第90回日本社会学会年次大会報告資料(2017年11月4-5日、東京大学、報告5日)
File presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Sociological Society (The University of Tokyo, November 4-5, 2017)
「第86期高知市民の大学」社会科学コース2019年12月20日講義資料
(Public lecture in the Social Sciences Course of "Dai 86ki Kochi shimin no daigaku" (the 86th Kochi Citizen's Collage) on December 20th, 2019)
Comparative Analyses of Exclusionism in (Post-)Post Socialist Countries: With...Kunio Minato
This study explores the attitude toward people with different background harbored by people in (post-)post-socialist countries, where exclusion and anti-immigrant movements can now be widely observed. The second and the third wave data of the Life in Transition Survey, conducted in 2010 and 2014 respectively, are analyzed in this study. The data enable both time-series and cross-national comparative analyses of the attitude in those countries toward people with different culture.
Among the countries this study gives particular attention to Mongolia. The rise and rampancy of ultra-nationalists, far-rights, and xenophobic groups have been repeatedly reported from the country, even before immigrant issue became central in Central and East European countries. This study reexamines the findings of the previous study, and aims to offer new viewpoint of comparative study of (post-)post-socialist countries.
Nationalism, Exclusivism, and Purism: An Analytical Description of National I...Kunio Minato
In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra-nationalists and even neo-Nazis. Their campaigns pillory foreigners, especially Chinese and Koreans, as threats to the “purity” of the nation, and are often accompanied by vandalism and violence. Their target is not only limited to foreign people and enterprises but also to their fellow citizens. Reports state that women accused of fraternizing with foreigners, as well as sexual minorities, are typical examples of domestic scapegoats and objects of violence.
As ultra-nationalists and neo-Nazis themselves are very few in Mongolia, the problem is whether public opinion is tolerant of them. However, descriptions of the public opinion in Mongolia are conflicting. Some argue that nationalism and prejudice against foreigners is common in the country, and that exclusivists are gaining popularity, against the backdrop of public fear that Mongolia, the country with so small population, might be easily swallowed up by the massive influx of foreign people, investments, culture, and others. Meanwhile, others explain that these ultra-nationalist groups do not represent the majority of Mongolian people, and that their activities are still in the margins. Which is closer to reality? Resolving the contradiction and portraying an accurate picture of public opinion will help in forecasting the future of nationalism and exclusivism in the country.
This paper presents a study of issues on the national identity of ordinary Mongolians, such as exclusivism, national pride, and aspiration of “national purity.” Using data from cross-national public opinion surveys, the study examines Mongolian attitudes toward those issues, by comparing Mongolia with Asian societies and post-socialist ones. This study also explores correlations among these attitudes, as well as factors associated with them. Hence, the study aims to offer a non-European empirical viewpoint to the research of nationalism and national identity.
「第86期高知市民の大学」社会科学コース2019年12月20日講義資料
(Public lecture in the Social Sciences Course of "Dai 86ki Kochi shimin no daigaku" (the 86th Kochi Citizen's Collage) on December 20th, 2019)
Comparative Analyses of Exclusionism in (Post-)Post Socialist Countries: With...Kunio Minato
This study explores the attitude toward people with different background harbored by people in (post-)post-socialist countries, where exclusion and anti-immigrant movements can now be widely observed. The second and the third wave data of the Life in Transition Survey, conducted in 2010 and 2014 respectively, are analyzed in this study. The data enable both time-series and cross-national comparative analyses of the attitude in those countries toward people with different culture.
Among the countries this study gives particular attention to Mongolia. The rise and rampancy of ultra-nationalists, far-rights, and xenophobic groups have been repeatedly reported from the country, even before immigrant issue became central in Central and East European countries. This study reexamines the findings of the previous study, and aims to offer new viewpoint of comparative study of (post-)post-socialist countries.
