The document discusses disrespectful and abusive treatment of women during facility-based childbirth globally. It notes that while facility delivery rates have increased, many women experience physical, verbal or psychological abuse. This violates women's rights and trust in healthcare providers. The document calls for greater support for research and programs to promote respectful maternal care as a human rights issue. It recommends actions like improving health systems accountability, training for healthcare workers, and involving women in reform efforts.
Looking back and beyond health through women’s eyesWOREC Nepal
Community-based women’s health programme is based on women’s empowerment and a self-help approach as well as on plant-based medicine. It was initiated in April 1997 to address the need for the health program to embrace a holistic approach with appropriate human resources. WOREC adopted the concept of barefoot gynaecologists in its program which was the beginning of women’s health movement from the community level where women took control of their own health.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
1. The document discusses women's health and well-being, with a focus on how it is defined and perceptions of it in different cultures and income levels.
2. It finds that for poorer women in developing countries, well-being often means having basic needs met and gaining empowerment through education and independence.
3. For women in wealthier countries, well-being debates commonly center around balancing work and family responsibilities, though subjective feelings can differ from objective measures of health and income.
4. The document examines perspectives from women, public health officials, and experts on factors influencing well-being and how women access health information.
The document summarizes research conducted to identify healthcare barriers faced by Roma women in Thessaloniki, Greece. The researcher conducted open-ended interviews and focus groups with Roma women from two communities. Discrimination was a common theme reported by participants. Most women expressed that an educational pamphlet on lifestyle and diet during pregnancy would be helpful. The research aims to investigate the causes of health disparities faced by Roma women and identify specific barriers to healthcare access, in order to address their unique needs.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
On the Margins of Health Care Provision: Delivering at Home in Harare, Zimbabwepaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper analyses the phenomenon of home deliveries by pregnant women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. It argues that, though home deliveries are commonly practiced in the rural areas, they have now found their way into and are even proliferating in the urban areas. Social cultural values, religious belief and economic status/resources determine women’s place of birth. Whilst government policies expounded through the Ministry of Health (MoH) programs and policies denounce home deliveries, the frail health care system characterized by mass exodus of qualified personnel, in availability of drugs and understaffing of healthcare centres do little to lure pregnant women to deliver in hospitals. Furthermore, the high levels of poverty among the populace entail that people cannot afford either public or private hospital services; and thus resort to home-based healthcare and subsequently home deliveries. The paper explores the factors fuelling home deliveries and the challenges associated with this practice in Harare, Zimbabwe.
This document summarizes a study on providing culturally competent family planning services to Somali immigrants in Minnesota. Focus groups with 28 Somali men and 28 Somali women found that while traditionally family size was never planned, many now acknowledge considering limiting family size in the US. Participants were familiar with the concept of child spacing which is permitted in Islam but had concerns about contraceptive side effects. They viewed health professionals and television as credible sources of information and preferred health information in Somali. Providing effective services requires understanding religious and cultural beliefs and addressing concerns related to family planning.
The document discusses disrespectful and abusive treatment of women during facility-based childbirth globally. It notes that while facility delivery rates have increased, many women experience physical, verbal or psychological abuse. This violates women's rights and trust in healthcare providers. The document calls for greater support for research and programs to promote respectful maternal care as a human rights issue. It recommends actions like improving health systems accountability, training for healthcare workers, and involving women in reform efforts.
Looking back and beyond health through women’s eyesWOREC Nepal
Community-based women’s health programme is based on women’s empowerment and a self-help approach as well as on plant-based medicine. It was initiated in April 1997 to address the need for the health program to embrace a holistic approach with appropriate human resources. WOREC adopted the concept of barefoot gynaecologists in its program which was the beginning of women’s health movement from the community level where women took control of their own health.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
1. The document discusses women's health and well-being, with a focus on how it is defined and perceptions of it in different cultures and income levels.
2. It finds that for poorer women in developing countries, well-being often means having basic needs met and gaining empowerment through education and independence.
3. For women in wealthier countries, well-being debates commonly center around balancing work and family responsibilities, though subjective feelings can differ from objective measures of health and income.
4. The document examines perspectives from women, public health officials, and experts on factors influencing well-being and how women access health information.
