「第86期高知市民の大学」社会科学コース2019年12月20日講義資料
(Public lecture in the Social Sciences Course of "Dai 86ki Kochi shimin no daigaku" (the 86th Kochi Citizen's Collage) on December 20th, 2019)
Comparative Analyses of Exclusionism in (Post-)Post Socialist Countries: With...Kunio Minato
This study explores the attitude toward people with different background harbored by people in (post-)post-socialist countries, where exclusion and anti-immigrant movements can now be widely observed. The second and the third wave data of the Life in Transition Survey, conducted in 2010 and 2014 respectively, are analyzed in this study. The data enable both time-series and cross-national comparative analyses of the attitude in those countries toward people with different culture.
Among the countries this study gives particular attention to Mongolia. The rise and rampancy of ultra-nationalists, far-rights, and xenophobic groups have been repeatedly reported from the country, even before immigrant issue became central in Central and East European countries. This study reexamines the findings of the previous study, and aims to offer new viewpoint of comparative study of (post-)post-socialist countries.
モンゴル国におけるナショナル・アイデンティティの計時的変化 (Time-series Change of Mongolian National Ident...Kunio Minato
第90回日本社会学会年次大会報告資料(2017年11月4-5日、東京大学、報告5日)
File presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Sociological Society (The University of Tokyo, November 4-5, 2017)
Nationalism, Exclusivism, and Purism: An Analytical Description of National I...Kunio Minato
In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra-nationalists and even neo-Nazis. Their campaigns pillory foreigners, especially Chinese and Koreans, as threats to the “purity” of the nation, and are often accompanied by vandalism and violence. Their target is not only limited to foreign people and enterprises but also to their fellow citizens. Reports state that women accused of fraternizing with foreigners, as well as sexual minorities, are typical examples of domestic scapegoats and objects of violence.
As ultra-nationalists and neo-Nazis themselves are very few in Mongolia, the problem is whether public opinion is tolerant of them. However, descriptions of the public opinion in Mongolia are conflicting. Some argue that nationalism and prejudice against foreigners is common in the country, and that exclusivists are gaining popularity, against the backdrop of public fear that Mongolia, the country with so small population, might be easily swallowed up by the massive influx of foreign people, investments, culture, and others. Meanwhile, others explain that these ultra-nationalist groups do not represent the majority of Mongolian people, and that their activities are still in the margins. Which is closer to reality? Resolving the contradiction and portraying an accurate picture of public opinion will help in forecasting the future of nationalism and exclusivism in the country.
This paper presents a study of issues on the national identity of ordinary Mongolians, such as exclusivism, national pride, and aspiration of “national purity.” Using data from cross-national public opinion surveys, the study examines Mongolian attitudes toward those issues, by comparing Mongolia with Asian societies and post-socialist ones. This study also explores correlations among these attitudes, as well as factors associated with them. Hence, the study aims to offer a non-European empirical viewpoint to the research of nationalism and national identity.
「第86期高知市民の大学」社会科学コース2019年12月20日講義資料
(Public lecture in the Social Sciences Course of "Dai 86ki Kochi shimin no daigaku" (the 86th Kochi Citizen's Collage) on December 20th, 2019)
Comparative Analyses of Exclusionism in (Post-)Post Socialist Countries: With...Kunio Minato
This study explores the attitude toward people with different background harbored by people in (post-)post-socialist countries, where exclusion and anti-immigrant movements can now be widely observed. The second and the third wave data of the Life in Transition Survey, conducted in 2010 and 2014 respectively, are analyzed in this study. The data enable both time-series and cross-national comparative analyses of the attitude in those countries toward people with different culture.
Among the countries this study gives particular attention to Mongolia. The rise and rampancy of ultra-nationalists, far-rights, and xenophobic groups have been repeatedly reported from the country, even before immigrant issue became central in Central and East European countries. This study reexamines the findings of the previous study, and aims to offer new viewpoint of comparative study of (post-)post-socialist countries.
