miwebis arsebobam da, misi wyalobiT, materialuri simdidris gaCenam,
daarRvia Zveli suraTi da safuZveli Caeyara inovacias _ gaCnda
33

34. samezoblo dasaxlebebi, romlebic xalxs aerTianebda ara sisxliT
naTesauri kavSiriT, aramed teritoriuli principiT. warmoiqmna sofeli.
gaCnda “Cemianis” da “sxvis” cnebebi, _ gaucxoeba barbarosul
sazogadoebaSi, anu warmoiSva kultura. analogiurad, qalaqebis
warmoSobac gaucxoebis safuZvlad unda miviCnioT, rogorc bunebriv
TemTan, ise soflis xelovnur koleqtivTan mimarTebaSi. qalaqisa da
Semdeg misi zednaSenis – saxelmwifos Seqmnis fonze adamiani meore
nabijs dgams materialuri ganviTarebisa da zneobrivi degradaciis
gzaze.
aseTia sqema, romliTac qreboda yvela barbarosi xalxi da
viTardeboda maTgan nasazrdoebi kulturebi da civilizaciebi. am
kanonebiT yvela civilizacia, adre Tu gvian, aRwevs cxovrebis wesSi
cvlilebaTa tempis maqsimums. roca teqnikuri aRmavloba piks aRwevs,
zneobrivi ki _ fskers, sakmarisia barbarosTa erTi biZgi Signidan, raTa
es civilizacia daingres da daubrundes kulturis fazas. xolo Tu
dangrevis momentisaTvis am civilizaciam srulad dakarga sulieri
faseulobebi, es biZgi sakmarisia imisTvis, rom civilizaciam moiSoros
ukve usargeblo kulturuli garsi da gadagvardes velurobad.
avtori samyaros tradicionalizmis prizmaSi ganixilavs,
Sesabamisad, yvelafer arqauls, rogorc pirvelqmnils, srulyofils,
afasebs dadebiTad, xolo inovaciebs _ rogorc bunebis sawinaaRmdego,
pativmoyvareobiTa da sixarbiT Seqmnil gamogonebebs, romlebic
safrTxes uqmnian sicocxles dedamiwaze. amitom tradicionalistur
metaenaSi barbarosi brWyalebis gareSe gamoiyeneba da gulisxmobs
adamians bunebriv, istoriamdel mdgomareobaSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, kreacionistebsa da evolucionistebs Soris
istoriuli polemikis konteqstSi, barbarosi “adamis Zis”, xolo veluri
_ “maimunis STamomavlis” sinonimia.
Tu velurobisken gadagvareba adre regionul da kontinentur
civilizaciebs emarTeboda, romelTa adgils iWerdnen axali, gverdiT
momwifebuli civilizaciebi, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers adgili hqonda sul
sxvagvari masStabis kolafss: kulturuli garsi moiSora
kontinentTaSorisma, arsebiTad msoflio, teqnokratiulma civilizaciam.
es iyo kacobriobis istoriis manZilze uprecedento gamowveva, romelic,
34

35. rogorc nuxaevi aRniSnavs, kargs arafers gviqadis. am “Savi scenarisgan”
Tavis dasaRwevad aucilebelia ganisazRvros “vin vin aris”, vin aris
Cveni mokavSire da vin _ mteri. aseve unda gvqondes realobis mkafio
modeli.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa hoj-ahmed nuxaevis naSromi “CeCneTi da
ruseTi: erTi RirebulebiTi sivrce, ori sazogadoebrivi sistema”. aq
avtori Tavis samSobloSi datrialebul ambebs uSualod ukavSirebs
“globalizmis gadasvlas mosamzadeblidan aRmasrulebel fazaSi”.
avtori Tavis xalxTan mimarTebaSic cdilobs mokavSire-mtris garCevas
da erTob saintereso daskvnebsac akeTebs.
