This document discusses research on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on Pakistan's economic growth from 1975 to 2010. It finds that FDI has had a positive effect on economic growth in both the short and long run. The document reviews previous literature on the relationship between FDI and economic growth. It then describes the methodology used in the study, which analyzes the impact of FDI, reserves, inflation, and gross domestic savings on GDP. The results show that all variables are positively correlated with FDI and statistically significant. The conclusion is that FDI contributes to Pakistan's economic growth.
The document discusses a study investigating the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Pakistan from 1990-2006. The study uses a production function model including FDI, trade, domestic capital, labor, and human capital as independent variables affecting economic growth. The expected results are a statistically significant positive relationship between real per capita GDP and FDI in Pakistan. Policy recommendations could then be made regarding FDI in Pakistan based on the results.
Understanding the Determinants and Impacts of FDI Inflows - An Indian Perspec...Jitender Barna
This document summarizes a student's research on understanding the determinants and impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into India. The student examines various economic theories on what drives FDI and reviews previous empirical studies. The methodology section outlines how the student uses a positivist philosophy and deductive approach, collecting secondary data to conduct regression analysis and correlation tests. The findings section indicates that GDP, imports, exports, and exchange rates are significant determinants of FDI in India. While FDI is found to positively impact GDP, capital formation, imports and savings, the magnitude of impact is less than that of domestic capital formation. In conclusion, the student finds that India has not yet received sufficient FDI to significantly impact the
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of international capital flows on the economic growth in Jordan during the period from 2005 to 2017, The study also examines trends and composition of capital inflows. The study used descriptive analytical research method which was appropriate for the purpose of research. By using time series data, the study found that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), grants (Gr) and Worker remittances (WR) are positively affecting the economic growth direct contribution. Based on the research results, the study came with a several recommendations, the most important recommendation is; the government of Jordan should create and relax the rules and regulations to attract more investors, and also the government should work hand in hand with the developed countries to create economic and employment opportunities, improve the country’s competitiveness, and expand growth within the private sector so that everyone in Jordan has the opportunity to contribute to a brighter future.
Inflation Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Interest Rate, and Economic Growth...ijtsrd
The article aimed to investigate the relationship between inflation rate, foreign direct investment, interest rate, and economic growth of ten 10 emerging Sub Sahara African countries for the period 1998 to 2018. The random effects GLS regression estimator was employed to examine the equilibrium relationship between the variables. From the results, foreign direct investment had a significantly positive influence on GDP, while the inflation rate and interest rate trivially positively predicted GDP. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the government of emerging nations should put prudent measures to improve inflation, interest rate, and foreign direct investment within the economy for sound wellbeing. Ofori Charles | Shuibin Gu | Takyi Kwabena Nsiah | Eric Dwomoh "Inflation Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Interest Rate, and Economic Growth in Sub Sahara Africa: Evidence from Emerging Nations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31105.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/31105/inflation-rate-foreign-direct-investment-interest-rate-and-economic-growth-in-sub-sahara-africa-evidence-from-emerging-nations/ofori-charles
Factors Affecting the Investment Climate and the Role of Investments in Econo...ijtsrd
This article analyzes the factors affecting the investment climate on the example of the Uzbekistan’s economy. The article also discusses the economy of Uzbekistan and the investments attracted to it. Based on the analysis, proposals have been developed to increase the volume of investments in the Uzbekistan’s economy. Avazov Nuriddin Rustam Ugli | Begalova Durdona Baxodirovna "Factors Affecting the Investment Climate and the Role of Investments in Economic Development (In the Case of Uzbekistan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38559.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/38559/factors-affecting-the-investment-climate-and-the-role-of-investments-in-economic-development-in-the-case-of-uzbekistan/avazov-nuriddin-rustam-ugli
Effect of public investment on economic growth in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of public investment on economic growth in Bangladesh through econometric analysis. It summarizes previous literature finding both positive and ambiguous effects of public investment on growth. The document then describes the author's methodology, including data sources and definitions of variables like GDP, public investment (ADP), and gross capital formation (GCF). Descriptive statistics of the variables from 1973-2011 are also provided. The author's model specifies GDP as a linear function of ADP and GCF to test the relationship between public investment and economic growth in Bangladesh.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as an important factor influencing economic growth directly and indirectly in both developed and developing countries. This study assesses the impact of FDI on growth in Ghana since the return to constitutional rule in 1993. The study uses time series data from 1993 to 2016. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL), the study finds a positive impact of FDI on growth both in the short-run and long-run. However, there is a lag period of two. The study equally finds that Gross Saving has a positive impact on growth. On the other hand inflation has a negative effect on growth both in the short and long run. The study also discovered that FDI granger causes growth but GDP does not granger cause FDI. Post-election years with incidence of political uncertainty slow down FDI inflow into Ghana. The study recommends the adoption of stringent fiscal and monetary policies to keep inflation low. It also recommends maintaining and improving the liberal market environment to attract investors, policies to encourage saving, and improving on political transitions to avoid uncertainties for investors.
Impact of political stability on the macroeconomic variables and FDI of Pakis...journal ijrtem
Abstract: In this paper we have discussed the vital role of political stability on the link between macroeconomic variables and FDI .For this purpose we have used a data of year 1991 to 2011.In this empirical analysis we have used ADF test for the checking the stationary of the data and other software’s are SPSS and eviews.This result of this study have made sure that import ,BOP, export and GDP growth rate have significant impact on the FDI inflows in the Pakistan and inflation has a negative impact on the FDI based on this research has proved that political stability is crucial for the expansion of foreign direct investment.
Keywords: political stability, ADF, BOP, crucial etc.
The document discusses a study investigating the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Pakistan from 1990-2006. The study uses a production function model including FDI, trade, domestic capital, labor, and human capital as independent variables affecting economic growth. The expected results are a statistically significant positive relationship between real per capita GDP and FDI in Pakistan. Policy recommendations could then be made regarding FDI in Pakistan based on the results.