モンゴル国におけるナショナル・アイデンティティの計時的変化 (Time-series Change of Mongolian National Ident...Kunio Minato
第90回日本社会学会年次大会報告資料(2017年11月4-5日、東京大学、報告5日)
File presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Sociological Society (The University of Tokyo, November 4-5, 2017)
Nationalism, Exclusivism, and Purism: An Analytical Description of National I...Kunio Minato
In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed the rise of ultra-nationalists and even neo-Nazis. Their campaigns pillory foreigners, especially Chinese and Koreans, as threats to the “purity” of the nation, and are often accompanied by vandalism and violence. Their target is not only limited to foreign people and enterprises but also to their fellow citizens. Reports state that women accused of fraternizing with foreigners, as well as sexual minorities, are typical examples of domestic scapegoats and objects of violence.
As ultra-nationalists and neo-Nazis themselves are very few in Mongolia, the problem is whether public opinion is tolerant of them. However, descriptions of the public opinion in Mongolia are conflicting. Some argue that nationalism and prejudice against foreigners is common in the country, and that exclusivists are gaining popularity, against the backdrop of public fear that Mongolia, the country with so small population, might be easily swallowed up by the massive influx of foreign people, investments, culture, and others. Meanwhile, others explain that these ultra-nationalist groups do not represent the majority of Mongolian people, and that their activities are still in the margins. Which is closer to reality? Resolving the contradiction and portraying an accurate picture of public opinion will help in forecasting the future of nationalism and exclusivism in the country.
This paper presents a study of issues on the national identity of ordinary Mongolians, such as exclusivism, national pride, and aspiration of “national purity.” Using data from cross-national public opinion surveys, the study examines Mongolian attitudes toward those issues, by comparing Mongolia with Asian societies and post-socialist ones. This study also explores correlations among these attitudes, as well as factors associated with them. Hence, the study aims to offer a non-European empirical viewpoint to the research of nationalism and national identity.
Resented, Concerned or Welcomed? Analyses of the Mongolian Attitude toward Ch...Kunio Minato
This study examines the Mongolian attitude toward China’s influence on their own country with comparative perspective to other Asian societies. In Mongolia, China's largest neighbor in terms of borderline, political partner and major supplier of natural resources such as coal, the two opposite tendency has been observed: growing public animosity against China and its people, including the Inner Mongolians, and recognition to the Chinese as people to cooperate with.
In order to explore the complicated attitude of the Mongolian toward influence from their southern giant neighbor, I conducted analyses of the data of two cross-national public opinion survey, namely the AsiaBarometer 2005 and the third wave data of the Asian Barometer Survey. Comparative analyses of those data confirm that Mongolians have extremely bad impression toward China’s influence, compared with influence from other countries. Moreover, they perceive China’s influence much more negatively than people in other Asian societies except Japan. At the same time, multivariate analyses focusing on the Mongolian attitude find that evaluations of macroeconomic conditions in Mongolia have a positive effect on this perception. Such effect is noteworthy because it is totally opposite to the negative effect found in other Asian societies. As China’s increasing influence has attracted more attention, public reaction to that has been more frequently studied. Exploration of the Mongolian perception of China’s influence will be of use in revisiting findings from previous research, and will provide a greater understanding of public perception of the nation’s influence.
国際善隣協会公開フォーラム「モンゴル研究のフロンティア第2回」2014年10月24日
File for Lecture presented at the Open Forum "Frontier of Mongol Study II" on October 24th, 2014 (in Japanese)
How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?Kunio Minato
This study explores the Japanese and the Mongolian attitude toward each other, based on nationwide survey data collected in the two countries. The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia is examined from the data of the Japanese General Social Surveys in 2006 (JGSS-2006), which asked respondents how favorable they felt toward several countries. Next, how the Mongolians view Japan is described from the data of the Second and the Third waves of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS2 and ABS3) collected in 2006 and 2010. The result of the analysis confirmed favorable attitude between Japan and Mongolia, which had been occasionally asserted. At the same time, the result also implied relatively less presence of Mongolia in Japan. In addition to that, factors affecting the Japanese attitude toward Mongolia are almost different between genders, and those relating to the Mongolian attitude toward Japan are completely different between generation growing up during the socialist period and that experienced compulsory education after democratization.