nuxaevis azriT, rom ara Zaladobis logika, CeCneTis
winaaRmdegobis moZraobis religiur-zneobrivi miznebi da ruseTis
saxelmwifo interesebis geopolitikuri buneba, SesaZlebeli iqneboda
ruseTis zesaxelmwifos gaZliereba igive CeCnebis mxardaWeriTac, radgan
mas _ erTaderTs _ SeuZlia Tavisi “birTvuli fariT” daicvas evraziis
yvela xalxi da gamoiyenos vetos ufleba uSiSroebis sabWoSi, raTa
safrangeTTan da CineTTan erTad, SeaCeros globalizaciis procesi. misi
azriT, CeCneTma 1994 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT Seqmna
Teoriuli SesaZlebloba ruseTis samxreT sazRvrebze atlantizmis an
islamizmis placdarmis Camoyalibebisa, rasac sruliad adekvaturi
reaqcia mohqva. avtori miiCnevs, rom ruseT-CeCneTis dapirispirebis
uSualo mizezi mainc lokaluri xasiaTisa iyo. igi sagangebod aRniSnavs,
rom am omSi Caeba, erTi mxriv, saero saxelmwifo, polisi, meore mxriv ki
_ religiuri xalxi, eTnosi. omisSemdgom periodSi sagrZnobi gaxda
CeCeni eTnosis daTrgunva CeCnuri saxelmwifos mier. anu yvela CeCeni
aRmoCnda, erTi mxriv, “Tavis”, “axal” saxelmwifoSi, meore mxriv _
rCeboda “Zvel”, pirvelqmnil, winaistoriul naTesaur TemSi. aseTma
asimetriam _ politikuri cxovrebisa da eTnoreligiuri Sinaarsis
SeuTavseblobam _ es xalxi, lamis, samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana.
nuxaevi ukuagdebs rogorc dasavluri tipis demokratiuli
saxelmwifos, ise aRmosavleTisaTvis tipuri islamuri saxelmwifos
nimuSs Tavisi mSobeli xalxis cxovrebis mowyobisTvis da varaudobs,
rom igi airCevs arasaxelmwifoebriv, tradiciul cxovrebis wess,
romelic TviTmarTvadia arapolitikuri traibalizmis wyobis pirobebSi.
35

36. amrigad, CeCnebma unda gaiazron sakuTari Tavi rogorc TviTmyofadma,
tradiciulma, Temurma xalxma noxCim (TviTsaxelwodeba). realuri
damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba mxolod teipuri organizaciis
farglebSi. amiT es sazogadoeba gaTavisufldeba rogorc dasavleTidan,
aseve aRmosavleTidan momavali ucxo siaxleebisgan. avtoris azriT,
CeCneTisaTvis efeqturi iqneba TviTmmarTvelobis is xerxebi da meTodebi,
romelic emyareba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis teipur-tukxamur
organizacias. unda Camoyalibdes xelisuflebis Temur-patriarqaluri
sistema. uari unda iTqvas sazogado samarTalze. adaTisa da yurani-sunas
absoluturi uzenaesobis pirobebSi, nuxaevis azriT, moixsneba CeCneTis
ruseTis “politikur subieqtad” yofnis yovelgvari problema.
faqtobrivad nuxaevi, romelsac erTi xanoba vice-premieris posti
ekava da CeCneTis respublikis umaRlesi ordeniT iyo dajildoebuli,
ukve emigraciaSi aSkarad skeptikurad aris ganwyobili CeCnebis mier
sakuTari saxelmwifos aSenebis perspeqtivisadmi da mowyobis
absoluturad gansxvavebul, ucnaur models iZleva. igi gamomdinareobs
sazogadoebis, xalxis cxovrebis arqetipuli nimuSebidan, romelic
Seesabameba
1) barbarosobas,
2) kulturas,
3) civilizacias,
4) velurobas.
davaxasiaToT isini: barbarosoba _ Tavdapirveli cxovrebis wesi
adamianebisa, sadac sulieri faseulobebi materialurze maRla dgas,
sadac mxolod RvTis Tayvaniscemaa miRebuli. statikur mdgomareobaSi
myof aseT sociumSi ar SeiniSneba identurobis krizisi, ar arsebobs
aranairi gaucxoeba arc bunebisadmi, arc axloblisadmi da arc
RvTisadmi.
kultura _ esaa materialuri da sulieri faseulobebis TiTqmis
Tanabari zeoba, xalxis postbarbarosuli cxovrebis wesi. filosofiis
Carevis sapasuxod, inovaciaTa gavlenis qveS, garkveulwilad, zurgs
aqcevs RmerTs da iCens meore batons TayvaniscemisaTvis. esaa oqros
kerpi. cvalebadobisa da socialuri moZraobebis fonze iwyeba
identurobis seriozuli krizisi.