Understanding the Determinants and Impacts of FDI Inflows - An Indian Perspec...Jitender Barna
This document summarizes a student's research on understanding the determinants and impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into India. The student examines various economic theories on what drives FDI and reviews previous empirical studies. The methodology section outlines how the student uses a positivist philosophy and deductive approach, collecting secondary data to conduct regression analysis and correlation tests. The findings section indicates that GDP, imports, exports, and exchange rates are significant determinants of FDI in India. While FDI is found to positively impact GDP, capital formation, imports and savings, the magnitude of impact is less than that of domestic capital formation. In conclusion, the student finds that India has not yet received sufficient FDI to significantly impact the
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of international capital flows on the economic growth in Jordan during the period from 2005 to 2017, The study also examines trends and composition of capital inflows. The study used descriptive analytical research method which was appropriate for the purpose of research. By using time series data, the study found that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), grants (Gr) and Worker remittances (WR) are positively affecting the economic growth direct contribution. Based on the research results, the study came with a several recommendations, the most important recommendation is; the government of Jordan should create and relax the rules and regulations to attract more investors, and also the government should work hand in hand with the developed countries to create economic and employment opportunities, improve the country’s competitiveness, and expand growth within the private sector so that everyone in Jordan has the opportunity to contribute to a brighter future.
Inflation Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Interest Rate, and Economic Growth...ijtsrd
The article aimed to investigate the relationship between inflation rate, foreign direct investment, interest rate, and economic growth of ten 10 emerging Sub Sahara African countries for the period 1998 to 2018. The random effects GLS regression estimator was employed to examine the equilibrium relationship between the variables. From the results, foreign direct investment had a significantly positive influence on GDP, while the inflation rate and interest rate trivially positively predicted GDP. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the government of emerging nations should put prudent measures to improve inflation, interest rate, and foreign direct investment within the economy for sound wellbeing. Ofori Charles | Shuibin Gu | Takyi Kwabena Nsiah | Eric Dwomoh "Inflation Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Interest Rate, and Economic Growth in Sub Sahara Africa: Evidence from Emerging Nations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31105.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/31105/inflation-rate-foreign-direct-investment-interest-rate-and-economic-growth-in-sub-sahara-africa-evidence-from-emerging-nations/ofori-charles
Factors Affecting the Investment Climate and the Role of Investments in Econo...ijtsrd
This article analyzes the factors affecting the investment climate on the example of the Uzbekistan’s economy. The article also discusses the economy of Uzbekistan and the investments attracted to it. Based on the analysis, proposals have been developed to increase the volume of investments in the Uzbekistan’s economy. Avazov Nuriddin Rustam Ugli | Begalova Durdona Baxodirovna "Factors Affecting the Investment Climate and the Role of Investments in Economic Development (In the Case of Uzbekistan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38559.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/38559/factors-affecting-the-investment-climate-and-the-role-of-investments-in-economic-development-in-the-case-of-uzbekistan/avazov-nuriddin-rustam-ugli
Effect of public investment on economic growth in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of public investment on economic growth in Bangladesh through econometric analysis. It summarizes previous literature finding both positive and ambiguous effects of public investment on growth. The document then describes the author's methodology, including data sources and definitions of variables like GDP, public investment (ADP), and gross capital formation (GCF). Descriptive statistics of the variables from 1973-2011 are also provided. The author's model specifies GDP as a linear function of ADP and GCF to test the relationship between public investment and economic growth in Bangladesh.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as an important factor influencing economic growth directly and indirectly in both developed and developing countries. This study assesses the impact of FDI on growth in Ghana since the return to constitutional rule in 1993. The study uses time series data from 1993 to 2016. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL), the study finds a positive impact of FDI on growth both in the short-run and long-run. However, there is a lag period of two. The study equally finds that Gross Saving has a positive impact on growth. On the other hand inflation has a negative effect on growth both in the short and long run. The study also discovered that FDI granger causes growth but GDP does not granger cause FDI. Post-election years with incidence of political uncertainty slow down FDI inflow into Ghana. The study recommends the adoption of stringent fiscal and monetary policies to keep inflation low. It also recommends maintaining and improving the liberal market environment to attract investors, policies to encourage saving, and improving on political transitions to avoid uncertainties for investors.
Impact of political stability on the macroeconomic variables and FDI of Pakis...journal ijrtem
Abstract: In this paper we have discussed the vital role of political stability on the link between macroeconomic variables and FDI .For this purpose we have used a data of year 1991 to 2011.In this empirical analysis we have used ADF test for the checking the stationary of the data and other software’s are SPSS and eviews.This result of this study have made sure that import ,BOP, export and GDP growth rate have significant impact on the FDI inflows in the Pakistan and inflation has a negative impact on the FDI based on this research has proved that political stability is crucial for the expansion of foreign direct investment.
Keywords: political stability, ADF, BOP, crucial etc.
Foreign Investment and Its Effect on the Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Triang...iosrjce
Evidence abound about the registered increase in foreign investment inflows in recent years. While
proponents emphasize that these inflows could engender economic growth, critics express concern that there
could be destabilizing effect on the economy if not well managed. This study therefore, attempts to examine the
effect of foreign investments (disaggregated into foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment)
inflows on economic growth in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining the better contributor, using time series data
from 1987-2012. The OLS and the Granger causality procedures were employed in analyzing the data. The
result displays that both foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment have positive and significant
effect on economic growth though the partial correlation coefficients show that foreign portfolio investment is
the better contributor. Based on the result, government should pursue policies that encourage both foreign
direct investment and especially foreign portfolio investment.
11.co integration analysis of foreign direct investment inflow and developmen...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and economic development in Nigeria from 1979-2007. It uses vector autoregression models and cointegration tests to analyze the data. The results show:
1) There is a long-run relationship between FDI inflows from Ghana and South Africa and Nigeria's GDP, implying FDI contributes to Nigeria's economic development.
2) Granger causality tests reveal Nigeria's GDP causes FDI inflows from South Africa, and FDI from both South Africa and Ghana Granger causes Nigeria's GDP.
3) In the short run, past values of variables like FDI affect current values of Nigeria's GDP, indicating F
- The document analyzes the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Cape Verde from 1985 to 2018 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.
- It finds a long-run relationship between FDI, labor force, inflation and GDP growth in Cape Verde. However, it finds that FDI does not "Granger cause" economic growth.
- Factors like openness and domestic investment were not found to have a long-term relationship with GDP in Cape Verde's economy.
Impact of Exchange rate volatility on FDI in PakistanIOSR Journals
The main objective of our study is to determine the relationship of FDI with exchange rate volatility exchange rate and inflation. There are large numbers of FDI determinants but exchange rate is one of reflective determinant. Exchange rate extremely volatile due to its frailty to adopt the changes in international and domestic investment. In our study, we use time series data for FDI, exchange rate volatility, exchange rate, government consumption and domestic credit from 1980 to 2011 for Pakistan. Different time series econometrics techniques (volatility analysis, normality test, PP, unit root test) have been used for analysis. Results demonstrate that exchange rate volatility and inflation deter FDI while exchange rate has positive relationship with it.
Effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on economic ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on economic
growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It finds that both foreign direct investment and lagged stock market
development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. The trends show
that foreign direct investment and stock market development experience cyclical movements. Lagged
exchange rate appreciation also enhances economic growth in Nigeria. The study aims to examine trends in
foreign investment and stock markets, and establish their relationship to economic growth, in order to guide
policymakers.
11.effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on econom...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It employs techniques such as unit root testing, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both lagged FDI and lagged stock market development, as measured by market capitalization as a percentage of GDP, have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. Trend results indicate that FDI and stock market development experience cyclical movements. Lagged exchange rate is also found to have a positive impact on growth, suggesting that exchange rate appreciation enhances growth in Nigeria. The findings suggest more investment is needed in these markets to boost economic growth.
Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria (1977-2008) OLADAPO TOLU...dapoace
This document contains a literature review on foreign direct investment (FDI). It begins by defining FDI and discussing how FDI flows are compiled. It then reviews several theories on the determinants and impacts of FDI. Market size, trade openness, macroeconomic stability, and infrastructure development are identified as important determinants of FDI inflows. The literature suggests that while FDI can benefit economic growth, developing effective policies is important to maximize benefits and minimize risks for host countries like Nigeria.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
1. The document examines the effect of remittances on economic growth in Eastern African countries using data from 2000-2014 for Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.
2. There are conflicting views on whether remittances positively or negatively impact economic growth. The study finds that remittances have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Eastern Africa.
3. Other factors that influence economic growth in the region include foreign direct investment, investment in human capital development, while foreign aid and trade openness have adverse effects.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the impact of official development assistance (ODA) on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam using provincial data from 1998 to 2012. The author conducts a literature review that finds mixed results on the relationship between ODA and FDI. Some studies find a positive relationship, others a negative relationship, and some no relationship. The author develops a theoretical model based on neoclassical growth theory to explain the potential relationship. An empirical model is then specified to test the impact of ODA on FDI using panel data and controlling for factors like GDP, openness, and human capital. The author hypothesizes that ODA will have a positive significant effect on FDI inflows in
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Malaysia: What Matters Most?Nursuhaili Shahrudin
1. The study examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Malaysia from 1970 to 2008 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework.
2. The results suggest that financial development, as measured by money supply, and economic growth, as represented by GDP, have a positive impact on FDI inflows to Malaysia in the long run.
3. A developed financial system and high economic growth rate help create a favorable environment for foreign investors and are important for attracting FDI to Malaysia.
This document is a research proposal submitted by a group of students at University Malaysia Sarawak investigating the determinants of foreign direct investment in Malaysia. It provides background on FDI and its importance to the Malaysian economy. The study aims to determine what factors influence FDI inflows, with a focus on exchange rates, market size, and infrastructure. The methodology section outlines the hypotheses, econometric model, and statistical tests that will be used, including OLS regression, tests for serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, and Granger causality.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A study based on country-level...Yi Zhang
This document is a master's thesis that examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) using country-level panel data. It begins with an introduction that notes the rapid growth of FDI in recent decades and outlines the research questions. A literature review then discusses previous research on potential factors that influence FDI. The paper will use regression analysis to investigate the effects of various economic, institutional and policy variables on FDI inflows. It will also include regional dummy variables to analyze differences in FDI patterns across geographic regions. The results aim to identify which factors cause variation in FDI levels among countries and how these factors impact FDI.
Research on relationship between china and ghana trade and foreign direct inv...Alexander Decker
This document discusses research on the relationship between China and Ghana in terms of trade and foreign direct investment. It finds that China is the second largest source of trade and foreign direct investment for Ghana. The document provides background on foreign direct investment in Africa, noting that while countries have worked to improve their investment climates, the expected surge in FDI has not occurred due to negative perceptions of risks. Determinants of FDI in Africa discussed include natural resources, market size, labor costs, trade openness, taxes, incentives, political stability, and infrastructure.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaijtsrd
This document examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria. It provides context on FDI and its importance for economic growth. FDI inflows to Nigeria have experienced volatility over time. The study aims to determine what factors influence FDI in Nigeria using econometric analysis. Specifically, it will analyze the impact of trade openness, market size, infrastructure, human capital, labor force, natural resources, exchange rate, and inflation rate on FDI inflows. The document reviews several previous studies that have examined factors influencing FDI in Nigeria and other countries. It finds that market size, trade openness, exchange rates, and inflation are often statistically significant determinants of FDI.
Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaiosrjce
Given the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth and the use of tax
incentives as a strategy among government of various countries to attract FDI, this study examines the influence
of tax incentives in the decision of an investor to locate FDI in Nigeria. Data were drawn from annual statistical
bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank World Development Indicators Database. The work
employs a model of multiple regressions using static Error Correction Modelling (ECM) to determine the time
series properties of tax incentives captured by annual tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)and FDI. The result showed that FDI response to tax incentives is negatively significant, that is, increase
in tax incentives does not bring about a corresponding increase in FDI. Based on the findings, the paper
recommends, amongst others, that dependence on tax incentives should be reduced and more attention be put on
other incentives strategies such as stable economic reforms and stable political climate.
This document analyzes the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia's manufacturing industry from 1980-2002. It finds:
1) Malaysia received substantial FDI over this period, which was an important driver of its economic growth and industrialization.
2) An econometric analysis using cointegration and fully-modified least squares methods found that increases in education, infrastructure, market size, and current account balance led to increases in FDI, while increases in inflation and exchange rate led to decreases.
3) Major sources of FDI in Malaysia's manufacturing sector included the US, Japan, Germany, and Singapore, with electrical/electronics, petroleum, and chemicals as top recipient industries.
A Literature Review On The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment And...Audrey Britton
This document provides a literature review on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. It discusses that while theories and studies have conflicting views on whether FDI boosts or hinders economic growth, most research finds that FDI can stimulate growth through technology transfers, productivity gains, and increasing capital stock and employment. However, some argue FDI may "crowd out" domestic investment or lead to external vulnerability. The document reviews several empirical studies that have found positive correlations between FDI and economic growth, technology diffusion, and domestic investment. Overall, it examines the complex debate around FDI's impact on host country economies.