Resented, Concerned or Welcomed? Analyses of the Mongolian Attitude toward Ch...Kunio Minato
This study examines the Mongolian attitude toward China’s influence on their own country with comparative perspective to other Asian societies. In Mongolia, China's largest neighbor in terms of borderline, political partner and major supplier of natural resources such as coal, the two opposite tendency has been observed: growing public animosity against China and its people, including the Inner Mongolians, and recognition to the Chinese as people to cooperate with.
In order to explore the complicated attitude of the Mongolian toward influence from their southern giant neighbor, I conducted analyses of the data of two cross-national public opinion survey, namely the AsiaBarometer 2005 and the third wave data of the Asian Barometer Survey. Comparative analyses of those data confirm that Mongolians have extremely bad impression toward China’s influence, compared with influence from other countries. Moreover, they perceive China’s influence much more negatively than people in other Asian societies except Japan. At the same time, multivariate analyses focusing on the Mongolian attitude find that evaluations of macroeconomic conditions in Mongolia have a positive effect on this perception. Such effect is noteworthy because it is totally opposite to the negative effect found in other Asian societies. As China’s increasing influence has attracted more attention, public reaction to that has been more frequently studied. Exploration of the Mongolian perception of China’s influence will be of use in revisiting findings from previous research, and will provide a greater understanding of public perception of the nation’s influence.
国際善隣協会公開フォーラム「モンゴル研究のフロンティア第2回」2014年10月24日
File for Lecture presented at the Open Forum "Frontier of Mongol Study II" on October 24th, 2014 (in Japanese)
How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?Kunio Minato
This study explores the Japanese and the Mongolian attitude toward each other, based on nationwide survey data collected in the two countries. The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia is examined from the data of the Japanese General Social Surveys in 2006 (JGSS-2006), which asked respondents how favorable they felt toward several countries. Next, how the Mongolians view Japan is described from the data of the Second and the Third waves of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS2 and ABS3) collected in 2006 and 2010. The result of the analysis confirmed favorable attitude between Japan and Mongolia, which had been occasionally asserted. At the same time, the result also implied relatively less presence of Mongolia in Japan. In addition to that, factors affecting the Japanese attitude toward Mongolia are almost different between genders, and those relating to the Mongolian attitude toward Japan are completely different between generation growing up during the socialist period and that experienced compulsory education after democratization.
8. 2. 方法 (1)データ
• 分析ではアジアン・バロメータ第3回(ABS3)・第4回(ABS4)データを利用
• アジアン・バロメータは政治観・民主主義・ガバナンスをテーマとする国際調査プロ
ジェクト。モンゴルは第1回調査から参加
• ABS3は2010年4~5月、ABS4は2014年6月~7月にモンゴル全国で実施
• 対象者は多段無作為抽出法(調査地点抽出地域→調査地点→世帯→対
象者の順に無作為に抽出)により抽出された18歳以上の男女
• ABS3では1,210名、ABS4では1,228名が回答
• 調査は面接法で実施
(以上Academy of Political Education, n.d.; Academy of Political
Education, 2016)
9. 2. 方法 (2)注目する設問
• ABS3, ABS4双方でたずねられた以下の設問の回答結果を分析する:
“General speaking, the influence China has on our country
is?”(原文ママ、以下「影響の是非」)
• 選択肢は“Very positive” “Positive” “Somewhat positive”
“Somewhat negative” “Negative” “Very negative”の6つ
• 本研究では回答を点数化。“Very positive”に最大の6点、以下“Positive”
に5点、“Somewhat positive”に4点、“Somewhat negative”に3点、
“Negative”に2点、“Very negative”に最小の1点をそれぞれ付与した上で
分析
10. 2. 方法 (3)比較対象となる設問
1) 中国からの影響の程度に関する設問(ABS3およびABS4):
“How much influence does China have on our country?”