The document summarizes research conducted to identify healthcare barriers faced by Roma women in Thessaloniki, Greece. The researcher conducted open-ended interviews and focus groups with Roma women from two communities. Discrimination was a common theme reported by participants. Most women expressed that an educational pamphlet on lifestyle and diet during pregnancy would be helpful. The research aims to investigate the causes of health disparities faced by Roma women and identify specific barriers to healthcare access, in order to address their unique needs.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
On the Margins of Health Care Provision: Delivering at Home in Harare, Zimbabwepaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper analyses the phenomenon of home deliveries by pregnant women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. It argues that, though home deliveries are commonly practiced in the rural areas, they have now found their way into and are even proliferating in the urban areas. Social cultural values, religious belief and economic status/resources determine women’s place of birth. Whilst government policies expounded through the Ministry of Health (MoH) programs and policies denounce home deliveries, the frail health care system characterized by mass exodus of qualified personnel, in availability of drugs and understaffing of healthcare centres do little to lure pregnant women to deliver in hospitals. Furthermore, the high levels of poverty among the populace entail that people cannot afford either public or private hospital services; and thus resort to home-based healthcare and subsequently home deliveries. The paper explores the factors fuelling home deliveries and the challenges associated with this practice in Harare, Zimbabwe.
This document summarizes a study on providing culturally competent family planning services to Somali immigrants in Minnesota. Focus groups with 28 Somali men and 28 Somali women found that while traditionally family size was never planned, many now acknowledge considering limiting family size in the US. Participants were familiar with the concept of child spacing which is permitted in Islam but had concerns about contraceptive side effects. They viewed health professionals and television as credible sources of information and preferred health information in Somali. Providing effective services requires understanding religious and cultural beliefs and addressing concerns related to family planning.
Sexual reproductive health rights and SDGsMartin Ayanore
Whats the implications of SDGs for sexual reproductive rights globally? Panelist at the University of Utrecht during a recent symposium talk about the just adopted SDGs for health
The document discusses several topics related to health:
1. It provides statistics on deaths from the Titanic disaster, with over 1,500 of the 2,223 aboard perishing mostly from hypothermia.
2. It then discusses concepts of health and defines it as a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being according to the WHO.
3. It identifies key determinants of health like biology, individual behaviors, socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and access to healthcare services that influence population health outcomes and health inequities.
This document discusses health disparities faced by the African American community. It notes that health disparities have existed for over two centuries and little progress has been made to eliminate them. Some reasons for continued disparities include social and economic factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs around health. The document also provides examples of how certain language or behaviors considered respectful within one culture may be viewed differently in others and presents health data showing African Americans have higher rates of conditions like diabetes and hypertension than white people.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
This is the plenary presentation of Sai Jyothirmai Racherla of ARROW, which took place as part of Seventh session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (APCRSHR10) Virtual, on 14th September 2020, on the theme of "Population ageing and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
CHAIR: Sono Aibe
PLENARY SPEAKERS
* Caitlin Littleton, Regional Programme Adviser, HelpAge International, Asia Pacific | "Sexual health of older people: an overview"
* Sai Jyothirmai Racherla, Deputy Executive Director, ARROW | "Reclaiming and Redefining Rights -Older Women's Health and Well-Being in Asia and the Pacific Region at ICPD+25"
* Krishna Gautam, founder and Chair of Ageing Nepal | "Not Leaving Older Adults Behind in the process of achieving SDG-2030"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T A T I O N S
* Dr Tey Nai Peng | Understanding the Sexual Behaviour of Older Men and Women in Malaysia
* Prof Xiaoming Sun | Unmet Needs on Sexual and Reproductive Health among Women Aged 50-64 in Rural China
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual7
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #LGBT #genderequality #SDGs #ageing #elderly #olderpeople #IDOP2020 #InternationalDayOfOlderPersons
Nimra Tariq's presentation discusses poverty around the world and in Pakistan. It defines poverty and outlines the types of poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. Statistics are provided on global poverty rates by region, showing that over 40% of people in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa live below the poverty line. The effects of poverty and some ways to eradicate it, such as establishing justice, education initiatives, and job opportunities, are also discussed.
This document discusses gender differences in health and culture. It provides statistics showing that while boys outnumber girls at birth, women generally live longer. However, in developing regions women experience high mortality from issues like maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS. Health disparities exist due to factors such as cultural norms, son preference, poverty, lack of education, and unequal access to healthcare and resources between men and women. Interventions to address these issues include female empowerment, national health insurance schemes, education programs, and addressing structural gender oppression.
The document summarizes the key findings of a consultation on the issues and barriers facing transgender people in accessing HIV and other services in Yangon, Myanmar. The consultation identified low levels of condom use and HIV awareness within the transgender community. It also found that transgender people face discrimination in healthcare settings, preventing access to prevention, treatment, and support services. Common issues included stigma, unfriendly services, and a lack of tailored HIV prevention interventions. The document recommends improving health services, reducing risk behaviors, and addressing discrimination in order to improve transgender health outcomes in Yangon.
1) The document discusses issues of inequality, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare that disproportionately impact women. It notes that as poverty rises, so does the population in need of reproductive healthcare assistance, while public support is decreasing.
2) Income inequality is linked to poorer health outcomes, as the gap between rich and poor grows, the well-off are less willing to pay taxes to fund public services. Job status also correlates with health, with lower levels reporting more stress.
