This document summarizes a study on modeling investment structure through microfinance in Greater Rangpur, Bangladesh. The study uses data on household investments, microloans, other loans, household characteristics and participation in the PRIME microfinance program. Graphs show distributions of these variables and their relationships. Tables summarize borrowers and investors by loan category. The study aims to determine the impact of microfinance loans on household investment amounts and categories. It seeks to understand whether microfinance borrowers invest money at higher rates and in larger amounts than non-borrowers.
IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKETRupal Rout
This is the shorter and power point presentation format of my previous uploaded project report on IMPACT ON DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKET.For more details,please refer to my previous word format of this .
Olmesartan para el Retraso o Prevención de la Microalbuminuria en Diabetes 2UACH, Valdivia
Este estudio encontró que el tratamiento con olmesartán retrasa o previene la aparición de microalbuminuria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. El tiempo medio hasta la aparición de microalbuminuria fue 23% mayor en el grupo que recibió olmesartán en comparación con el grupo placebo. Además, olmesartán ayudó a controlar mejor la presión arterial de los pacientes en comparación con el placebo. Sin embargo, el estudio tuvo algunas limitaciones como un período de seguimiento corto y altas tasas de retiro de participantes.
El documento enfatiza que emprender es una actitud que requiere creer en uno mismo y jugársela sin miedo al fracaso. Para emprender, uno debe fijarse un objetivo claro y enfocarse en cumplirlo sin excusas, viendo lo que se tiene en lugar de lo que falta. El documento también sugiere que la capacidad de pensar en grande y lograr grandes cosas está dentro de cada persona si buscan su potencial y se enfocan en llegar lejos con sus metas. Finalmente, el documento indica que emprender es ver los problemas como desafíos
Este documento describe cómo insertar, eliminar y modificar filas, columnas, celdas y hojas en Excel 2010. Explica cómo añadir elementos insertando por encima o a la izquierda de la selección, y cómo eliminarlos seleccionando los elementos y usando el menú Eliminar. También cubre cómo cambiar los formatos al insertar y cómo hay un límite de 255 hojas en un libro.
DB Electrical provides starters, alternators and other automotive electrical components. They offer a 1-year warranty on their high quality products for cars, trucks, motorcycles and more. They have customer-friendly return policies within 14 days and ship same-day for orders by 3 PM EST. DB Electrical is dedicated to providing the best products and services to customers.
IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKETRupal Rout
This is the shorter and power point presentation format of my previous uploaded project report on IMPACT ON DEMONETIZATION ON STOCK MARKET.For more details,please refer to my previous word format of this .
Olmesartan para el Retraso o Prevención de la Microalbuminuria en Diabetes 2UACH, Valdivia
Este estudio encontró que el tratamiento con olmesartán retrasa o previene la aparición de microalbuminuria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. El tiempo medio hasta la aparición de microalbuminuria fue 23% mayor en el grupo que recibió olmesartán en comparación con el grupo placebo. Además, olmesartán ayudó a controlar mejor la presión arterial de los pacientes en comparación con el placebo. Sin embargo, el estudio tuvo algunas limitaciones como un período de seguimiento corto y altas tasas de retiro de participantes.
El documento enfatiza que emprender es una actitud que requiere creer en uno mismo y jugársela sin miedo al fracaso. Para emprender, uno debe fijarse un objetivo claro y enfocarse en cumplirlo sin excusas, viendo lo que se tiene en lugar de lo que falta. El documento también sugiere que la capacidad de pensar en grande y lograr grandes cosas está dentro de cada persona si buscan su potencial y se enfocan en llegar lejos con sus metas. Finalmente, el documento indica que emprender es ver los problemas como desafíos
Este documento describe cómo insertar, eliminar y modificar filas, columnas, celdas y hojas en Excel 2010. Explica cómo añadir elementos insertando por encima o a la izquierda de la selección, y cómo eliminarlos seleccionando los elementos y usando el menú Eliminar. También cubre cómo cambiar los formatos al insertar y cómo hay un límite de 255 hojas en un libro.
DB Electrical provides starters, alternators and other automotive electrical components. They offer a 1-year warranty on their high quality products for cars, trucks, motorcycles and more. They have customer-friendly return policies within 14 days and ship same-day for orders by 3 PM EST. DB Electrical is dedicated to providing the best products and services to customers.
Este documento describe el diseño de actividades para la evaluación de competencias mediante la construcción de un portafolio electrónico. Explica los objetivos y elementos clave de un portafolio, como las evidencias del aprendizaje, la reflexión del estudiante y la retroalimentación del instructor. Además, detalla los pasos para que los estudiantes recojan, diseñen, publiquen y reflexionen sobre su trabajo a través de un portafolio para demostrar el progreso en el desarrollo de competencias.