Measuring the Impact of Financial Institutions Development on Foreign Direct ...ijtsrd
This study examines the impact of financial institution development on the absorption of foreign direct investment in Africa. With a sample study including 32 African economies for the period 1980 2018, the paper apply the PMG, MG and DFE estimators, an unprecedent accomplishment of this research is that it provides a deep understanding of the influence of financial development on foreign direct investment both in the short and long term in five regions of the continent. The empirical result suggest that positive and significant impact are found in the long term in regions while in the short run no significant impact is found. Magakam Tchamekwen Alida | Zhao Xi Cang "Measuring the Impact of Financial Institutions Development on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37992.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/37992/measuring-the-impact-of-financial-institutions-development-on-foreign-direct-investment-inflow-in-africa/magakam-tchamekwen-alida
Foreign Investment and Its Effect on the Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Triang...iosrjce
Evidence abound about the registered increase in foreign investment inflows in recent years. While
proponents emphasize that these inflows could engender economic growth, critics express concern that there
could be destabilizing effect on the economy if not well managed. This study therefore, attempts to examine the
effect of foreign investments (disaggregated into foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment)
inflows on economic growth in Nigeria with a view to ascertaining the better contributor, using time series data
from 1987-2012. The OLS and the Granger causality procedures were employed in analyzing the data. The
result displays that both foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment have positive and significant
effect on economic growth though the partial correlation coefficients show that foreign portfolio investment is
the better contributor. Based on the result, government should pursue policies that encourage both foreign
direct investment and especially foreign portfolio investment.
11.co integration analysis of foreign direct investment inflow and developmen...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and economic development in Nigeria from 1979-2007. It uses vector autoregression models and cointegration tests to analyze the data. The results show:
1) There is a long-run relationship between FDI inflows from Ghana and South Africa and Nigeria's GDP, implying FDI contributes to Nigeria's economic development.
2) Granger causality tests reveal Nigeria's GDP causes FDI inflows from South Africa, and FDI from both South Africa and Ghana Granger causes Nigeria's GDP.
3) In the short run, past values of variables like FDI affect current values of Nigeria's GDP, indicating F
- The document analyzes the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Cape Verde from 1985 to 2018 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.
- It finds a long-run relationship between FDI, labor force, inflation and GDP growth in Cape Verde. However, it finds that FDI does not "Granger cause" economic growth.
- Factors like openness and domestic investment were not found to have a long-term relationship with GDP in Cape Verde's economy.
Impact of Exchange rate volatility on FDI in PakistanIOSR Journals
The main objective of our study is to determine the relationship of FDI with exchange rate volatility exchange rate and inflation. There are large numbers of FDI determinants but exchange rate is one of reflective determinant. Exchange rate extremely volatile due to its frailty to adopt the changes in international and domestic investment. In our study, we use time series data for FDI, exchange rate volatility, exchange rate, government consumption and domestic credit from 1980 to 2011 for Pakistan. Different time series econometrics techniques (volatility analysis, normality test, PP, unit root test) have been used for analysis. Results demonstrate that exchange rate volatility and inflation deter FDI while exchange rate has positive relationship with it.
Effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on economic ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on economic
growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It finds that both foreign direct investment and lagged stock market
development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. The trends show
that foreign direct investment and stock market development experience cyclical movements. Lagged
exchange rate appreciation also enhances economic growth in Nigeria. The study aims to examine trends in
foreign investment and stock markets, and establish their relationship to economic growth, in order to guide
policymakers.
11.effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on econom...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It employs techniques such as unit root testing, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both lagged FDI and lagged stock market development, as measured by market capitalization as a percentage of GDP, have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. Trend results indicate that FDI and stock market development experience cyclical movements. Lagged exchange rate is also found to have a positive impact on growth, suggesting that exchange rate appreciation enhances growth in Nigeria. The findings suggest more investment is needed in these markets to boost economic growth.
Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria (1977-2008) OLADAPO TOLU...dapoace
This document contains a literature review on foreign direct investment (FDI). It begins by defining FDI and discussing how FDI flows are compiled. It then reviews several theories on the determinants and impacts of FDI. Market size, trade openness, macroeconomic stability, and infrastructure development are identified as important determinants of FDI inflows. The literature suggests that while FDI can benefit economic growth, developing effective policies is important to maximize benefits and minimize risks for host countries like Nigeria.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
1. The document examines the effect of remittances on economic growth in Eastern African countries using data from 2000-2014 for Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.
2. There are conflicting views on whether remittances positively or negatively impact economic growth. The study finds that remittances have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Eastern Africa.
3. Other factors that influence economic growth in the region include foreign direct investment, investment in human capital development, while foreign aid and trade openness have adverse effects.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the impact of official development assistance (ODA) on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam using provincial data from 1998 to 2012. The author conducts a literature review that finds mixed results on the relationship between ODA and FDI. Some studies find a positive relationship, others a negative relationship, and some no relationship. The author develops a theoretical model based on neoclassical growth theory to explain the potential relationship. An empirical model is then specified to test the impact of ODA on FDI using panel data and controlling for factors like GDP, openness, and human capital. The author hypothesizes that ODA will have a positive significant effect on FDI inflows in
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Malaysia: What Matters Most?Nursuhaili Shahrudin
1. The study examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Malaysia from 1970 to 2008 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework.
2. The results suggest that financial development, as measured by money supply, and economic growth, as represented by GDP, have a positive impact on FDI inflows to Malaysia in the long run.
3. A developed financial system and high economic growth rate help create a favorable environment for foreign investors and are important for attracting FDI to Malaysia.
This document is a research proposal submitted by a group of students at University Malaysia Sarawak investigating the determinants of foreign direct investment in Malaysia. It provides background on FDI and its importance to the Malaysian economy. The study aims to determine what factors influence FDI inflows, with a focus on exchange rates, market size, and infrastructure. The methodology section outlines the hypotheses, econometric model, and statistical tests that will be used, including OLS regression, tests for serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, and Granger causality.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A study based on country-level...Yi Zhang
This document is a master's thesis that examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) using country-level panel data. It begins with an introduction that notes the rapid growth of FDI in recent decades and outlines the research questions. A literature review then discusses previous research on potential factors that influence FDI. The paper will use regression analysis to investigate the effects of various economic, institutional and policy variables on FDI inflows. It will also include regional dummy variables to analyze differences in FDI patterns across geographic regions. The results aim to identify which factors cause variation in FDI levels among countries and how these factors impact FDI.