3) Women face discrimination in healthcare costs and coverage. They may be denied insurance or charged higher premiums based on gender or experiences like domestic violence. Single and minority women have less access and higher rates of poverty and uninsured.
This chapter introduces key topics in women's health. It discusses that women's health issues need dedicated study as women have unique physiological and psychosocial needs compared to men. Promoting proactive health behaviors can help prevent disease. Women around the world face common challenges to their health, and concepts like sexism and misogyny have impacted women's healthcare. The women's health movement has advocated for women's health rights and access to medical information and care.
The document outlines the vision, mission, goals and planned activities of the Women's Health and Empowerment Center of Expertise. The vision is for all women and girls to be empowered and healthy globally. The mission is to promote justice, equity and scientific advances to reduce gender and health disparities. Key goals include advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights, reducing violence against women and family planning. Planned activities involve research, education, knowledge dissemination and partnerships to study and improve women's empowerment and health.
The document discusses gender as a social determinant of health and the implications for Australian women's health policy. It notes that recent health policies have recognized gender as the main social determinant responsible for health inequities worldwide. However, it argues that there is a politics associated with gender as a social determinant that can both help and hinder advancing feminist health interests and projects. It maintains that enduring structural gender inequality and male dominance continue to impact women's health by limiting their access to resources and participation in decision making, and through embodied experiences of conditions arising from this inequality. For progress to be made, feminist health projects need to navigate the local politics surrounding gender as a social determinant of health.
Sara Hines will conduct research in three villages in Samburu County, Kenya to identify the major health concerns of local women and the social and ecological factors influencing women's health. She will conduct focus groups with women to learn about health issues like maternal health, sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, and diarrhea. She will also examine how women decide between traditional and modern medical care and identify gaps in available health services. Findings may help improve women's health and quality of life in Samburu.
Disparities in Health Care: The Significance of Socioeconomic StatusAmanda Romano-Kwan
This research paper discusses the disparities in the health care system, with a specific focus on socioeconomic status and how it affects the access and availability of quality care.
Presentacion documento Las PYME: clave para recuperar el crecimiento y el empleoCírculo de Empresarios
Las PYME son fundamentales para la recuperación económica en España. El documento propone medidas urgentes para mejorar el acceso a la financiación, reducir la morosidad y la carga fiscal de las PYME, así como fomentar su profesionalización, internacionalización e innovación para impulsar el crecimiento y el empleo.
Sexual reproductive health rights and SDGsMartin Ayanore
Whats the implications of SDGs for sexual reproductive rights globally? Panelist at the University of Utrecht during a recent symposium talk about the just adopted SDGs for health
The document discusses several topics related to health:
1. It provides statistics on deaths from the Titanic disaster, with over 1,500 of the 2,223 aboard perishing mostly from hypothermia.
2. It then discusses concepts of health and defines it as a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being according to the WHO.
3. It identifies key determinants of health like biology, individual behaviors, socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and access to healthcare services that influence population health outcomes and health inequities.
This document discusses health disparities faced by the African American community. It notes that health disparities have existed for over two centuries and little progress has been made to eliminate them. Some reasons for continued disparities include social and economic factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs around health. The document also provides examples of how certain language or behaviors considered respectful within one culture may be viewed differently in others and presents health data showing African Americans have higher rates of conditions like diabetes and hypertension than white people.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
This is the plenary presentation of Sai Jyothirmai Racherla of ARROW, which took place as part of Seventh session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (APCRSHR10) Virtual, on 14th September 2020, on the theme of "Population ageing and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
CHAIR: Sono Aibe
PLENARY SPEAKERS
* Caitlin Littleton, Regional Programme Adviser, HelpAge International, Asia Pacific | "Sexual health of older people: an overview"
* Sai Jyothirmai Racherla, Deputy Executive Director, ARROW | "Reclaiming and Redefining Rights -Older Women's Health and Well-Being in Asia and the Pacific Region at ICPD+25"
* Krishna Gautam, founder and Chair of Ageing Nepal | "Not Leaving Older Adults Behind in the process of achieving SDG-2030"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T A T I O N S
* Dr Tey Nai Peng | Understanding the Sexual Behaviour of Older Men and Women in Malaysia
* Prof Xiaoming Sun | Unmet Needs on Sexual and Reproductive Health among Women Aged 50-64 in Rural China
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual7
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #LGBT #genderequality #SDGs #ageing #elderly #olderpeople #IDOP2020 #InternationalDayOfOlderPersons
Nimra Tariq's presentation discusses poverty around the world and in Pakistan. It defines poverty and outlines the types of poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. Statistics are provided on global poverty rates by region, showing that over 40% of people in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa live below the poverty line. The effects of poverty and some ways to eradicate it, such as establishing justice, education initiatives, and job opportunities, are also discussed.