O documento apresenta os resultados de um inquérito realizado em 2005 sobre as opiniões dos residentes dos Açores em relação ao turismo na região. Os principais resultados mostram que a maioria dos residentes tem uma opinião positiva sobre o turismo e reconhece os seus benefícios económicos. No entanto, algumas pessoas também apontam impactos negativos, como o aumento de preços e pressão sobre o ambiente. As opiniões variam ligeiramente por faixa etária, com os mais velhos a terem visões mais críticas.
يقول الكاتب بكر أبوبكر(أن نتمدد لفهم الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر باليد في المجتمع فإن العمل ضمن التنظيمات السياسية فيه أمر بالمعروف ونهي عن المنكر من تعبئة داخلية منفتحة وصحيحة بعيدة عن التعصب والتطرف والعقل المغلق، وهو أيضا بممارسة رقابة وضبط وتقويم ديمقراطي لأعمال الحكومة بكافة الأشكال، وكأمثلة جماعية شعبية فأن تسيير حملات مقاطعة للتجار الغشاشين، أوالامتناع عن أكل اللحوم في رمضان عند غلاء سعرها (كما فعل عمر بن الخطاب عندما سألوه فقال قاطعوهم) هو نهي عن المنكر باليد أيضا، كما لا يغيب عن أي منا أن النهي عن المنكر الأكبر (باليد) أيضا كلمة حق واتزان ورفض للظلم والاستبداد من الحكم أو محاربة الفساد فيه عبر مساراته القانونية قطعيا.)
ثم إن عصرنا الحالي ظهرت فيه وسائل متعددة في التواصل والاتصال؛ فمنها: تطبيقات الشابكة=شبكة الإنترنت المختلفة، والموسوعات الإلكترونية المطبوعة على أقراص مدمجة «CD»، ومنها أيضاً الهاتف الجوال، وما يشمله عالم الحاسوب من (الفيسبوك والبريد الإلكتروني، والمنتديات والدردشات، والمجموعات... وغيرها كثير).
This document provides information about a teaching programme on wood fibre board insulation. The programme will cover the theory and properties of wood fibre board, and practical training on how to build with it while following thermal regulations. Participants will learn from an industry expert through presentations, demonstrations, and a site visit. The cost of materials and professional time for the training is provided. To register for the programme, interested individuals should provide their contact information.
Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico y Terapia BiológicaUACH, Valdivia
1. El documento describe el uso de terapias biológicas como belimumab y rituximab para el tratamiento del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). 2. Belimumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la supervivencia de las células B autorreactivas, mientras que rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que depleta los linfocitos B. 3. Los ensayos clínicos han demostrado que belimumab y ciclos repetidos de rituximab son seguros y eficaces para el tratamiento del LES refractario.
El documento discute las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) como determinantes de la organización y la sociedad de la información. Examina la naturaleza de la tecnología, la información y la comunicación desde una perspectiva filosófica y epistemológica. También analiza cómo las TIC se han convertido en un campo transdisciplinario y aborda algunas posturas teóricas sobre su determinación sociológica.
This document discusses geographic coordinate systems and map projections. It provides examples of different types of map projections including Mercator, Mollweide, Lambert Conformal, and others. It also discusses how coordinates systems define geographic and projected coordinate references and how datums are used to define coordinate systems.
La hipertensión arterial es una patología crónica caracterizada por la elevación de la presión arterial. No presenta síntomas claros durante mucho tiempo y puede causar endurecimiento y engrosamiento de las arterias. Existen dos tipos principales: primaria, relacionada con factores hereditarios y de estilo de vida, y secundaria, debida a causas identificables como enfermedades renales. El tratamiento se basa en dieta, ejercicio, peso saludable, dejar de fumar y medicamentos.
Este documento clasifica las redes sociales en cuatro tipos: redes sociales horizontales como Facebook, redes sociales verticales profesionales como LinkedIn, de ocio como Wipley y mixtas como Yuglo, redes de contenido como blogs, y redes sociales humanas como Tuenti que se enfocan en conectar personas con intereses similares.
Este documento describe cómo crear y modificar tablas en Excel. Explica que una tabla es un conjunto de datos organizados en filas y columnas, con la primera fila conteniendo los encabezados de las columnas. Describe cómo crear una tabla, modificar datos, modificar la estructura de la tabla, establecer el estilo de la tabla, ordenar datos, filtrar datos y crear un resumen de datos.