Research on relationship between china and ghana trade and foreign direct inv...Alexander Decker
This document discusses research on the relationship between China and Ghana in terms of trade and foreign direct investment. It finds that China is the second largest source of trade and foreign direct investment for Ghana. The document provides background on foreign direct investment in Africa, noting that while countries have worked to improve their investment climates, the expected surge in FDI has not occurred due to negative perceptions of risks. Determinants of FDI in Africa discussed include natural resources, market size, labor costs, trade openness, taxes, incentives, political stability, and infrastructure.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaijtsrd
This document examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria. It provides context on FDI and its importance for economic growth. FDI inflows to Nigeria have experienced volatility over time. The study aims to determine what factors influence FDI in Nigeria using econometric analysis. Specifically, it will analyze the impact of trade openness, market size, infrastructure, human capital, labor force, natural resources, exchange rate, and inflation rate on FDI inflows. The document reviews several previous studies that have examined factors influencing FDI in Nigeria and other countries. It finds that market size, trade openness, exchange rates, and inflation are often statistically significant determinants of FDI.
Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaiosrjce
Given the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth and the use of tax
incentives as a strategy among government of various countries to attract FDI, this study examines the influence
of tax incentives in the decision of an investor to locate FDI in Nigeria. Data were drawn from annual statistical
bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank World Development Indicators Database. The work
employs a model of multiple regressions using static Error Correction Modelling (ECM) to determine the time
series properties of tax incentives captured by annual tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)and FDI. The result showed that FDI response to tax incentives is negatively significant, that is, increase
in tax incentives does not bring about a corresponding increase in FDI. Based on the findings, the paper
recommends, amongst others, that dependence on tax incentives should be reduced and more attention be put on
other incentives strategies such as stable economic reforms and stable political climate.
This document analyzes the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia's manufacturing industry from 1980-2002. It finds:
1) Malaysia received substantial FDI over this period, which was an important driver of its economic growth and industrialization.
2) An econometric analysis using cointegration and fully-modified least squares methods found that increases in education, infrastructure, market size, and current account balance led to increases in FDI, while increases in inflation and exchange rate led to decreases.
3) Major sources of FDI in Malaysia's manufacturing sector included the US, Japan, Germany, and Singapore, with electrical/electronics, petroleum, and chemicals as top recipient industries.
A Literature Review On The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment And...Audrey Britton
This document provides a literature review on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. It discusses that while theories and studies have conflicting views on whether FDI boosts or hinders economic growth, most research finds that FDI can stimulate growth through technology transfers, productivity gains, and increasing capital stock and employment. However, some argue FDI may "crowd out" domestic investment or lead to external vulnerability. The document reviews several empirical studies that have found positive correlations between FDI and economic growth, technology diffusion, and domestic investment. Overall, it examines the complex debate around FDI's impact on host country economies.
Measuring the Impact of Financial Institutions Development on Foreign Direct ...ijtsrd
This study examines the impact of financial institution development on the absorption of foreign direct investment in Africa. With a sample study including 32 African economies for the period 1980 2018, the paper apply the PMG, MG and DFE estimators, an unprecedent accomplishment of this research is that it provides a deep understanding of the influence of financial development on foreign direct investment both in the short and long term in five regions of the continent. The empirical result suggest that positive and significant impact are found in the long term in regions while in the short run no significant impact is found. Magakam Tchamekwen Alida | Zhao Xi Cang "Measuring the Impact of Financial Institutions Development on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37992.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/37992/measuring-the-impact-of-financial-institutions-development-on-foreign-direct-investment-inflow-in-africa/magakam-tchamekwen-alida
Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in the West African States: A Panel Frameworkinventionjournals
This paper examines the impact of economic variables namely, foreign direct investment (FDI), investment, export, foreign aid and broad money supply on economic growth, approximated by gross domestic product (GDP)using annual data covering a period 1981-2008 on a group of West African countries. The impact of variables on GDP is estimated using three panel estimation models: pooled model (pooled), fixed effects model (FEM) and random effects model (REM). We explore the hypothesis that foreign aid can promote growth in developing countries. We test this hypothesis using panel data series,while the findings of previous studies are generally mixed, our resultsindicate that foreign direct investment has purely positive effects on economic growth in West African countries
New Evidence on the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in Emerging Ma...ijtsrd
The main goal of the current study is to investigate how conventional and institutional factors affect foreign direct investment in particular global emerging markets. The study specifically seeks to determine the impact of GDP Growth, Population Growth, Level of Inflation, Trade Openness, Voice and Accountability, Rule of Law, Control of Corruption, Political Stability, and Government Effectiveness which are institutional determinants on FDI Inflows towards the Global Emerging Markets. To approach the research question a panel regression analysis has been applied by leveraging annual data from 18 countries, namely Angola, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea and Vietnam. Findings show that inflation and GDP have a significant and positive effect on the FDI inflows, while Voice and Accountability is significant but negative towards the examined variable. Manolis I. Skouloudakis "New Evidence on the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in Emerging Markets: A Panel Data Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56212.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/international-economics/56212/new-evidence-on-the-determinants-of-foreign-direct-investments-in-emerging-markets-a-panel-data-approach/manolis-i-skouloudakis
The Impact of Investment on Nigeria Economy 1970 – 2012iosrjce
Foreign direct investment has impacted Nigeria's economy from 1970 to 2012. The study found that foreign investment leads to economic growth in Nigeria through technology transfers and skills development. Lower inflation, good infrastructure, political stability, and reduced corruption can attract more foreign investment and help Nigeria realize greater economic benefits. The key recommendation is for Nigeria to improve infrastructure and policies to create a better business environment to stimulate growth through foreign investment inflows.
Analytical study of foreign direct investment in indiasachin gadekar
The document is a dissertation report submitted by Sachin Gadekar to the University of Pune in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It analyzes foreign direct investment in India. The report includes an acknowledgment, declaration, index, and introduction section providing background on FDI, definitions, and types of FDI. It discusses India's efforts to liberalize FDI policy and make the country an attractive destination for foreign investment.
This document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Ethiopia from 1990 to 2011. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze the relationship between FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP (the dependent variable) and five independent variables: market size, trade openness, inflation rate, infrastructure, and human capital. Time series data from 1990 to 2011 on these variables was obtained from the World Bank and analyzed. The findings showed that trade openness and inflation rate had a significant impact on FDI flows to Ethiopia, while no clear relationship was found for market size, infrastructure, and human capital.