This document discusses gender differences in health and culture. It provides statistics showing that while boys outnumber girls at birth, women generally live longer. However, in developing regions women experience high mortality from issues like maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS. Health disparities exist due to factors such as cultural norms, son preference, poverty, lack of education, and unequal access to healthcare and resources between men and women. Interventions to address these issues include female empowerment, national health insurance schemes, education programs, and addressing structural gender oppression.
The document summarizes the key findings of a consultation on the issues and barriers facing transgender people in accessing HIV and other services in Yangon, Myanmar. The consultation identified low levels of condom use and HIV awareness within the transgender community. It also found that transgender people face discrimination in healthcare settings, preventing access to prevention, treatment, and support services. Common issues included stigma, unfriendly services, and a lack of tailored HIV prevention interventions. The document recommends improving health services, reducing risk behaviors, and addressing discrimination in order to improve transgender health outcomes in Yangon.
1) The document discusses issues of inequality, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare that disproportionately impact women. It notes that as poverty rises, so does the population in need of reproductive healthcare assistance, while public support is decreasing.
2) Income inequality is linked to poorer health outcomes, as the gap between rich and poor grows, the well-off are less willing to pay taxes to fund public services. Job status also correlates with health, with lower levels reporting more stress.
3) Women face discrimination in healthcare costs and coverage. They may be denied insurance or charged higher premiums based on gender or experiences like domestic violence. Single and minority women have less access and higher rates of poverty and uninsured.
This chapter introduces key topics in women's health. It discusses that women's health issues need dedicated study as women have unique physiological and psychosocial needs compared to men. Promoting proactive health behaviors can help prevent disease. Women around the world face common challenges to their health, and concepts like sexism and misogyny have impacted women's healthcare. The women's health movement has advocated for women's health rights and access to medical information and care.
The document outlines the vision, mission, goals and planned activities of the Women's Health and Empowerment Center of Expertise. The vision is for all women and girls to be empowered and healthy globally. The mission is to promote justice, equity and scientific advances to reduce gender and health disparities. Key goals include advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights, reducing violence against women and family planning. Planned activities involve research, education, knowledge dissemination and partnerships to study and improve women's empowerment and health.
The document discusses gender as a social determinant of health and the implications for Australian women's health policy. It notes that recent health policies have recognized gender as the main social determinant responsible for health inequities worldwide. However, it argues that there is a politics associated with gender as a social determinant that can both help and hinder advancing feminist health interests and projects. It maintains that enduring structural gender inequality and male dominance continue to impact women's health by limiting their access to resources and participation in decision making, and through embodied experiences of conditions arising from this inequality. For progress to be made, feminist health projects need to navigate the local politics surrounding gender as a social determinant of health.
Sara Hines will conduct research in three villages in Samburu County, Kenya to identify the major health concerns of local women and the social and ecological factors influencing women's health. She will conduct focus groups with women to learn about health issues like maternal health, sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, and diarrhea. She will also examine how women decide between traditional and modern medical care and identify gaps in available health services. Findings may help improve women's health and quality of life in Samburu.
Disparities in Health Care: The Significance of Socioeconomic StatusAmanda Romano-Kwan
This research paper discusses the disparities in the health care system, with a specific focus on socioeconomic status and how it affects the access and availability of quality care.
Presentacion documento Las PYME: clave para recuperar el crecimiento y el empleoCírculo de Empresarios
Las PYME son fundamentales para la recuperación económica en España. El documento propone medidas urgentes para mejorar el acceso a la financiación, reducir la morosidad y la carga fiscal de las PYME, así como fomentar su profesionalización, internacionalización e innovación para impulsar el crecimiento y el empleo.
This document discusses social and informal learning. It defines social learning as learning that happens through sharing information and knowledge with others in networks and communities outside of formal learning environments. It lists common methods for social learning like blogging, microblogging, collaboration centers, and discussion boards. It also identifies key factors to consider when selecting social learning tools, such as audience, business needs, content maintenance, data security, and executive sponsorship.
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de crisis epilépticas, incluyendo crisis parciales focales, crisis generalizadas tónico-clónicas, crisis de ausencia, crisis mioclónicas y crisis tónicas. También discute brevemente la epilepsia temporal y proporciona recursos sobre epilepsia.