El documento resume conceptos clave sobre el factor de potencia y la compensación de la demanda. Explica que el factor de potencia es la relación entre la potencia activa y la potencia aparente, y que la corriente reactiva produce un desfase entre la tensión y la corriente. Señala que los condensadores de potencia se usan para anular este desfase y mejorar la eficiencia del sistema, requiriendo menos corriente. Finalmente, introduce el triángulo de potencias para representar gráficamente la potencia activa, reactiva y aparent
MBA Final Year Project on Financial InclusionMuhammad Mehdi
This document provides a project report on recent initiatives taken for banking the unbanked in Nagpur District, Maharashtra, India. The report was submitted to Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University by Muhammad Mehdi for his MBA degree in financial management. The report includes an acknowledgement section thanking various individuals and organizations for their support and guidance. It also includes a declaration and certificate confirming the original work. The report consists of 7 chapters including introduction, objectives of the study, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, findings and conclusions, and suggestions. The introduction provides background on financial inclusion in India and Nagpur district. The objectives are to assess implementation of initiatives like Swabh
NBFC's have played a key role in financing the needs of the Indian industry especially the small and medium enterprises and the small entrepreneurs, both in the urban and the rural areas. While the under-penetration of banking network, rising affluence, large working age population and rising need for financial services point to the tremendous potential for the growth of NBFC's. A vigorous banking and financial sector is critical for facilitating higher economic growth. Financial intermediaries like Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) constitute a significant element of the financial system and have penetrated into those areas where banks did not dare by taking both the operational and regulatory risks. NBFCs form an integral part of the Indian financial system. They have been very instrumental in contribution to the Government’s agenda of financial inclusion by filling the important gap of supplying credit to retail customers in the relatively under-served and un-banked areas. They play an active complementary role to the banking system by broadening access to financial services, enhancing competition and diversification of financial sector. NBFCs are known for their higher risk taking capacity than the banks. The intention of this study is to analyze the investment strategies of non-bank finance companies (NBFCs) which are providing the financial services.
Suggestions to Stimulate Financing under Micro and Small Enterprises Yasha Singh
This topic deals with the financing problem faced by micro and small enterprises and suggestions to stimulate financing in micro and small enterprises. This project report contains 5 different chapters.
The report begins with the first chapter which consists introduction to the problem, background of micro and small enterprises, objective of the project etc.
The second chapter is the introduction to the literature review which gives a brief idea regarding theoretical rationale for loan guarantee programs in micro and small enterprises.
The third chapter is about research methodology adopted in preparing this report. It covers the sample procedure, types of data used and the data collection method.
The fourth chapter comprehensive coverage of forecasting concepts and techniques which shows the analysis of data through tabulation, computation and graphical representation of data collected from survey.
The fifth chapter deals with the findings, suggestion and conclusion.
Financial Inclusion and Micro and Small Enterprises GrowthDr. Amarjeet Singh
The persons or firms linked with the either way of
financial transaction are known as participants of financial
inclusion financially included otherwise financially
excluded. The normal way of flow of money is routed
through banking system, post office, insurance and FBFC
channels. The MSE is financially included with operation of
saving account, current account or loan account with banks;
financial transaction with other government financial
agencies as well as some private sector NBFC. Recent
initiatives of Government of India and Indian Banking
system have accelerated the performance of financial
inclusion through various schemes such as MNREGS,
Jandhan, Atal Pension Yojna, MUDRA and so forth. The
MUDRA scheme, credit scheme for MSE, credit scheme for
KVIC & Coir firm, Kishan credit card, General Credit
Card are exclusive financial inclusion scheme for MSE
credit. Out of total size of MSEs, less than forty percent
units are getting benefits from schedule commercial banks;
as on 2017-18 only Rs. 1337 billion credit facilities given by
the lending institutions. The paper examines the current
status and potential prospect of financial inclusion at given
numbers of units and employment.
Raj Gopal Basetty completed a summer internship with Saija Finance Private Limited from April 1st to May 30th, 2016. He analyzed the microfinance industry in India and Saija Finance's performance within the industry. He found that Saija Finance grows at a slower pace than competitors due to its strong emphasis on social impact and transparency. However, it is well-positioned for rapid growth over the next 3-5 years. During the internship, Raj learned about different microfinance models, the role of MFIs in financial inclusion and poverty alleviation, and strategies for tapping into the large unserved market in India.
Assessing the effectiveness of small borrowing in IndiaAmit Sharma
1. The report assesses the effectiveness of small borrowing in India based on an extensive survey of over 10,000 households across 5 clusters.
2. It finds that most formal financial institutions are reluctant to serve the poor due to perceived risks and costs, forcing many to rely on informal lenders. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) emerged to fill this gap, though they are now more structured as non-banking financial companies than NGOs.
3. Evidence shows the poor can be served profitably with market-oriented solutions, though regulation is needed to ensure social objectives are met. MFI growth in India has been remarkable, but controversies over interest rates and practices have emerged, particularly in And
This document is a research project submitted by three MBA students - Chetan Ghadge, Garima Lakhotiya, and Pragati Saxena - at Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior towards their degree. The research project examines the impact of policy initiatives on stock returns in India using data from 2010 to 2019. It analyzes the effect of key monetary policy tools such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio on the Nifty 50 stock market index. Statistical techniques such as least squares regression are employed to test the hypothesis that there is no significant impact of policy initiatives on stock returns.
Investors have been shying away from investing in Indian equity mutual funds as the sustained stock market slump has wiped out significant gains from 2007. While inflows into equity funds have declined in recent months, outflows have also remained relatively low as investors are not rushing to pull out of funds. The slowdown in equity fund flows has mainly impacted high net-worth and institutional investors, while regular investment plans have continued to see steady inflows.