This document discusses the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economic growth of transition economies. It begins by reviewing theories on the impact of FDI on growth and noting that empirical results have been varied. The paper aims to understand how FDI impacts growth in transition economies, taking into account factors like human capital, domestic investment, and political discretion. It develops an endogenous growth model framework and discusses literature showing that while early studies found FDI had negative effects, more recent work shows benefits through technology and skills transfer. The paper seeks to analyze the determinants of FDI in transition economies, including initial conditions, political stability, and human capital, and their influence on economic growth.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, particularly in the retail sector. It provides an overview of the history of FDI policy in India and reviews economic literature on the impacts of FDI. While FDI can potentially bring benefits like capital, technology, and efficiency, studies have found mixed results on its actual impacts. Some studies have found FDI has negatively impacted growth in developing countries by crowding out local firms or draining capital through profit repatriation. Overall, the literature suggests FDI's effects depend on factors like the sector and whether a country achieves a minimum threshold of human capital. Studies on India have also found limited positive impacts of FDI on growth, exports, and productivity
Fdi in india:An analysis on the impact of fdi in india’s retail sectorSubhajit Ray
The document discusses trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) in India. It analyzes literature on the economic impacts of FDI and summarizes India's policies toward FDI over time. Key points include:
1) Studies have found mixed results on the economic impacts of FDI, with some finding benefits like technology transfer and others finding weak or negative spillover effects.
2) India initially had restrictive FDI policies but began liberalizing in the 1990s, allowing greater foreign equity ownership and automatic approvals in many sectors.
3) Actual FDI inflows to India have increased steadily since 1991 reforms, though growth has been slower than some other countries. In recent years India has gained a
5.[34 42]effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on ...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. The study employs econometric techniques including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Lagged exchange rates also have a positive impact on growth. These findings suggest that FDI, stock market development, and exchange rate appreciation can enhance economic growth in Nigeria.
11.effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on econom...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. The study employs econometric techniques including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction modeling. The results show that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Lagged exchange rates also have a positive impact on growth. These findings suggest that FDI, stock market development, and exchange rate appreciation can enhance economic growth in Nigeria.
5.[34 42]effect of foreign direct investment and stock market development on ...Alexander Decker
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2009. It finds that both FDI and lagged stock market development have a small but statistically significant positive effect on economic growth. The results support the argument that extractive FDI and stock market development enhance growth. However, both FDI and stock market development show cyclical movements over time. Lagged exchange rate appreciation is also found to positively impact growth in Nigeria. The study aims to fill a gap by examining the joint impact of FDI and stock market development on growth, which has not been the focus of prior research on Nigeria.
Catalysts and barriers to foreign direct investment in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors influencing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ghana. The study found that abundant natural resources, political stability, cheap labor, and growing markets encourage FDI in Ghana. However, poor ICT infrastructure, volatile exchange rates, unreliable energy and water supplies, and a poor road network inhibit FDI inflows. The document provides background on theories of how FDI impacts economic growth and reviews literature on determinants and barriers of FDI.
7.[68 76]investment, inflation and economic growth-empirical evidence from ni...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the empirical relationship between investment, inflation, and economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2006.
2) The results of the regression analysis show that inflation has a negative and significant relationship with economic growth, while investment has a positive and significant relationship.
3) Specifically, a 1% increase in inflation is associated with a 0.09% decrease in economic growth, while a 1% increase in investment is associated with a 0.3% increase in economic growth.
7.[68 76]investment, inflation and economic growth-empirical evidence from ni...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that empirically examines the impact of investment and inflation on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2006. The key findings are:
1) Higher inflation is negatively associated with economic growth, while higher investment is positively associated with economic growth.
2) A 1% increase in inflation is associated with a 0.09% decrease in economic growth, while a 1% increase in investment is associated with a 0.3% increase in economic growth.
3) Both supply-side and demand management policies should be adopted to reduce inflation in the short and long-run in order to promote economic growth.
Impact of openness, foreign direct investment, gross capital formation on eco...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of openness, foreign direct investment, and gross capital formation on economic growth in Kenya from 1960 to 2010. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze data from the World Bank. The findings showed that trade openness had a positive and significant impact on GDP growth. However, foreign direct investment and gross capital formation did not have a significant effect on GDP growth. The study recommends that policymakers in Kenya emphasize increasing trade openness to promote economic growth.
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Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
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This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
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This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
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To what extent foreign direct investment (fdi) affect in economic development of pakistan
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2014
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To What Extent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Affect in
Economic Development of Pakistan
Muhammad Mumtaz
MBA (Finance) Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
E-mail: mumtaz_ghallu@yahoo.com
Syed Shahzaib Pirzada
MBA (Finance) Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
E-mail: shahzaib86pirzada@gmail.com
Abstract
Foreign direct investment has an important substance for the economic growth those countries which are still
devolving, the effects of the foreign direct investment on the economic growth by a continuous process like
increasing domestic investment, human capital formulation and facilitating the transfer technology to the host
countries. The core purpose of this study is to investigate the role and impact of foreign direct investment on the
economic growth of the Pakistan from 1975 to 2010 and these results have support to this article that FDI has
positive effect on the economy growth both short and long run.
Keywords: Foreign direct investment, Reserve, Inflation, Gross Domestic Investment, Economic Growth
Introduction
Foreign direct investment are the most important source of external resource flows for developing countries
over the last many years and it has become a great significant part of capital formation in their countries.
Despite it, their share in the global distribution of the foreign direct investment continuing decline or some time
has small. The role of foreign direct investment has been very broadly recognized, it affects the economic growth
by inspiring domestic investment. These effects of foreign direct investment in these host country are different
like increase in the employment level, increase in the productivity, increase in the export, transfer of technology.
The great advantage of the foreign direct investment in the host country and their economy to introduce new skill
of marketing and management, utilization of local raw material and properly gain benefit, easy access new and
different kind of technology, foreign investment can be used for payment of debt and it can be used for financing
to current account deficit and can increase the stock of human capital (Nuzhat fulki, 2009).
Many researcher and academics resist that foreign direct investment has a great positive effect on the host
country economy and development. Foreign direct investment a source of technology transfer and know how
while raising link ages between local firms and their result economy rising boom and prosperity. That is reason,
based on these argument industrialized and developing countries are offered and given the incentive to
encourage foreign direct investment (kashif yaseen, 2013).
In recent survey of literature, foreign direct investment has great impact on different determinants, like the
domestic capital stock, economic growth, employment protection, export, knowledge, location choice. At present,
the majority of researcher say that, there is a positive relation between foreign direct investment inflows and
growth provided, host countries have reached a minimum level of technology, educational and infrastructure
development (Ilhan –et al, 2007).