Nationalism, Exclusivism, and Purism: An Analytical Description of National I...Kunio Minato
In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra-nationalists and even neo-Nazis. Their campaigns pillory foreigners, especially Chinese and Koreans, as threats to the “purity” of the nation, and are often accompanied by vandalism and violence. Their target is not only limited to foreign people and enterprises but also to their fellow citizens. Reports state that women accused of fraternizing with foreigners, as well as sexual minorities, are typical examples of domestic scapegoats and objects of violence.
As ultra-nationalists and neo-Nazis themselves are very few in Mongolia, the problem is whether public opinion is tolerant of them. However, descriptions of the public opinion in Mongolia are conflicting. Some argue that nationalism and prejudice against foreigners is common in the country, and that exclusivists are gaining popularity, against the backdrop of public fear that Mongolia, the country with so small population, might be easily swallowed up by the massive influx of foreign people, investments, culture, and others. Meanwhile, others explain that these ultra-nationalist groups do not represent the majority of Mongolian people, and that their activities are still in the margins. Which is closer to reality? Resolving the contradiction and portraying an accurate picture of public opinion will help in forecasting the future of nationalism and exclusivism in the country.
This paper presents a study of issues on the national identity of ordinary Mongolians, such as exclusivism, national pride, and aspiration of “national purity.” Using data from cross-national public opinion surveys, the study examines Mongolian attitudes toward those issues, by comparing Mongolia with Asian societies and post-socialist ones. This study also explores correlations among these attitudes, as well as factors associated with them. Hence, the study aims to offer a non-European empirical viewpoint to the research of nationalism and national identity.
Resented, Concerned or Welcomed? Analyses of the Mongolian Attitude toward Ch...Kunio Minato
This study examines the Mongolian attitude toward China’s influence on their own country with comparative perspective to other Asian societies. In Mongolia, China's largest neighbor in terms of borderline, political partner and major supplier of natural resources such as coal, the two opposite tendency has been observed: growing public animosity against China and its people, including the Inner Mongolians, and recognition to the Chinese as people to cooperate with.
In order to explore the complicated attitude of the Mongolian toward influence from their southern giant neighbor, I conducted analyses of the data of two cross-national public opinion survey, namely the AsiaBarometer 2005 and the third wave data of the Asian Barometer Survey. Comparative analyses of those data confirm that Mongolians have extremely bad impression toward China’s influence, compared with influence from other countries. Moreover, they perceive China’s influence much more negatively than people in other Asian societies except Japan. At the same time, multivariate analyses focusing on the Mongolian attitude find that evaluations of macroeconomic conditions in Mongolia have a positive effect on this perception. Such effect is noteworthy because it is totally opposite to the negative effect found in other Asian societies. As China’s increasing influence has attracted more attention, public reaction to that has been more frequently studied. Exploration of the Mongolian perception of China’s influence will be of use in revisiting findings from previous research, and will provide a greater understanding of public perception of the nation’s influence.
国際善隣協会公開フォーラム「モンゴル研究のフロンティア第2回」2014年10月24日
File for Lecture presented at the Open Forum "Frontier of Mongol Study II" on October 24th, 2014 (in Japanese)
How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?Kunio Minato
This study explores the Japanese and the Mongolian attitude toward each other, based on nationwide survey data collected in the two countries. The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia is examined from the data of the Japanese General Social Surveys in 2006 (JGSS-2006), which asked respondents how favorable they felt toward several countries. Next, how the Mongolians view Japan is described from the data of the Second and the Third waves of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS2 and ABS3) collected in 2006 and 2010. The result of the analysis confirmed favorable attitude between Japan and Mongolia, which had been occasionally asserted. At the same time, the result also implied relatively less presence of Mongolia in Japan. In addition to that, factors affecting the Japanese attitude toward Mongolia are almost different between genders, and those relating to the Mongolian attitude toward Japan are completely different between generation growing up during the socialist period and that experienced compulsory education after democratization.