Este documento describe el diseño de actividades para la evaluación de competencias mediante la construcción de un portafolio electrónico. Explica los objetivos y elementos clave de un portafolio, como las evidencias del aprendizaje, la reflexión del estudiante y la retroalimentación del instructor. Además, detalla los pasos para que los estudiantes recojan, diseñen, publiquen y reflexionen sobre su trabajo a través de un portafolio para demostrar el progreso en el desarrollo de competencias.
O documento apresenta os resultados de um inquérito realizado em 2005 sobre as opiniões dos residentes dos Açores em relação ao turismo na região. Os principais resultados mostram que a maioria dos residentes tem uma opinião positiva sobre o turismo e reconhece os seus benefícios económicos. No entanto, algumas pessoas também apontam impactos negativos, como o aumento de preços e pressão sobre o ambiente. As opiniões variam ligeiramente por faixa etária, com os mais velhos a terem visões mais críticas.
يقول الكاتب بكر أبوبكر(أن نتمدد لفهم الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر باليد في المجتمع فإن العمل ضمن التنظيمات السياسية فيه أمر بالمعروف ونهي عن المنكر من تعبئة داخلية منفتحة وصحيحة بعيدة عن التعصب والتطرف والعقل المغلق، وهو أيضا بممارسة رقابة وضبط وتقويم ديمقراطي لأعمال الحكومة بكافة الأشكال، وكأمثلة جماعية شعبية فأن تسيير حملات مقاطعة للتجار الغشاشين، أوالامتناع عن أكل اللحوم في رمضان عند غلاء سعرها (كما فعل عمر بن الخطاب عندما سألوه فقال قاطعوهم) هو نهي عن المنكر باليد أيضا، كما لا يغيب عن أي منا أن النهي عن المنكر الأكبر (باليد) أيضا كلمة حق واتزان ورفض للظلم والاستبداد من الحكم أو محاربة الفساد فيه عبر مساراته القانونية قطعيا.)
ثم إن عصرنا الحالي ظهرت فيه وسائل متعددة في التواصل والاتصال؛ فمنها: تطبيقات الشابكة=شبكة الإنترنت المختلفة، والموسوعات الإلكترونية المطبوعة على أقراص مدمجة «CD»، ومنها أيضاً الهاتف الجوال، وما يشمله عالم الحاسوب من (الفيسبوك والبريد الإلكتروني، والمنتديات والدردشات، والمجموعات... وغيرها كثير).
This document provides information about a teaching programme on wood fibre board insulation. The programme will cover the theory and properties of wood fibre board, and practical training on how to build with it while following thermal regulations. Participants will learn from an industry expert through presentations, demonstrations, and a site visit. The cost of materials and professional time for the training is provided. To register for the programme, interested individuals should provide their contact information.
Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico y Terapia BiológicaUACH, Valdivia
1. El documento describe el uso de terapias biológicas como belimumab y rituximab para el tratamiento del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). 2. Belimumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la supervivencia de las células B autorreactivas, mientras que rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que depleta los linfocitos B. 3. Los ensayos clínicos han demostrado que belimumab y ciclos repetidos de rituximab son seguros y eficaces para el tratamiento del LES refractario.
El documento discute las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) como determinantes de la organización y la sociedad de la información. Examina la naturaleza de la tecnología, la información y la comunicación desde una perspectiva filosófica y epistemológica. También analiza cómo las TIC se han convertido en un campo transdisciplinario y aborda algunas posturas teóricas sobre su determinación sociológica.
This document discusses geographic coordinate systems and map projections. It provides examples of different types of map projections including Mercator, Mollweide, Lambert Conformal, and others. It also discusses how coordinates systems define geographic and projected coordinate references and how datums are used to define coordinate systems.
La hipertensión arterial es una patología crónica caracterizada por la elevación de la presión arterial. No presenta síntomas claros durante mucho tiempo y puede causar endurecimiento y engrosamiento de las arterias. Existen dos tipos principales: primaria, relacionada con factores hereditarios y de estilo de vida, y secundaria, debida a causas identificables como enfermedades renales. El tratamiento se basa en dieta, ejercicio, peso saludable, dejar de fumar y medicamentos.
Este documento clasifica las redes sociales en cuatro tipos: redes sociales horizontales como Facebook, redes sociales verticales profesionales como LinkedIn, de ocio como Wipley y mixtas como Yuglo, redes de contenido como blogs, y redes sociales humanas como Tuenti que se enfocan en conectar personas con intereses similares.
Este documento describe cómo crear y modificar tablas en Excel. Explica que una tabla es un conjunto de datos organizados en filas y columnas, con la primera fila conteniendo los encabezados de las columnas. Describe cómo crear una tabla, modificar datos, modificar la estructura de la tabla, establecer el estilo de la tabla, ordenar datos, filtrar datos y crear un resumen de datos.
