The document discusses several legal cases and rulings related to trademarks. Specifically: 1) A Brazilian court ruled that a prior trade name has grounds to oppose a later trademark application, even if not directly competing. Trade name protection is broader than trademark protection. 2) A Colombian agency ruled that a trademark must be proven notorious in an Andean country to be recognized regionally. 3) A Dutch court referred questions to the EU court on whether sounds alone can be trademarks, and if so, how they must be registered. It dismissed a case where a melody was used without permission.