Many researcher debates that on the economic growth and economic performance of any country. The good
determinant to measure the economic growth and economic performance is foreign direct investment (FDI). The
FDI is a positively effect on economic growth economic performance. Some researcher found that FDI is good
impact on economic performance and economic growth. Some researcher debates that good relation between
Foreign Direct Investment and output, and imports and output. These results indicate to the economic growth of
any country. The main attract to foreign direct investment by adopt new technologies. By new technologies
develop the productivity of country increase and also shown good results. Some researcher conducted many
studies on foreign direct investment to measure the economic growth and economic performance. Some scholar
debates on variables that use in foreign direct investment such as debt, domestic investment, trade and inflation.
Different theories adopt on foreign direct investment (Maryam).it is truth that there is no universal agreement
about the positive relationship between FDI inflows and economy growth.
Literature review
In this studies examined that the relationship between FDI inflows and economic growth, the main issue is
settled in view of the mixed findings reached. Most of these studies have a typically adopted standard growth
accounting frame work for analyzing and studying the effect of FDI inflows on growth of national income along
with other factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneur). Within the framework of the neo-classical
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2014
90
models, the impact of the FDI on the growth rate of output was constrained by the existence of diminishing
returns in the physical capital. Therefore, foreign direct investment not applies the rate effect. FDI could only
apply a level effect on the output per capita. In other words we can say that, it was not capable to Change the
growth rate of output in the long run. It is not only surprising, thus that FDI was not considered seriously
concern as a drive engine of growth by mainstream economics.
In the compare, the New Theory of Economic Growth, however, it concludes that FDI may affect not only the
level of output per capita but also affect its rate of growth. This literature has developed several different
arguments that explain why FDI may potentially increase the growth rate of per capita income in the host
country, and these identified channels to boost economic growth which include increased capital accumulation in
the recipient economy, improved efficiency of locally owned host country firms via contract and protest effects,
and their exposure to aggressive competition, scientific change, and human capital growth and increased exports.
However, the level to which FDI contributes to growth depends on the economic and social condition or in short,
the quality of environment of the receiver country (Buckley, et al. 2002). This environment relates to the rate of
savings in the receiver country, the degree of openness and the level of technological development. Receiver
countries with high rate of savings, open trade system and high technological product would benefit from
increased FDI to their economies.
FDI increases technical progress in the receiver country by means of an infection effect, (Findlay, 1978) which
comforts the adoption of advanced managerial procedures by the local firms. Similarly, analyzed a board of 12
Latin American countries in the period 150-1985. His results that suggest a positive and significant impact of
foreign direct investment on economic growth. In the addition the study shows that the productivity of FDI are
higher than the productivity of domestic investment. While, observed the role of FDI in supporting growth by
using the framework of a macro-model for a collective time series cross section data of 16 developing countries
for 1966-88 period. The countries included in the sample were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Mexico,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Venezuela, and 5 Pacific basin countries viz.
Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. For his sample as a whole he did not find FDI to exert a
significantly different effect from domestically financed investment on the rate of economic growth, as the
coefficient of FDI after controlling for gross investment rate, was not significantly different from zero in
statistical terms. Foreign direct investment had a significant negative effect on domestic investment signifying
that it crowds-out domestic investment. Hence here FDI appears to have been mesmerizing. However, this effect
on varies across countries and in the Pacific basin countries FDI seems to have crowded-in domestic investment.
FDI inflows had a significant positive effect on the average growth rate of the per capita Income for a sample of
78 developing and 23 developed countries. However, when the sample of developing countries was divided
between two groups based on level of per capita income, the effect of FDI on growth of lower income group
developing countries was not statistically significant although still with a positive sign. They argue that smallest
developed countries learn very little from MNEs because domestic enterprises are too far behind in their
technological levels to be either followers or suppliers to MNEs. In this regard, another study was conducted by
(Borensztein, et al., 1998) in which included 69 developing countries in his sample. The study found that the
effect of FDI on host country growth is dependent on stock of human capital. They conclude from it that flow of
advanced technology brought along by FDI can increase the growth rate only by relating with country’s
absorptive capability. They also find FDI to be stimulating in total fixed investment more than proportionately.
In other words, FDI crowds-in domestic investment. However, the results are not tough across specifications.
Export-oriented strategy and the effect of FDI on average growth rate for the period 1970-85 for the cross-
section of 46countries as well as the sub-sample of countries that are deemed to pursue export oriented strategy
was found to be positive and significant but not significant and sometimes negative for the sub-set of countries
Following inward-oriented strategy.
Findings of (Xu, 2000) for US FDI in 40 countries for the period 1966-94 also support that the findings of De
Mello that technology transfer from FDI contributes to productivity Growth in the developed countries but not in
developing countries, because which they features to lack of adequate human capital. (Mortimore.M, 2000)
analyzed the effect of lagged values of FDI inflows on investment rates in host countries to examine whether the
FDI crowds-in or crowds-out domestic investment over the 1970-95 period. They are concluded that FDI
crowds-in domestic investment in Asian countries crowds-out in Latin American countries, while in Africa their
relationship is neutral (or one-to-one between FDI and total investment). Therefore, they are concluded effects
of FDI have by no means always favorable and simplistic policies are unlikely to be optimal. These regional
patterns tend to confirm the findings of (Fry, 1992) who also reported East Asian countries to have a
complementarily between FDI and total investment. In another research they (Pradhan, 2001) found a significant
positive effect of lagged FDI inflows on growth rates only for American countries. He used a board data
estimation covering 1975-95 periods for 71 developing countries. The study sheds light that the effect of FDI
was not significantly different from zero for the overall sample and for other regions.
Many several early studies have generally reported a minor effect of FDI on growth in developing host countries.
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2014
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FDI may have negative effect on the growth prospect of the recipient economy if they give rise to aim portent
reverse flows in the form of remittances of profits, particularly if these resources are remitted through transfer
pricing and dividends and if the transnational corporations (TNCs) obtain or received substantial or other
concessions from the host country. For instance, Singh, (1988) found FDI penetration variable to have a little or
no consequences for economic or industrial growth in a sample of 73 developing countries. In the same way
(Hussain, Ishrat) reported an insignificant effect of FDI inflows on medium term economic growth of per capita
income for a sample of 41 developing countries. For this studies conducted in Pakistan, a study by (Shabir and
Mahmood, 1992) analyzed the relationship between the foreign private investment FPI and economic growth in
Pakistan. The study used the data for 1959-60 to 1987-88; the study concluded that, tenet foreign private
investment (FPI) and payments of grants and external loan (DISB) had a positive impact on the rate of growth of
real GNP. However they did not treat in the way FDI as a separate variable. Similarly (Ahmed, et.al, 2003)
examined that the causal relationship between FDI, exports and output by employing Granger non-causality
procedure over the period 1972 to 2001 in Pakistan. They found significant effect from FDI to domestic output,
in contrast to the above following studies.