El documento resume conceptos clave sobre el factor de potencia y la compensación de la demanda. Explica que el factor de potencia es la relación entre la potencia activa y la potencia aparente, y que la corriente reactiva produce un desfase entre la tensión y la corriente. Señala que los condensadores de potencia se usan para anular este desfase y mejorar la eficiencia del sistema, requiriendo menos corriente. Finalmente, introduce el triángulo de potencias para representar gráficamente la potencia activa, reactiva y aparent
MBA Final Year Project on Financial InclusionMuhammad Mehdi
This document provides a project report on recent initiatives taken for banking the unbanked in Nagpur District, Maharashtra, India. The report was submitted to Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University by Muhammad Mehdi for his MBA degree in financial management. The report includes an acknowledgement section thanking various individuals and organizations for their support and guidance. It also includes a declaration and certificate confirming the original work. The report consists of 7 chapters including introduction, objectives of the study, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, findings and conclusions, and suggestions. The introduction provides background on financial inclusion in India and Nagpur district. The objectives are to assess implementation of initiatives like Swabh
NBFC's have played a key role in financing the needs of the Indian industry especially the small and medium enterprises and the small entrepreneurs, both in the urban and the rural areas. While the under-penetration of banking network, rising affluence, large working age population and rising need for financial services point to the tremendous potential for the growth of NBFC's. A vigorous banking and financial sector is critical for facilitating higher economic growth. Financial intermediaries like Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) constitute a significant element of the financial system and have penetrated into those areas where banks did not dare by taking both the operational and regulatory risks. NBFCs form an integral part of the Indian financial system. They have been very instrumental in contribution to the Government’s agenda of financial inclusion by filling the important gap of supplying credit to retail customers in the relatively under-served and un-banked areas. They play an active complementary role to the banking system by broadening access to financial services, enhancing competition and diversification of financial sector. NBFCs are known for their higher risk taking capacity than the banks. The intention of this study is to analyze the investment strategies of non-bank finance companies (NBFCs) which are providing the financial services.
Suggestions to Stimulate Financing under Micro and Small Enterprises Yasha Singh
This topic deals with the financing problem faced by micro and small enterprises and suggestions to stimulate financing in micro and small enterprises. This project report contains 5 different chapters.
The report begins with the first chapter which consists introduction to the problem, background of micro and small enterprises, objective of the project etc.
The second chapter is the introduction to the literature review which gives a brief idea regarding theoretical rationale for loan guarantee programs in micro and small enterprises.
The third chapter is about research methodology adopted in preparing this report. It covers the sample procedure, types of data used and the data collection method.
The fourth chapter comprehensive coverage of forecasting concepts and techniques which shows the analysis of data through tabulation, computation and graphical representation of data collected from survey.
The fifth chapter deals with the findings, suggestion and conclusion.
Financial Inclusion and Micro and Small Enterprises GrowthDr. Amarjeet Singh
The persons or firms linked with the either way of
financial transaction are known as participants of financial
inclusion financially included otherwise financially
excluded. The normal way of flow of money is routed
through banking system, post office, insurance and FBFC
channels. The MSE is financially included with operation of
saving account, current account or loan account with banks;
financial transaction with other government financial
agencies as well as some private sector NBFC. Recent
initiatives of Government of India and Indian Banking
system have accelerated the performance of financial
inclusion through various schemes such as MNREGS,
Jandhan, Atal Pension Yojna, MUDRA and so forth. The
MUDRA scheme, credit scheme for MSE, credit scheme for
KVIC & Coir firm, Kishan credit card, General Credit
Card are exclusive financial inclusion scheme for MSE
credit. Out of total size of MSEs, less than forty percent
units are getting benefits from schedule commercial banks;
as on 2017-18 only Rs. 1337 billion credit facilities given by
the lending institutions. The paper examines the current
status and potential prospect of financial inclusion at given
numbers of units and employment.
Raj Gopal Basetty completed a summer internship with Saija Finance Private Limited from April 1st to May 30th, 2016. He analyzed the microfinance industry in India and Saija Finance's performance within the industry. He found that Saija Finance grows at a slower pace than competitors due to its strong emphasis on social impact and transparency. However, it is well-positioned for rapid growth over the next 3-5 years. During the internship, Raj learned about different microfinance models, the role of MFIs in financial inclusion and poverty alleviation, and strategies for tapping into the large unserved market in India.
Assessing the effectiveness of small borrowing in IndiaAmit Sharma
1. The report assesses the effectiveness of small borrowing in India based on an extensive survey of over 10,000 households across 5 clusters.
2. It finds that most formal financial institutions are reluctant to serve the poor due to perceived risks and costs, forcing many to rely on informal lenders. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) emerged to fill this gap, though they are now more structured as non-banking financial companies than NGOs.