36

37. civilizaciaSi sulier faseulobebze gabatonebulia materialuri
Rirebulebebi, romelsac postkulturuli cxovrebis wesi SeiZleba
vuwodoT. kulturis krizisis sapasuxod, rac misma winaaaRmdegobrivma
xasiaTma ganapiroba, aq saSvelad mimarTaven mecnierebas, uaryofen RvTis
sityvas, filosofias, Segnebulad irCeven oqros uflad da yovlis
gamgeblad, xolo RmerTisadmi morCilebas da samsaxurs aSkara
crumorwmunoebad miiCneven. aq identurobis krizisi Zlieri socialuri
dinamikis fonze mimdinareobs.
veluroba _ materialuri Rirebulebebis absoluturi batonoba,
sadac aRar aris adgili sulierebisaTvis. postcivilizaciuri cxovrebis
wesi, rodesac adamianebi, informaciis sapasuxod, mecnierebas teqnikas
umorCileben da uZRvnian. aq daviwyebulia yvelanairi filosofia da
religia, aq oqroa Tavad RmerTi. am dros adamians aRarc gaaCnia
krizisis grZnoba, mas gavlili aqvs yvelanairi gaucxoeba bunebisadmi,
axloblisadmi, RvTisadmi. anu adamiani biorobotia, romelsac mxolod
samomxmareblo instinqtebi amoZravebs.
nuxaevi saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis ideologadac gvevlineba. amis
winapirobad igi kavkasiis saerTo bazris Seqmnas miiCnevs, romelic
daaxloebs kavkasiel xalxebs. saerTo bazris Camoyalibeba, pirvel
rigSi, calkeul sameurneo obieqtebs, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs,
regionebSi firmebsa da kompaniebs Soris urTierTTanamSromlobiT unda
daiwyos, riTac saerTokavkasiuri politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi
vertikali Zlier ekonomikur horizontals daefuZneba. misi azriT,
mxolod gonivruli ekonomikuri integraciiT SeiZleba am regionis
Semzadeba ucxouri investiciebisa da seriozuli proeqtebisTvis, rac
regionSi stabilurobis garanti iqneba. nuxaevis TvalTaxedviT,
harmoniuli TanamSromloba energetikis, satelekomunikacio da
satransporto infrastruqturis modernizebis saqmeSi uzrunvelyofs
kavkasiis istoriuli misiis aRdgenas, rogorc sakomunikacio kvanZisa
evropisa da aziis gasayarze. am proeqtebiT dainteresebula msoflio
banki, saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciebi, savaluto fondi,
evroparlamenti da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi.
warmodgenil naSromSi SevecadeT, mokled da, SeZlebisdagvarad,
mravlismomcvelad warmogvedgina qarTuli samecniero wreebisaTvis
37

38. faqtobrivad jer kidev ucnobi kavkasieli moRvawis hoj-ahmed nuxaevis
naazrevi ama Tu im aqtualur sakiTxze. statia mxolod zogadi,
gacnobiTi xasiaTisaa da miznad ar isaxavs mkvlevaris moRvaweobis srul
analizs. nuxaevis mosazrebani kavkasiis momavalsa Tu, zogadad,
msoflios ganviTarebis xasiaTze sainteresoa, rogorc CvenTvis
mSobliuri regionis Svilisa da muslimi moazrovnisa. misi naSromebi
sayuradReboa imitomac, rom igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli XX saukunis 90-
iani wlebis kavkasiur qartexilebSi da, garkveul mizezTa gamo,
mogvianebiT saSualeba mieca, ufro Sori distanciidanac ecqira
samSobloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisaTvis; aseve, globalizaciis
procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemoeTavazebina mTlianad kavkasiis regionis
momavali ganviTarebis sakuTari xedva.
literatura
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. Нухаев Х.-А. Конец цивилизации. – В сб.: Международная конференция
«Открытое и закрытое общество – конфликт и диалог». Варшава, 22-24 февраля
2003 г., с.17-44.
2. Нухаев Х.-А. Чечня и Россия: одно ценностное пространство – две общественные
системы. – В журн.: Звезда, СПб., 2003, с.168-189.