Este documento introduce los conceptos de sociedad de la información, sociedad del conocimiento y tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Explica que la sociedad de la información surge del control y uso de la información y se basa en Internet. La sociedad del conocimiento se centra en gestionar el conocimiento y dominar las TIC. Finalmente, las TIC se definen como un conjunto de técnicas avanzadas que integran funcionalidades de almacenamiento, procesamiento y transmisión de datos, y ofrecen posibilidades educativas como ampliar la oferta in
Este documento contiene las transcripciones de dos seminarios impartidos en la Capilla Calvary sobre la enseñanza de la Palabra de Dios. En el primer seminario, el Pastor Chuck Smith explica cómo prepara sus sermones leyendo el texto bíblico repetidamente y buscando ilustraciones e historias personales que ayuden a explicar el significado. En el segundo seminario, el Pastor Jon Courson enfatiza la importancia de que los creyentes entiendan las Escrituras y critica las iglesias que no se enfocan en enseñar
This document discusses key concepts in digital audio, including:
1) Digital audio is discrete in both time and amplitude, where analog is continuous. Sampling converts an analog signal to digital by taking discrete time and amplitude samples.
2) For lossless sampling, the sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the analog signal to avoid aliasing.
3) Quantization converts the sampled amplitude values to discrete digital values. More bits provide higher resolution and dynamic range but introduce quantization error and noise.
4) Digital audio can be transmitted via various standards like AES/EBU and S/PDIF using pulse code modulation to encode the digital samples into a binary data stream. O
This document discusses women's health information needs in developing countries. It reviews literature on how women in developing nations seek health information and the barriers they face. Key barriers include lack of education, cultural and social norms, financial constraints, distance to resources, and gender inequality. Rural and illiterate women especially struggle to access reliable health information to make informed choices about their care.
Women face several health issues globally. Issues like gender disparity, lack of access to healthcare and health information, and violence negatively impact women's well-being. However, factors such as education, economic opportunities, and programs from organizations have helped empower women and address these issues. While progress has been made, challenges remain around reproductive health, family planning, and eliminating harmful practices like genital mutilation. Overall, improving access to resources and continuing efforts to promote women's rights can help ensure women's health needs are better supported worldwide.
Reproduction And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Female...Stephanie Clark
This document discusses the high rates of maternal mortality and infant/child health issues in South Africa. It notes that the maternal mortality ratio is 156.5 per 100,000 live births, and that 60% of maternal deaths are preventable. The leading causes of maternal mortality are identified as HIV/AIDS, hypertension, and obstetric hemorrhage.
1) The document discusses the importance of maternal health and how it encompasses family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care in order to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
2) It notes that 289,000 women died in 2013 due to pregnancy or childbirth related causes, which are preventable with access to family planning, skilled birth attendance, and emergency obstetric care.
3) Teenage pregnancy is conceptualized as a social problem, and can be caused by factors like family disruptions, lack of sex education, and pressure to have sex without knowledge of contraception options.
A Case Study On Working Women And Their Reproductive Health Problems With Spe...ijifr
This document discusses women's social status and reproductive health issues. It begins by outlining how women's social status has changed over time from ancient to modern periods in India. It then discusses how women's health, education, and social status are interrelated, and how lack of health can negatively impact the other areas. The document also lists and describes many common reproductive health issues that women face, such as sexually transmitted infections, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, and lack of access to healthcare. It provides background on how these health issues disproportionately impact women.
This document discusses how age affects vulnerability in different populations. It explains that infants and the elderly are among the most vulnerable due to reliance on others. Teen mothers and children face higher risks of low birthweight. Elderly individuals are more prone to abuse and chronic illnesses. Young adults ages 18-24 experience the highest rates of HIV diagnosis, mental illness, and homicide, while suicide is most common in those over 65. Comparing vulnerability across age groups provides insight into targeting health resources.
Women's health refers to the branch of medicine focused on treating diseases and conditions affecting women's physical and emotional well-being. It includes areas like reproductive health, cancer screening, sexual health, and more. Preventative care includes regular exams, cancer screenings, immunizations, and lifestyle assessments. Services also address issues like breast cancer, infertility, pregnancy, and other gynecological concerns. The women's health team is made up of providers from different specialties including OB/GYNs, surgeons, and other doctors and nurses.
This life-cycle approach extends beyond women's reproductive role to encompass women's health at every stage and in every aspect of their lives.
This life-cycle approach extends beyond women's reproductive role to encompass women's health at every stage and in every aspect of their lives.
Accompanied by considerable hormonal changes, the life stages of women are generally divided into infancy, puberty, reproductive age, climacteric period, and elderly years, in addition to pregnancy and delivery that are generally included as the life events unique to women
Women constitute half the population but receive only one tenth of income and undertake two thirds of total work with longer working hours than men. They lack education, health care, and empowerment. Empowerment has become a widely used goal but is poorly defined. Key factors constraining women's empowerment include their heavy workload, isolation, illiteracy, traditional views limiting participation, lack of funds, conflicts, and discriminatory policies. Empowering women requires addressing these issues through gender analysis, reducing drudgery, raising rights awareness, ensuring equal leadership opportunities, organizing women's groups, expanding access to financial services, increasing literacy, improving health services, and halting child marriage.