3. Evidence shows the poor can be served profitably with market-oriented solutions, though regulation is needed to ensure social objectives are met. MFI growth in India has been remarkable, but controversies over interest rates and practices have emerged, particularly in And
This document is a research project submitted by three MBA students - Chetan Ghadge, Garima Lakhotiya, and Pragati Saxena - at Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior towards their degree. The research project examines the impact of policy initiatives on stock returns in India using data from 2010 to 2019. It analyzes the effect of key monetary policy tools such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio on the Nifty 50 stock market index. Statistical techniques such as least squares regression are employed to test the hypothesis that there is no significant impact of policy initiatives on stock returns.
Investors have been shying away from investing in Indian equity mutual funds as the sustained stock market slump has wiped out significant gains from 2007. While inflows into equity funds have declined in recent months, outflows have also remained relatively low as investors are not rushing to pull out of funds. The slowdown in equity fund flows has mainly impacted high net-worth and institutional investors, while regular investment plans have continued to see steady inflows.
The document provides background information on mutual funds including:
- The first mutual fund was created in 1924 in Boston by pooling money from three securities executives.
- The first pooled fund in the US was created in 1893 for Harvard University faculty and staff.
- After the stock market crash of 1929, laws were passed in 1933 and 1934 to regulate mutual funds.
- Growth was steady through the 1960s, but index funds emerged in 1976 helping growth accelerate. By the late 20th century, mutual funds had grown enormously in the US in terms of number, assets, and investors.
This Project is about Mutual Fund investment in different financial assets classes.This project will help you to take investment desion accoding the profile of investor.
This document is a project report submitted to Punjab Technical University by Aijaz Ahmed Rather for the partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report examines the role of nationalized banks in promoting microfinance services among rural people in Punjab, India. It includes an acknowledgement, executive summary, table of contents, and suggested chapter plan. The project report analyzes microfinance in India, issues for commercial banks, the research methodology used, and will provide conclusions, limitations, recommendations, and suggestions.
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and adequate credit availability to the vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and
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- The bank has experienced strong growth in revenue, net profit, and total assets in recent years. It has an experienced management team and
1. Modeling the Investment Structure Through
Micro-finance in Greater Rangpur
Hasan Shahriar Miraj
Institute of Statistical Research and Training
University of Dhaka
June 23, 2015
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 1 / 27
4. Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
1 Institute of Microfinance
2 Dr. Atunu Rabbani
Professor, Department of Economics
University of Dhaka.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 2 / 27
5. Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
1 Institute of Microfinance
2 Dr. Atunu Rabbani
Professor, Department of Economics
University of Dhaka.
3 Paritosh Kumar Roy
Lecturer, I.S.R.T
University of Dhaka.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 2 / 27
6. Outline
Outline
Idea of the study
Background of the study
Objectives of the study
Methodology
Analysis
Conclusion
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 3 / 27
7. Introduction Idea
Idea of the study
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 4 / 27
8. Introduction Idea
Idea of the study
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Younus
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 4 / 27
9. Introduction Idea
Idea of the study
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Younus
Grameen Bank
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 4 / 27
10. Introduction Idea
Idea of the study
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Younus
Grameen Bank
Microcredit
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 4 / 27
11. Introduction Background
Background of the study
Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) initiated the project entitled
Programmed Initiative for Monga Eradication (PRIME) in the greatest
Rangpur region in 2006. Initially it was introduced in five upazillas
(sub-districts) of Lalmonirhat and later PKSF expanded the program
to cover all five districts of the current Rangpur Divisions (Gaibandha,
Kurigram, Nilphamari and Rangpur being the other four districts)
To facilitate the support for the ultra-poor in the Rangpur region
PKSF initiated PRIME which was later supported by Department for
International Development (DFID) under Promoting Financial Service
for Poverty Reduction (PROSPER) from July, 2007.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 5 / 27
12. Introduction Background
The program design has changed somewhat over the years while
returning many of the core aspects of the initial intervention at place.
Micro-finance support through both micro-credit (typically associated
with some income generating activity or IGA) and Mobilizing savings
from the poor households has been the crux of the program all along.
There were also multiple types of micro-finance products covering
both flexible and emergency in nature, albeit emergency loans
constituting a small fraction of total loans disbursed. There were also
some ancillary non-credit financial services such as remittance services
offered to the PRIME beneficiaries.