3. Нухаев Х.-А. Сила Кавказа – в единстве. – Бюллетень агентства «Шарк»,
Азербайджан, 15.04.98.
38

39. giorgi lobJaniZe
Tsu aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti,
semitologiis kaTedra
yuranisa da saxarebis erTi mniSvnelovani paraleli
mniSvnelovani
evropuli islammcodneobis gariJraJze TiTqmis ukritikod iyo
miRebuli azri, rom yurani muhamadis piradi gancdebisa da
STabeWdilebebis, anda mis mier wanaabraamistuli religiebis
mimdevarTagan mosmenil, am religiaTa wminda wignebis sxvadasxva pasaJis
qaotur, xSir SemTxvevaSi aralogikur nazavs warmoadgens (2, 185). aseTi
midgoma niSneuli iyo kvlevis imdroindeli donisaTvis. dRes ki, TviT
muslim Teologebsac rom Tavi davaneboT, qristianul dasavleTSic
gaCnda kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac mkvlevarebi
cdiloben koreqtulad miudgnen maTTvis saintereso masalas da yuranis
warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT msgavsi daskvnebis gakeTebas Tavi
aaridon.
Tumca, gvgonia, mainc saWiroa imis Tqma, rom, miuxedavad imisa,
rogor vafasebT da vuyurebT muhamadis samociqulo misias, an yurani
RvTiuri zeSTagonebis nayofad migvaCnia Tu muhamadis SemoqmedebiT-
religiuri niWisa, erTi ram udavoa: orive SemTxvevaSi, `uwignurma~
muhamad mociqulma (an zeciuri STagonebis, an miwieri Semecnebis
meoxebiT) kargad icoda abraamistuli religiebis (iudaizmi, qristianoba)
ZiriTadi debulebebi da, SeiZleba, zepiri gadmocemebis gziT, magram
safuZvlianad erkveoda am religiaTa saRvTo wignebis faqiz niuansebSi.
Cvens am debulebas amyarebs yuranisa da saxarebis mxatvrul saxeTa
sistemis paralelebi da gansakuTrebiT erTi, romelic ubralod ar
Tavsdeba Cveulebrivi damTxvevis CarCoebSi da romlisTvisac, ramdenadac
CvenTvis cnobilia, am kuTxiT aqamde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia.
`zRudeTa suris~ 40-e aiaSi vkiTxulobT:
`isini, romlebic ar ujerebdnen Cvens aiebs da ampartavnebdnen
maTze... ar gaexsnebaT maT caTa karibWeebi da ver Sevlen samoTxeSi,
vidre aqlemi ar gaZvreba nemsis yunwSi. amgvarad vuzRavT braleulebs~
39

40. (VII, 40) (6, 155).
bunebrivia, am striqonebis wamkiTxvels maSinve gaaxsendeba iesos
cnobili logia, romelic gvxvdeba rogorc kanonikur saxarebebSi, aseve
apokriful teqstebsa da, maT Soris, im ebionitur evangeleebSi,
romlebic (Tu Teoriulad mainc yuranis ara maradiul, aramed
istoriuli warmomavlobis debulebas verwmunebiT), Cveni varaudiT,
qristianobis Sesaxeb muhamadis mtkicebulebaTa formirebis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens. Tumca, rom ara erTi garemoeba, es
damTxveva iqneb umniSvnelo aluziis farglebs arc ki gascileboda.
cnobili mTargmnelisa da mecnieris baCana bregvaZis bolo xans
gamoqveynebul CanawerebSi, sxvaTa Soris, aseT Canawersac vkiTxulobT:
`Lapsus calami. maTes saxarebis XIX Tavis 24-e muxli: `uadviles ars
aqlemi gansvlad xurelsa nemsisasa, vidre mdidari Sesvlad sasufevelsa
caTasa~ (axali qarTuliT: `aqlemi ufro advilad gaZvreba nemsis yunwSi,
vidre mdidari Seva caTa sasufevelSi~). ki magram, ratom maincdamainc
aqlemi da ara, vTqvaT, `Jirafi~ an `spilo~? gana erTi an meore aqlemze
nakleb zorbaa? (aqlemi da galiao, swored amazea naTqvami). es berZnuli
dednis Zvel gadamwerTa meqanikuri Secdomis Sedegi unda iyos. SeadareT
erTmaneTs ori Zveli berZnuli sityva:
`kamelos~ _ aqlemi
`kamilos~ _ bagiri, msxvili Toki.