(以下「影響の程度」)
• 選択肢は”No influence at all” “Not much influence” “Some
influence” “A great deal of influence”の4つ
• ここでは“No influence at all”0点、“Not much influence”1点、“Some
influence”2点、“A great deal of influence”3点とした上で分析
2) アメリカからの影響の是非に関する設問(ABS4のみ)
“General speaking, the influence the United States has on
our country is?”
• 選択肢及び点数化の方法は中国からの影響の是非に関するものと同じ
21. 参考文献
Academy of Political Education (n.d.). Asian Barometer 2010 Survey TECHNICAL REPORT (Mongolia) April 01-June 07, 2010. File attached
to the Asian Barometer Survey Wave 3 Dataset, retrieved from http://www.asianbarometer.org/data/data-release
Academy of Political Education (2016). Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 TECHNICAL REPORT (MONGOLIA). File attached to
the Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 Dataset, retrieved from http://www.asianbarometer.org/data/data-release
Billé, F. (2015). Sinophobia: Anxiety, Violence, and the Making of Mongolian Identity. HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Ghosh, P. (2013, July 2). Mongolian neo-Nazis switch from nationalism to environmentalism by attacking foreign mining companies.
International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/mongolian-neo-nazis-switch-nationalism-environmentalism-
attacking-foreign-mining-companies-1331817
Land, G. (2013, July 3). White swastika: Mongolia’s eco-Nazis. Asiancorrespondent.com. Retrieved from
http://asiancorrespondent.com/110130/white-swastika-mongolias-eco-nazis/
Linley, M., Reilly, J., & Goldsmith, B.E. (2012). Who's Afraid of the Dragon? Asian Mass Publics’ Perceptions of China's Influence. Japanese
Journal of Political Science, 13(4), 501-523. doi:10.1017/S1468109912000242
湊邦生(2013)「モンゴル国における中国の影響認知の計量分析」日本モンゴル学会2013年度春季大会発表
湊邦生(2016)「モンゴル」アジア経済研究所編『アジア動向年報2016』アジア経済研究所、103-124
湊邦生(2017)「モンゴル国におけるアジア人意識:国際調査データの分析による検討」『日本とモンゴル』52(1), 77-96
Minato, K. (2016). Resented, Concerned or Welcomed? Analyses of the Mongolian Attitude toward Chinese Influence. Paper Presented at
the 11th International Congress of Mongolists, Section IV: Studies on Mongolian International Relations.
Монгол Улсын Үндэсний Статистикийн Газар (2017). Монгол Улсын Нийгэм, Эдийн Засгийн Байдал 12 сар 2017. Улаанбаатар.
Nelson, T., & Carlson, M. (2012). Charmed by China? Popular Perceptions of Chinese Influence in Asia. Japanese Journal of Political
Science, 13(4), 477-499. doi:10.1017/S1468109912000230
Өнөөдөр (2018.11.13) “Хятад эзэдтэй компанийн өмнө Монгол хүний алтан амь үнэгүйдэж байна” гэлээ. Retrieved from
http://unuudur.mn/%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9-
%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9-
%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-
%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8C-
%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B6-
%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%8D/
22. Acknowledgement
Data analyzed in this presentation were collected by the
Asian Barometer Project (2013-2016), which was co-directed by
Professors Fu Hu and Yun-han Chu and received major funding
support from Taiwan’s Ministry of Education, Academia Sinica
and National Taiwan University. The Asian Barometer Project
Office (www.asianbarometer.org) is solely responsible for the
data distribution. The author appreciates the assistance in
providing data by the institutes and individuals aforementioned.
The views expressed herein are the author's own.