An important study is that by (Khan, 2007) examines the link between FDI and economic growth by including
the role of domestic financial sector, Khan argues that introduction of financial sector indicator that is expected
to improve and reinforce the link between FDI and economic performance, as well as reflect the level of
absorptive capability of a recipient country in enjoying the benefits embodied in FDI inflows. The study covers
the time period from 1972-2005, and to examine the long run relationship between variables i.e. growth rate of
real GDP, ratio of FDI to real GDP, financial sector development, labor, and physical capital the study uses the
Bound testing approach to co-integration within the framework of Autoregressive Distribute slag(ARDL).
The findings of the study suggest that Pakistan will effectively transform benefits Embodied in FDI inflows, if
the evolution of the domestic financial sector has aimed at certain development level. The interaction term
between FDI and financial development indicator is positive, while the coefficient of FDI is negative in the case
of Pakistan. This suggests that FDI will have a positive impact on growth performance only if the domestic
financial sector is well developed and functioning efficiently, otherwise the effect of FDI on economic growth
will be negative. The study also provides the evidence that the link between FDI and growth is causal, where
FDI promotes growth through financial sector development.
Methodology
The study utilizes the data from Pakistan from 1975 to 2010. The researchers used the sources such as World
Bank National Accounts data base and OECD National Accounts Data base. The study uses the time series
analysis to find the results because our research is going to find the results of different variables in years from
1975 to 2010. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the performance of difference variables in different time
periods to check the relationships. The model consists of four variables including foreign direct investment per
capita (FDI), and Gross Domestic Saving as percentage of GDP (GDS), Inflation GDP (INF), and total reserve.
In above all variables, FDI as a dependent variable and remaining all three are the explanatory/independent
variables.
Variable Expected Sign Proxy Data Source
Dependent Variable:
Economic Performance
GDP Per Capita at PPP
($)
World Bank database
Explanatory Variable:
Foreign Direct
Investment
-
Foreign direct
investment, net inflows
(% of GDP)
World Bank database
Total Reserve
+
Total reserves (includes
gold, current US$)
World Bank database
Gross Domestic
Investment +
Gross Domestic Savings
as Percentage of GDP
World Banks National
Accounts data, and
OECD National
Accounts data Files
Inflation
+
Inflation, GDP Deflator World Bank database
Dependent Variable: FDI
4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2014
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Method: Least Squares
Date: 01/11/14 Time: 14:55
Sample: 1975 2010
Included observations: 36
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C -0.721 0.439919 -1.63893 0.111
RESERVE 1.14E-10 2.29E-11 4.98776 0
INFLATION 0.05364 0.025662 2.090291 0.0446
GDS 0.054914 0.027507 1.996365 0.0478
R-squared 0.584997 Mean dependent var 0.889
Adjusted R-squared 0.54609 S.D. dependent var 0.924089
S.E. of regression 0.622585 Akaike info criterion 1.994566
Sum squared resid 12.40359 Schwarz criterion 2.170512
Log likelihood -31.90219 Hannan-Quinn criter. 2.055976
F-statistic 15.03596 Durbin-Watson stat 0.823243
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000003
Interpretation
The result of the impact is generated with the help of statistical software Eviews. The result shows that all of the
variables are very much significant with 1% to 5 % level of significance. Result shows that all variables are
positively correlated with the dependent variable that is FDI. I.e. reserves of Pakistan are showing positive
correlation with FDI that shows if there is one percent increase in reserves there will be 1.14 percent increase in
FDI and the same effect in case of reserves decrease. Other variable is inflation in this study. The study showing
that with the one percent increase in inflation FDI has a very narrow but a significant positive impact of 0.05
percent. GDS is also positively correlated with FDI of Pakistan. In case of one percent increase in GDS there
will be increase in FDI of the country and with the same pattern FDI will be affected in case of decrease in GDS.
Conclusion
In this paper we are study about the impact of FDI on economic growth. For our research paper, we collected
data from the World Bank. The core purpose of this study is to investigate the role and impact of foreign direct
investment on the economic growth of the Pakistan from 1975 to 2010 and these results have support to this
article that FDI has positive effect on the economy growth both short and long run. By the technology gap the
negative effect of FDI on economic growth in some countries. Our results are satisfactory.FDI inflows had a
significant positive effect on the average growth rate of the per capita. The economy growth depends on the
quality of environment. In Pakistan if Greenfield more investment then we can improve in exports then this is
better as well as FDI.
FDI believed on:
• Good technology
• Human skills
• Train labor
If Pakistan improves above condition then create the positive results. For creating good framework of
microeconomic then also should be improved above three conditions. Pakistan is improving in technology and
macroeconomic framework.
References
Ahmad M.H., Alam S. And Butt M.S. 2003 “Foreign Direct Investment, Exports, and Domestic Output in
Pakistan” The Pakistan Development Review, Vol 42, no.4, pp. 715-723
Awan M. Mahmood (1980)’ The role of Foreign Capital in Pakistan’s Development- in Contemporary Pakistan’
(eds), in Politics, Economy, and Society (editor Ahmad. M.).Royal Book Karach,
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Vol.4, No.14, 2014
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Khan H. Ashfaque (1997) 'Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends' the Pakistan
Development Review 36:4
Khan, A. H. and Yun-Hwan Kim (1999), foreign direct investment in Pakistan: policies, Issues and Operational
Implications. EDRC Report Series No. 66
Awan, M., Khan, B. & Zaman, K. (2010) A Nexus between Foreign Direct Investment & Pakistan's Economy.
International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. Issue 52, page 1450-2887.
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Ozturk, Ilhan and kalyoncu (2007) 'Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: An Empirical Investigation Based on
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Development Economics, vol 62, pp.477-494.
Hypothesis 5 (credit): FDI is affected positively by credit (Beck, Levine and Loayza, 2000). This is a common
hypothesis in papers on the finance-growth nexus (Baltagi, Demetriades and Law, 2009).
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Seminar on Pakistan Ideology held by the Pakistan Study Center, University of Karachi.
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