teqstologebisaTvis es Secdoma didi xania cnobilia, magram
Secdomaze dafuZnebuli tradicia kvlavac ganagrZobs arsebobas~ (1, 8).
aRniSnuli pasaJi TiTqmis sityva-sityviT aris gameorebuli
`ebraelTa evangeles~ saxeliT cnobil ebionitur apokriful saxarebaSi:
`da miubrunda igi simeons, Tavis mowafes, romelic ijda mis
gverdiT, da uTxra: simeon ionas Zev, aqlems ufro gauadvildeba nemsis
yunwSi Sesvla, vidre mdidars _ sasufevelSi~ (2, 69).
am pasaJis komentarSi aRniSnulia: petre aq saxeldebulia ionas
Zed, ise, rogorc maTes saxarebaSi (5, 17), im dros, roca ioanes
saxarebaSi igi `ioanes Zea~ (4, 42). qristes gamonaTqvami ki emTxveva
kanonikurs da is, rogorc Cans, momdinareobs uZvelesi qristianuli
tradiciidan. `nemsis yunwi~ erqva ierusalimis taZris mcire kars, magram
SeiZleboda berZnulenovan qristianebs es fraza yuriT sxvagvarad
40

41. aReqvaT, ramdenadac `aqlemi~ da `Toki~ berZnulad erTnairad gamoiTqmis,
werisas ki mxolod erTi asoTi gansxvavdeba ( 4, 89; 2, 79).
maSasadame, rogorc zemodamowmebuli magaliTebidan irkveva,
qristes logiaSi `nemsis yunwi~ ierusalimis taZris mcire kari
igulisxmeba, sadac verc Seeteoda da arc aravin SeuSvebda aqlems.
mogviano xanis saxarebis teqstologebma `aqlemis~ gaCena am idiomSi
`lafsus kalamad~ miiCnies, radgan `nemsis yunwi~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
gaiges da logikurad daaskvnes, rom aq TviT idiomuri azrovnebisTvisac
ki ufro bunebrivi unda yofiliyo `Toki~, da maSin es fraza ase
waikiTxeboda: `rogorc Toki ver gaeteva nemsis yunwSi, ise mdidari ver
moxvdeba sasufevelSi.~
muhamadis SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs TiTqmis imave tipologiur
SecdomasTan. yuranis aRniSnul monakveTSic `nemsis yunwi~ (arab. samm al-
xiat) gagebulia pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, radgan ierusalimis taZris
mcire kari islamis sarwmunoebriv-Teologiuri sistemisTvis ukve
arafers niSnavs. idiomi ki ucvleladaa gameorebuli, romlis zemoT
warmodgenili stilisturi diskursic gviCvenebs, rom saxarebisa da
yuranis es paraleli scildeba ubralo stilisturi analogiis
farglebs da mkvlevars ufro mkveTri daskvnis gakeTebisaken ubiZgebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. bregvaZe b. Canawerebi. gazeTi `Cveni mwerloba~, #3 (184), 23-29 ianvari,
2004.
2. Апокрифы древних христиан. Исследование, тексты, комментарии. Москва,
1989.
3. Крымский А. Е. История мусульманства. Москва-Жуковский, 2003.
4. Памятники древней христианской письменности. Т.1-2. Москва, 1860.
5. Danielou J. Theologie du iudeo-christianisme. Paris, 1967.
6. al-kur’an al-qarim, al-azhar: majma’ al-buhus al-islamia, al-kahira, 1998.
(arab. naze).