As a result the economic status of the household of PRIME benefiters is
gradually changing.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 6 / 27
13. Overview of data Data variable
Data variable
According to the objectives, we assume factors related to the investment
are converts under the subtitle-
1 Borrowing loan from micro-finance.
2 Borrowing loan from other sources like bank loan.
3 Household size.
4 Are they PRIME participant ?
5 Year of education of household.
6 Number of micro-finance loan taking by household.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 7 / 27
14. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Histogram of Investment
Log(Investment)
Frequency
4 6 8 10 12 14
050100150200250300
Figure: Histogram of Investment
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 8 / 27
15. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Histogram of Micro-finance loan
Log(Micro−loan)
Frequency
7 8 9 10 11 12
0100200300400
Figure: Histogram of Micro-finance loan
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 9 / 27
16. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Other-source loan
Log(Other−Source Loan)
Frequency
4 6 8 10 12
050100150200250
Figure: Histogram of Other-source loan
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 10 / 27
17. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Number of Loan
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
qq
qq
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
1 2 3 4
468101214
Number of loan
log(Investment)
Figure: Box-plot of Number of Loan vs investment
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 11 / 27
19. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Education of Household Head
q
q
q
q
q
qq
q
q
q
q
q
qq
qqqqq
q
q q
q
q
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q
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q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12
468101214
Education of HH head
log(Investment)
Figure: Box-plot of Household head education year vs investment
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 13 / 27
20. Overview of data Graphical presentation
Prime Participation
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
qq
q
qq
q
qq
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
qq
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
qq
qq
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
Participants Control
468101214
Prime participations
log(Investment)
Figure: Box-plot of PRIME participation vs investment
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 14 / 27
21. Overview of data Data summarizing
Data summarizing
We divide the total number investor into four categories. They are-
1 Category-1:The HH who borrowed only micro-finance loan
2 Category-2:The HH who borrowed only other sources loan
3 Category-3:The HH who borrowed both types of loan
4 Category-4:The HH who hadn’t borrow any kinds of loan
Table: Borrower vs Investor for different category
case No loan Micro-finance loan Other-source loan Both loan total
Lone borrower 2489 1140 1394 952 5975
Investor 363 465 301 370 1499
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 15 / 27
22. Overview of data Data summarizing
Table: Percent of Investor vs different amount of investment
Loan Type no invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
No loan 86.90 7.12 3.70 2.24
Other source loan 79.51 12.71 5.71 1.90
Micro-finance loan 61.11 18.88 14.62 5.71
Both loan 62.50 20.36 13.20 3.81
Here arise some question-
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 16 / 27
23. Overview of data Data summarizing
Table: Percent of Investor vs different amount of investment
Loan Type no invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
No loan 86.90 7.12 3.70 2.24
Other source loan 79.51 12.71 5.71 1.90
Micro-finance loan 61.11 18.88 14.62 5.71
Both loan 62.50 20.36 13.20 3.81
Here arise some question-
Is HH invest money taking micro-finance loan ?
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 16 / 27
24. Overview of data Data summarizing
Table: Percent of Investor vs different amount of investment
Loan Type no invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
No loan 86.90 7.12 3.70 2.24
Other source loan 79.51 12.71 5.71 1.90
Micro-finance loan 61.11 18.88 14.62 5.71
Both loan 62.50 20.36 13.20 3.81
Here arise some question-
Is HH invest money taking micro-finance loan ?
If they take micro-finance loan then what is the impact in investment?
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 16 / 27
25. Overview of data Data summarizing
Table: Percent of Investor vs different amount of investment
Loan Type no invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
No loan 86.90 7.12 3.70 2.24
Other source loan 79.51 12.71 5.71 1.90
Micro-finance loan 61.11 18.88 14.62 5.71
Both loan 62.50 20.36 13.20 3.81
Here arise some question-
Is HH invest money taking micro-finance loan ?
If they take micro-finance loan then what is the impact in investment?
What is the impact of Micro-finance for different categories
investment?
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 16 / 27
26. Objective
Objective of the study
As mentioned earlier this study aimed at finding a relationship with the
investment amount and the micro-finance. Along with this the other
objectives of the study are-
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 17 / 27
27. Objective
Objective of the study
As mentioned earlier this study aimed at finding a relationship with the
investment amount and the micro-finance. Along with this the other
objectives of the study are-
To see the changing economic status of household in greater Rangpur.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 17 / 27
28. Objective
Objective of the study
As mentioned earlier this study aimed at finding a relationship with the
investment amount and the micro-finance. Along with this the other
objectives of the study are-
To see the changing economic status of household in greater Rangpur.
To fit logistic regression model to see the direct relationship between
investment and micro-finance.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 17 / 27
29. Objective
Objective of the study
As mentioned earlier this study aimed at finding a relationship with the
investment amount and the micro-finance. Along with this the other
objectives of the study are-
To see the changing economic status of household in greater Rangpur.
To fit logistic regression model to see the direct relationship between
investment and micro-finance.
To fit ordinal logistic model to see the impact of different variable on
categorized investment.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 17 / 27
30. Objective
Objective of the study
As mentioned earlier this study aimed at finding a relationship with the
investment amount and the micro-finance. Along with this the other
objectives of the study are-
To see the changing economic status of household in greater Rangpur.
To fit logistic regression model to see the direct relationship between
investment and micro-finance.
To fit ordinal logistic model to see the impact of different variable on
categorized investment.