Cynthia Lewis proposes a research project to study contraceptive health in Belize. She notes that currently, data only accounts for married women's contraceptive use and does not include unmarried women. Her research aims to conduct surveys of over 1,000 women in Dangriga, Belize to gather a more comprehensive data set on contraceptive use and needs across different demographics. With this data, she hopes to increase awareness of reproductive health needs and access to services like birth control and prenatal care in rural areas of Belize. If funded, the project has the potential to improve contraceptive education and outreach programs in the country.
Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala discusses the gender health gap and how it disproportionately impacts women in developing countries. She describes her own frightening experience with a pregnancy complication and emphasizes how many maternal and neonatal deaths could be prevented with basic interventions like antenatal care and skilled birth attendants. Okonjo-Iweala also highlights issues like cervical cancer, where the majority of deaths occur in poor nations due to lack of screening and treatment. She advocates for efforts to increase access to vaccines for diseases like HPV and potentially Zika virus to help reduce health burdens on women globally.
This document discusses reproductive health. It begins by listing learning objectives about defining reproductive health, understanding its historical development and indicators. It then defines reproductive health and discusses how it addresses human sexuality, reproduction and systems across life stages. It discusses how men and women have rights to fertility regulation and healthcare. The document outlines the historical development of reproductive health from the 1960s onward. It discusses key organizations and documents that shaped the concept. It notes challenges in Somalia's reproductive health context and outlines common reproductive health program areas and UNFPA indicators. Overall, the summary captures the key topics, definitions and historical overview provided in the document.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify potential partners for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS in Blantyre, Malawi. The study surveyed 321 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. It found that close relatives, spouses, the media (especially radio), and health workers are important sources of health information and potential partners in prevention efforts. While most women intended to involve their mother or sister during delivery and believed their spouse would support breastfeeding, few had ever attended clinics with their spouse or discussed HIV. The study concludes these partners should be engaged in programs aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Population Health Advocacy Essay Example Paper.docxstudywriters
The document is a sample essay advocating for a policy to improve access to women's healthcare. It discusses Senator Patty Murray's bill which aims to raise funds and visibility for women's health needs. The essay outlines key points of the policy such as increasing access to services, screening, and treatment for conditions that disproportionately impact women like cancer. It argues that the policy would benefit society by addressing health issues that negatively impact women and their families. As an advocate, the author would support the policy and ensure the needs of marginalized groups are met through education, screening, and allocation of additional resources.
Racial Disparities in Abortion and Reproductive Health Care (final copy) (1)Karissa Charles
Racial disparities exist in access to abortion healthcare in the United States. Statistics show that African American and Latina women have significantly higher abortion rates than white women. This is due in part to socioeconomic factors like lower household wealth levels among minority groups. Lack of health insurance and access to contraception also contribute to higher unintended pregnancy and abortion rates for women of color and low-income women. Policies like the Hyde Amendment that restrict Medicaid funding for abortions disproportionately impact minority women's access to reproductive healthcare.
55-J-6-2Maternal Mortality The Case of Mama SessayThe video t.docxpriestmanmable
55-J-6-2
Maternal Mortality: The Case of Mama Sessay
The video titled “Dying to Give Birth: One Woman’s Tale of Maternal Mortality” showcases the censorious risks women face during childbirth in Sierra Leone; especially, when considering one out every eight women face a lifetime risk of dying during childbirth (Time, 2016). The latter was the fate of the documentary's main subject Mama Sessay, an 18-year-old girl who lost her life shortly after giving birth to twins; specifically, during the delivery of the second baby. While many components factored into Mama Sessay’s demise this paper will focus on the three groups of factors (Three Delays Model) stopping her from accessing maternal care, as well as the core determinants of health contributing to her delay in seeking care.
Three Delays Model
To best understand how the three delays, apply to Mama Sessay’s case, it important to first outline the notable delays, which include
1. Delay in decision to seek care due to;
· The low status of women
· Poor understanding of complications and risk factors in pregnancy and when to seek medical help
· Previous poor experience of health care
· Acceptance of maternal death
· Financial implications
2. Delay in reaching care due to;
· Distance to health centers and hospitals
· Availability of and cost of transportation
· Poor roads and infrastructure
· Geography e.g. mountainous terrain, rivers
3. Delay in receiving adequate health care due to;
· Poor facilities and lack of medical supplies
· Inadequately trained and poorly motivated medical staff
· Inadequate referral systems. (Maternity Worldwide, 2018, para, 2)
Scenario Specific Delays
Considering Sierra Leone’s maternal mortality statistics, we can deduce Mama Sessay odds for a successful delivery were not favorable; however, when taking into account the elements of delays, her odds were further reduced. Notably, Mama Sessay was forced to marry at the age of 14 and four short years found herself giving birth to twins. Thus, her age and limited educations suggest the first model delay resulted from “a poor understanding of complications and risk factors in pregnancy and when to seek medical help” (Maternity Worldwide, 2018, para, 2). Next, Mama Sessay lived in a small village; thus, we can deduce distance to health centers and hospitals, availability of and cost of transportation, poor roads and infrastructure, and geography (e.g. mountainous terrain, rivers) were factors associated with the second model delay (Maternity Worldwide, 2018). Lastly, the third model delay is attributed to poor facilities, lack of medical supplies, inadequately trained and poorly motivated medical staff, and an inadequate referral system (Maternity Worldwide, 2018).