41

42. Targmanebi
svante korneli
svante korneli postsabWouri sivrcis erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebisa
da samxreT-dasavleT aziis regionuli politikis mkvlevaria. misi
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani Tanamedrove samxreT kavkasiis
aqtualuri problemebia _ eTnopolitika, avtonomiuri sistemebi da
separatizmi.
avtonomia _ konfliqtis wyaro
kavkasiis konfliqtebi Teoriul perspeqtivaSi
1950-ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso arenaze interesis obieqtad
eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi mogvevlina. am movlenisadmi gamoCenilma
yuradRebam kulminacias miaRwia civi omis Semdgom, rodesac
konfliqtebma ifeTqa yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da iugoslaviaSi.
konfliqtebi warmoiSva aseve mkafiod gansazRvruli eTnikuri niSnis
matarebel socialur jgufebs Soris _ afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi,
aRmosavleT evropis postkomunistur saxelmwifoebsa da evraziaSi, aseve
dasavleT evropaSi [1]. gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi imis Taobaze, rom
eTnikuri konfliqti iyo primitiuli warsulis gadmonaSTi, gadaisinja
da miviwyebul iqna. es ganapiroba eTnikuri konfliqtebis
naklebganviTarebul regionebSi gavrcelebam. aman gamoiwvia am sakiTxiT
mediis daintereseba, riTac sazogadoeba ufro gaTviTcnobierda eTnikur
sakiTxebSi. ufro metic, aman saTave daudo eTnikuri konfliqtebis
mecnierul kvlevas, ramac daaCqara maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Zieba [2].
multieTnikur saxelmwifoebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa SemWidroebas
xSirad mivyavarT TviTmmarTvelobis (teritoriuli avtonomia) an sruli
gamoyofis moTxovnebamde [3]. ganakuTrebiT es exeba konkretul
geografiul arealebs, sadac umciresobebi kompaqturad cxovroben. am
regionebSi SesaZlebelia separatistuli saxelmwifos Seqmna; am dros
42

43. teritoriuli kontroli xdeba konfliqtis ZiriTadi sakiTxi. im
SemTxvevSi, rodesac eTnikuri jgufebis gansaxlebis arealebi
nawilobriv gadafaravs erTmaneTs, zemoTxsenebuli moTxovnebis
warmoSobis albaToba mcirea da iSviaTad Cndeba aseTi pretenziebi. am
SemTxvevaSi ufro mniSvnelovania centralur xelisuflebaze kontrolis
an gavlenis mopoveba [4]. marTlac, Fearon da Laitin aRniSnaven:
“umciresobaTa jgufebis regionaluri koncentracia Zlieri faqtoria . .
. es didi masStabis eTnikur Zaladobas ufro hgavs, vidre urbanul an
did teritoriaze mimofantul umciresobebs” [5].
mravali Teoretikosi mivida im daskvnamde, rom eTnikuri
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis gzebs Soris, yvelaze efeqturia is varianti,
sadac saubaria regionalur avtonomiaze. Ted Gurr-is
Tanaxmad “regionalurma avtonomiam daamtkica, rom is aris efeqturi
antidoti eTnikuri omebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic Semadgenlobidan
gamosvlis mizniT warmoebs dasavleTisa da mesame msoflios qveynebSi”
[6]. Kjell-Ake Nordquist-ma daaskvna, rom “avtonomia _ TviTmmarTveli
Sidasaxelmwifo regioni _ romelic Sidasaxelmwifo SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dros iqneba konfliqtis gadawyvetis meqanizmi, monawile
mxareebisaTvis aris rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli arCevani” [7].
regionuli avtonomia eTnoteritoriulobis wina safexuria;
eTnoteritoriuloba _ es aris teritoriuli kontroli, romelic
eTnosis mier xorcieldeba. es meqanizmi maSinac muSaobs, rodesac esa Tu
is regioni eTnikuri jgufis samSobloa, an eTnikuri umciresoba qmnis
mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas avtonomiur erTeulSi da gadaaqcevs
mas Tavisad.
centraluri xelisuflebebi ramdenime mizezis gamo ewinaaRmdegebian
moTxovnebs avtonomiis miniWebis Taobaze. pirveli, da yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, es aris maTi SiSi imisa, rom umciresobisTvis
teritoriuli avtonomiis boZeba regionis gamoyofisaken gadadgmuli
pirveli nabiji iqneba. meore mxriv, erTi regionisaTvis avtonomiis
boZeba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes sxva eTnikuri jgufebis diskriminaciad [8].
mesame problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi: avtonomia zrdis intervenciis
risks ucxo saxelmwifos mxridan, romelsac surs konkretuli eTnikuri
umciresobis Tavis wevrad miReba [9]. miuxedavad aseTi SeniSvnebisa,
43