This document discusses the thyroid gland and how it affects women. It covers the thyroid gland's functions, hormone regulation, and disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It explains how thyroid imbalances can impact women at different life stages, including puberty, menstruation, reproduction, pregnancy, and menopause. The document also provides information on preventing thyroid disorders through diet and lifestyle, as well as treating imbalances through medications, surgery, or radioactive iodine.

1. Thyroid in women

2. 1. Thyroid gland
2. Thyroid gland regulation
3. Thyroid hormone functions
4.Thyroid hormone disorders
5. In perticular how it effects
women
Prevention
Treatment
diagosis

3. Thyroid gland: What is thyroid gland?
 Thyroid is a endocrine gland
 It is a bilobed
 It is situated in the neck in front of the
Larynx and the trachea at the level of the
5th, 6th and 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae.
 Weight -25g

5. Thyroid hormone regulation

6. What does thyroid do?
 Primary function:
Production and secretion of
thyroid hormones.
i.e t3- thyroxin or triiodothyroxin
t4- tetreiodothyroxin
Calcitonin

7. Functions of thyroid hormones:
1. Increase BMR
2. Action on
 protein,
 Carbohydrates
 vitamin and
 fat metabolism
3. Action on
 body temperature,
 growth,
 bodyweight,
 blood,
 Cardiovascular System
 Respiratory system
 gastrointestinal tract ,
 , Skeletal system,

8. Thyroid hormone Imbalance :

9. Abnormal thyroid conditions :causes
Hypothyroidism
 Iodine deficiency
 Goitrogenic substance
 Neonatal hypothyroidism
 Pituitary insufficiency
 Hashimoto disease
 Lack of thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
 Graves disease
 Tumors – benign adenoma or cancer
 Thyroidities
 Elevated TSH level
 Thyroid storm

10. Effects of hypo secretion and hyper
secretion of thyroid hormones:
Hypothyroidism
 Decreased metabolic rate, low body
temperature, cold intolerance
 Weight gain , reduced appetite
 Reduced activity of sweat and sabaceous
gland
 Reduced heart rate , reduced blood
pressure
 Constipation
 Myxoedema
Hyperthyroidism
 Increased metabolic rate, high body
temperature,. Heat intolerance
 Weight loss, increased appetite
 Copious sweating,
 Rapid heart rate , elevated blood
pressure, abnormal elctrocardiogram
 Bouts of disrrhea
 Exophthalmos Hyperactivity

11. Effects of thyroid hormones on different
stages of life
Life stage
Puberty and
menusration
Reproduction
Pregnancy and
postpartum
Menopause

12. Puberty and menusration :
 Thyroid disorders can cause puberty and menstruation to occur abnormally
early or late. In addition, abnormally high or low levels of thyroid hormone
can cause very light or very heavy menstrual periods, very irregular
menstrual periods, or absent menstrual periods (a condition called
amenorrhea).

13. Reproduction
 An overactive or underactive thyroid may also affect ovulation. This is the
release of an egg for fertilization. Thyroid disorders may prevent ovulation
from occurring at all. In addition, the ovaries are at an increased risk for
cyst development if the woman has an underactive thyroid (hypothyroid).
Severe hypothyroidism can actually cause milk production in the breast,
while preventing ovulation.

14. Pregnancy and postpartum
 Thyroid disorders during pregnancy can harm the fetus and may lead to
thyroid problems in the mother after birth, such as postpartum thyroiditis. A
deficiency of thyroid hormone can cause miscarriages, preterm delivery,
stillbirth, and postpartum hemorrhage. Women with overactive thyroid
during pregnancy are at risk of having more severe morning sickness. Ways
of treating overactive thyroid gland during pregnancy must be individually
considered.

15. Menopause:
 Thyroid disorders may cause the early onset of menopause (before age 40
or in the early 40s). Some symptoms of overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
may also be mistaken for early menopause. These include lack of
menstruation, hot flashes, inability to sleep (insomnia), and mood swings.
Treating hyperthyroidism can sometimes ease symptoms of early
menopause or prevent early menopause from happening.

16. Prevention is better than cure:
 To maintaining a healthy thyroid
1. Stick to a diet that is low in sugar and processed foods. ...
2. Limit your intake of cruciferous vegetables. ...
3. Find ways to reduce your stress. ...
4. Exercise three to five times a week. ...
5. Maintain a healthy body weight.

18. Treatment:
 you have high levels of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), treatment options
can include:
1. Anti-thyroid drugs (methimazole and propylthioracil): These are medications that
that stop your thyroid from making hormones.
2. Radioactive iodine: This treatment damages the cells of your thyroid, preventing it
preventing it from making high levels of thyroid hormones.
3. Beta blockers: These medications don’t change the amount of hormones in your
your body, but they help manage your symptoms.
4. Surgery: A more permanent form of treatment, your healthcare provider may
surgically remove your thyroid (thyroidectomy). This will stop it from creating
hormones. However, you will need to take thyroid replacement hormones for the
the rest of your life.
 If you have low levels of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), the main treatment
treatment option is:
1. Thyroid replacement medication: This drug is a synthetic (man-made) way to add
add thyroid hormones back into your body. One drug that’s commonly used is called
called levothyroxine. By using a medication, you can manage thyroid disease and