Resented, Concerned or Welcomed? Analyses of the Mongolian Attitude toward Ch...Kunio Minato
This study examines the Mongolian attitude toward China’s influence on their own country with comparative perspective to other Asian societies. In Mongolia, China's largest neighbor in terms of borderline, political partner and major supplier of natural resources such as coal, the two opposite tendency has been observed: growing public animosity against China and its people, including the Inner Mongolians, and recognition to the Chinese as people to cooperate with.
In order to explore the complicated attitude of the Mongolian toward influence from their southern giant neighbor, I conducted analyses of the data of two cross-national public opinion survey, namely the AsiaBarometer 2005 and the third wave data of the Asian Barometer Survey. Comparative analyses of those data confirm that Mongolians have extremely bad impression toward China’s influence, compared with influence from other countries. Moreover, they perceive China’s influence much more negatively than people in other Asian societies except Japan. At the same time, multivariate analyses focusing on the Mongolian attitude find that evaluations of macroeconomic conditions in Mongolia have a positive effect on this perception. Such effect is noteworthy because it is totally opposite to the negative effect found in other Asian societies. As China’s increasing influence has attracted more attention, public reaction to that has been more frequently studied. Exploration of the Mongolian perception of China’s influence will be of use in revisiting findings from previous research, and will provide a greater understanding of public perception of the nation’s influence.
国際善隣協会公開フォーラム「モンゴル研究のフロンティア第2回」2014年10月24日
File for Lecture presented at the Open Forum "Frontier of Mongol Study II" on October 24th, 2014 (in Japanese)
How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?Kunio Minato
This study explores the Japanese and the Mongolian attitude toward each other, based on nationwide survey data collected in the two countries. The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia is examined from the data of the Japanese General Social Surveys in 2006 (JGSS-2006), which asked respondents how favorable they felt toward several countries. Next, how the Mongolians view Japan is described from the data of the Second and the Third waves of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS2 and ABS3) collected in 2006 and 2010. The result of the analysis confirmed favorable attitude between Japan and Mongolia, which had been occasionally asserted. At the same time, the result also implied relatively less presence of Mongolia in Japan. In addition to that, factors affecting the Japanese attitude toward Mongolia are almost different between genders, and those relating to the Mongolian attitude toward Japan are completely different between generation growing up during the socialist period and that experienced compulsory education after democratization.
8. 着目する設問
• ABS2, ABS3, ABS4に組み込まれた以下の4項目:
(1) Our country should defend our way of life instead of
becoming more and more like other countries 純化志向
(2) A citizen should always remain loyal only to his country, no
matter how imperfect it is or what wrong it has done 無条件
の忠誠(自国中心主義)
(3) How proud are you to be a citizen of [COUNTRY]? ナショナ
ル・プライド
(4) Given the chance, how willing would you be to go and live
in another country? 海外移住への関心/抵抗感
※ 調査時期により一部の国・地域でデータ欠落
8
17. 相関分析の結果
• ほとんどの項目で相関は一貫して有意、
• 「無条件の忠誠」「ナショナル・プライド」間の相関が弱まる
17
ABS2 1157 1169 1169
ABS3 1186 1191 1188
ABS4 1210 1218 1216
ABS2 .155 *** 1192 1217
ABS3 .140 *** 1200 1196
ABS4 .140 ** 1200 1196
ABS2 .116 *** .221 *** 1207
ABS3 .146 *** .080 *** 1204
ABS4 .111 ** .064 * 1204
ABS2 -.040 -.083 ** -.205 ***
ABS3 -.058 * -.088 ** -.205 **