Subsequently, when Mama Sessay began to experience delivery complications she faced insurmountable odds when considering the correlating delays. Two notable delays leading to her demise include the time lost in transportation to a delivery center and the delay re.
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The use of participatory communication model to achieve reproductive health among rural women in kenya
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
1
The Use of Participatory Communication Model to Achieve
Reproductive Health among Rural Women in Kenya
Victoria Chepkemoi Kutto
Moi University,School of Human Resource Development
Department of Communication Studies,P.O. Box 8416, Eldoret, Code 30100
Email: vickykipkeu@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
This paper sought to interrogate the possibility of rethinking development communication as far as reproductive
health communication is concerned in developing countries. Health is among the eight Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). Advocacy campaigns on health matters in developing countries still lag behind in achieving the
relevant goals of meeting health needs of the society. This paper used the case of women’s reproductive health
and how participatory communication strategies can be used to encourage more women, especially in rural
communities, to attend clinics for screening and/or treatment. This paper also takes certain factors that pose
health communication challenges in achieving the goals of reproductive health in women into consideration.
These factors include; body politics, culture and stigma. By achieving the goal of reproductive health in women,
a society will be assured of a healthy workforce for development. Women in developing countries are the main
caregivers of the family and, in many rural settings, they play a major role in economic activities. Participatory
communication involves the community through all the relevant steps in attaining social behavioural change.
The people are part of the planning and thus own the project. Participatory communication takes into
consideration the language and culture of the community involved. This leads to creating local content and,
therefore, appropriate technologies of communication will be used. Once people in a community use processes
of dialogue and collective action to address their needs, the impact should propel the project forward because
there will be convergence and sharing of ideas. This model of participatory communication should, consequently,
contribute to the achievement of reproductive health goals among women and consequently a health society.
Keywords: Development Communication; Participatory Communication; Reproductive Health; Women;
Social Change.
1. Introduction
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of goals agreed upon in a United Nations’ (UN) meeting
in 2000, to reduce poverty, improve health and foster economic development (Gribble & Haffey, 2003). In this
paper, reproductive health was focused with special attention to rural women. Rural Women in Kenya have often
borne the burden of shouldering economic activities in the rural areas. The outcome of their activities supports
their immediate families, like in educating children, and general family upkeep. Thus, these women contribute
largely to nation building. One set-back, however, is that these rural women are often faced with a myriad
reproductive health problems which become a drawback to their lives. Instead of leading fruitful lives after
working hard for their families, many women spend most of their lives nursing reproductive ailments. One of the
main problems faced by rural women in addressing reproductive health is communicating their condition or
lack of awareness regarding the condition.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was carried out using idographic techniques where the human person was the main source of data.
Open ended interview schedules were used to collect personal accounts. Individual interviews were conducted
with the study participants who were rural women. The personal accounts were analysed qualitatively using
thematic analysis and double hermeneutics as the process was generally dialogical.
3. Discussions
3.1. Reproductive Health and Communication Challenges
When reproductive health issues are discussed in various forums, the main issues of concern for women’s health
are often centred on family planning, contraceptives and safe motherhood. There are, however, other
reproductive health issues which are left on the periphery and, sometimes, the rural woman may not be aware of
the condition and the treatment for it. For instance, birth complications, such as long, obstructed and unrelieved
labour, may lead to fistulae. Many rural women with such conditions live in shame and seclusion because of
urine incontinence or total lack of control of bowel movement. Such a woman is embarrassed by the foul smell
and, in some cases, is even abandoned by her husband.
Other reproductive health problems include HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cysts, fibroids
and lesions arising from previous caesarean sections. These health problems for the rural women often go
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
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2
unattended and may lead to death. While the women live with the health condition, they are helpless, a burden to
the family and will most likely lead to depression in the affected woman and the family members closest to her.
This makes it a social problem as well.
This paper sought to interrogate a number of reasons that contribute to communication challenges that contribute
to the impediment of reproductive health for rural women. These are: culture; body politics and, thirdly, stigma.