To fit censored Tobit model for the continuous variable investment.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 17 / 27
31. Methodology
Methodology
Logistic regression model
1 Maximum likelihood estimation
2 Newton-Raphson Method
Ordinal logistic regression model
Proportional odds ratio
Tobit regression model
Maximum likelihood estimation
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 18 / 27
32. Analysis Logistic model
Logistic analysis
The outcome of the logistic regression analysis is-
Table: Results of Logistic regression analysis
Coefficients Estimate Std error P-value
Intercept -1.722 .129 2×10−16
Micro-finance 7.38×10−05 5.75×10−06 2×10−16
Other-sources .00514 .002607 .000286
HH size .00053 .0015 .0489
HH head education year -.1227 .00816 .0154
Null deviance: 3763.6 on 3455 degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 3526.2 on 3450 degrees of freedom
AIC: 3538.2
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 19 / 27
33. Analysis Logistic model
We are mainly interested in the relative goodness of fit of the model, but
nevertheless, the high residual deviance shows that the model cannot be
accepted to have been likely to generate the data (pchisq
(3526.2; 3450) ≈ 1). However, it certainly fits the data better than the
null model (which means that a fixed mean probability of deletion is used
for all cells): Chisq (3763.6 − 3526.2; 3455 − 3450) ≈ 1.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 20 / 27
34. Analysis Ordered logistic model
Ordered logistic analysis
Table: Number of investor vs different categories loan
Loan Type No invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
Other Loan 654 105 47 16
Micro-credit Loan 383 119 92 36
Both Loan 341 111 72 21
No Loan 1268 104 54 31
The following proportional odds model was fitted to these data:
log π1
π2+π3+π4
= β01 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3
log π1+π2
π3+π4
= β02 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3
log π1+π2+π3
π4
= β03 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 21 / 27
35. Analysis Ordered logistic model
The analysis result is:-
Residual deviance: 11.16418 on 6 degrees of freedom
Log likelihood: -40.09469 on 6 degrees of freedom
Table: Ordered Logistic Regression Analysis
Coefficients Estimate Std.error z-values
β01 0.53823 0.086928 6.19166
β02 1.52964 0.093316 16.39204
β03 2.90874 0.124379 23.38613
β1:Micro-finance -1.11315 0.116824 -0.96856
β2:No loan 1.35563 0.116253 11.66098
β3:Other loan 0.83432 0.122166 6.82941
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 22 / 27
36. Analysis Ordered logistic model
For this model the log likelihood l(b) =-40.09469. For the minimal model,
with only β01, β02 and β03 the maximum value is l(bmin) = −51.26, so
likelihood Chi square statistic C = 2 × (−40.09469 + 51.26) = 22.32, and
pseudo R2 = (−51.26 + 40.09469)/(−51.26) = .217 For micro-finance the
estimated probabilities are ˆπ1 = 0.62548, ˆπ2 = 0.1936, ˆπ3 = 0.12916,
ˆπ4 = 0.05175. The probabilities for other covariates patterns are-
Table: Expected probablity for investment
Loan Type No invest <10000 10001-30000 >30000
Other-source loan 0.797 0.116 0.062 0.023
Micro-finance loan 0.604 0.200 0.137 0.057
Both 0.631 0.190 0.126 0.051
No loan 0.869 0.077 0.039 0.013
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 23 / 27
37. Analysis Tobit model
Tobit model
According to the data set provided by PRIME borrowing data the
structural equation will be-
yi =
y∗
i if yi > 0
0 if yi = 0
Observations:
Total Left censored Uncensored Right censored
3456 2646 810 0
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 24 / 27
38. Analysis Tobit model
Table: Results of Tobit regression analysis
Coefficients Estimate Std error P value
Intercept -73850 4689 2×10−16
Borrowing money from micro-finance 2.501 .1120 2×10−16
Borrowing money from 1.629 .1014 2×10−16
HH size 1325 880.7 0.132
HH head education year 815.1 506.9 0.108
Prime participants 1789.1 2862.2 0.522
Log sigma 10.99 .0262 2×10−16
Here the result shows that micro-finance and other source of loan both
have a significant effect on investment. With one unit change in
micro-finance investment changes almost 2.5 unit. On the other hand one
unit change in other source loan increase the investment 1.6 unit.
Household size also have an impact on investment.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 25 / 27
39. Conclusion
Conclusion
The overall summary of the study are-
The independent variable ‘Household size’ have impact on investment.
With increase of household size probability of investment is increasing.
The independent variable ‘PRIME participation’ have no impact on
investment.
The independent variable ‘Household head education year’ have no
impact on investment.
The independent variable ‘Other sources loan’ have impact on
investment less than borrowing loan from micro-finance.
The independent variable ‘Borrowing loan from micro-finance’ have
great impact on who have invested in Rangpur.
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 26 / 27
40. Conclusion
Thank You
Hasan Shahriar Miraj (I.S.R.T) Modeling the Investment Structure Through Micro-finance in Greater RangpurJune 23, 2015 27 / 27