ABS4 -.064 * -.109 ** -.183 **
r
Defend our
way of life
Proud to be
a citizen of
Mongolia
Willing to go
and live in
another country
Should be loyal
to own country
Should be loyal to own country
Proud to be a citizen of Mongolia
Willing to go and live in another country
Note: *** p<.001, ** p<.01, *<p.05, + p<.1
Defend our way of life
N
18. 偏相関分析の結果
• 統制変数を投入してもほとんどの相関の有意性は残る
• 「無条件の忠誠」「ナショナル・プライド」間の相関の有意性は消失
18
ABS2 (N=1138)
ABS2 1138 1138 1138
ABS3 1165 1165 1165
ABS4 1197 1197 1197
ABS2 .148 *** 1138 1138
ABS3 .124 *** 1165 1165
ABS4 .137 *** 1197 1197
ABS2 .099 *** .218 *** 1138
ABS3 .107 *** .067 * 1165
ABS4 .103 *** .053 1197
ABS2 -.003 -.053 + -.147 ***
ABS3 -.005 -.068 * -.177 ***
ABS4 -.060 * -.084 ** -.162 ***
Defend our
way of life
Should be loyal
to own country
Proud to be a
citizen of
Mongolia
Willing to go
and live in
another country
(N=1165)
Defend our way of life
Should be loyal to own country
Proud to be a citizen of Mongolia
Willing to go and live in another country
Note: *** p<.001, ** p<.01, *<p.05, + p<.1
21. 参考文献
Asian Barometer Project. (n.d.a). Asian Barometer wave 2 data [data file and technical reports]. Retrieved from
http://www.asianbarometer.org/data/data-release
Asian Barometer Project. (n.d.b). Asian Barometer wave 3 data [data file and technical reports]. Retrieved from
http://www.asianbarometer.org/data/data-release
Asian Barometer Project. (n.d.c). Asian Barometer wave 4 data [data file and technical reports]. Retrieved from
http://www.asianbarometer.org/data/data-release
Billé, F. (2015). Sinophobia: Anxiety, Violence, and the Making of Mongolian Identity. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Bulag, U. (1999). Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Branigan, T. (2010, August 2). Mongolian neo-Nazis: Anti-Chinese sentiment fuels rise of ultra-nationalism. The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/02/mongolia-far-right
Ganbold, M. (2017, August 31). The peril and promise of resource nationalism: A case analysis of Mongolia’s mining development. The
Mongolian Observer. Retrieved from https://mongolianobserver.mn/peril-promise-resource-nationalism-case-analysis-mongolias-mining-
development/
Ghosh, P. (2013, July 2). Mongolian neo-Nazis switch from nationalism to environmentalism by attacking foreign mining companies.
International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/mongolian-neo-nazis-switch-nationalism-environmentalism-
attacking-foreign-mining-companies-1331817
Graaf, N. (2013, April 17). Rampant racism a growing problem in Mongolia. DW. Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/rampant-racism-a-growing-
problem-in-mongolia/a-15888287
Hogg, C. (2010, September 5). Discontent fuels Mongolia's far-right groups. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-
pacific-11141472
Land, G. (2013, July 3). White swastika: Mongolia’s eco-Nazis. Asiancorrespondent.com. Retrieved from
http://asiancorrespondent.com/110130/white-swastika-mongolias-eco-nazis/
湊邦生(2013)「モンゴル国におけるナショナル・アイデンティティの計量的検討―アジアン・バロメータによる複数時点の調査データの予備的分析から―」『日本社会学会第86回年次
大会報告』
湊邦生(2015)「モンゴル国におけるナショナル・アイデンティティの 計量的検討 ─第2回・第3回アジアン・バロメータのデータ分析から─」『立命館産業社会論集』50(4): 75-92
田辺俊介(2010)『ナショナル・アイデンティティの国際比較』慶応義塾大学出版会。 21
22. Acknowledgement
• Data analyzed in this paper were collected by the Asian
Barometer Project (2005-2008, 2010-2012, and 2013-2016),
which was co-directed by Professors Fu Hu and Yun-han Chu
and received major funding support from Taiwan’s Ministry of
Education, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University. The
Asian Barometer Project Office (www.asianbarometer.org) is
solely responsible for the data distribution. The author
appreciates the assistance in providing data by the institutes
and individuals aforementioned. The views expressed herein
are the author's own.
22