Being rural women, these factors contribute largely to communication challenges as will be discussed.
Culture has a great influence on communication about health issues, especially in rural settings. Rural women, to
a great extent, live lives that are guided by cultural norms and beliefs. Discussing personal matters, like a disease
of the reproductive system, in public is a taboo among most communities. According to Katrak (2006),
traditions most oppressive to women are located within the arena of female sexuality. Women in rural areas also
fear disclosure of such ailments for fear of seclusion or being displaced from their family roles. Because of the
salient role of a mother in African households, women often fear disclosing disease to their offspring or other
close family for fear of burdening them. According to Dunleavy (2009), the difficulty of disclosure is often the
cause of a number of diseases not being detected early for treatment. An example is a disease like cervical cancer.
A woman will suffer in silence rather than disclose the condition yet, if detected early, it can be treated. Most
African cultural societies treat reproductive diseases and conditions with a lot of suspicion. Myths are woven to
explain these diseases and, in many cases, they are linked to witchcraft. The illnesses or complicated conditions
have mythical perspectives, probably because they are not clearly understood. Thus, an afflicted woman will
easily be made to believe it is witchcraft and will go about the matter rather silently as she seeks divine
intervention and any other means of solving the problem. This ends up aggravating the woman’s condition.
Related to culture is the issue of disclosure. According to Moore and Spiegel (2006), most cultural communities
find the disclosure of terminal illnesses, such as cancer, a very sensitive issue. To many it is seen as cruel
because it robs the patient of hope and is likely to provoke rapid decline and death. In most rural homes, the head
of the household is often a man who is either a husband or a relative. Permission of disclosure rests squarely with
the head of the household and this can sometimes work against the wellbeing of the woman as the man may not
have a clear understanding of the condition.
Body politics is a great obstacle to communicating reproductive health issues, particularly among rural women.
Health matters are often in the public domain but reproductive health matters for women lie more in the private
domain. One of the reasons is that most reproductive ailments and conditions are intrusive and, therefore,
difficult to discuss. In Kenya, most rural women are either bound by culture or religion and both factors tend to
shun the discussion of a woman’s body. According to Shapiro (1999), any discussion of the female body can be
easily deemed as sinful or seen to allude to matters of sex. This constitutes a communication barrier, particularly,
for ailments that benefit a lot from prevention and early detection. These include uterine and cervical cancer and
conditions such as fistulae that can be treated once early detection is made. Communicating openly would also
lead to more women attending the ‘well-being’ clinics.
The objectification of the female body, according to Shapiro (1999), has led society in general to regard disease
as a failure of the body to function as it is supposed to. This makes it more complicated for women who have
reproductive ailments to communicate their condition. The rejection of imperfect bodies is evident in all human
cultures (Couser, 1997) and, consequently, many women with reproductive health conditions will avoid bringing
them to the forefront until such a time that it is unbearable and often this is in advanced stages of an ailment. An
example in case is cervical cancer.
Stigma also contributes to communication challenges in addressing reproductive health. In rural communities,
the lack of awareness of certain reproductive system conditions, such as cancer and birth complications such as
fistulae and vaginal prolapse, among others, lead to various mythical interpretations of the conditions. This,
consequently, brings about stigma depending on the mythical perspective of the condition. For example, cervical
cancer and its invasive nature in a woman’s reproductive system, is often interpreted as a sexually transmitted
disease. Most women will keep mum about it and others will even be abandoned by their spouses because they
are seen as having been promiscuous (Gregg, 2003). In one case study on cervical cancer, Gregg (2003) noted
that the patients always write themselves off and any treatment procedures are treated with suspicion of being
ridiculed. One woman who refused to continue with treatment said “It is like someone putting a finger in an open
wound and messing it up”.
Mason et al. (2001), on stigma and social exclusion in healthcare, observes that, until recently, cancer was
discussed in hushed terms. The word itself carried a powerful emotional message, promoting feelings of anxiety,
fear and dread. According to Mason et al. (2001) cancer is mysterious to humanity in general: it is a silent killer,
its origin is unknown and the facts available are both ominous and terrifying. Cancer challenges not only a
person’s resilience to withstand disabling and invasive disease and disruptive and disagreeable treatment but
looking into the face of death against our reflective instinct to look away as well (Ibid). Cervical cancer faces
more challenges than all other types of cancer because its nature and treatment is most invasive and the
stigmatization is more profound. This applies to other reproductive health conditions especially for rural women.
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Buzzanell, Sterk and Turner (2004) look into the lives of women cancer survivors and how they make meaning
of chronic illness, and disability. Stigma stands out as a communication challenge because the rejection of
imperfect bodies and a disease they hardly comprehend leaves them feeling isolated. Cancer survivors with
persistent physical and/or emotional effects of the disease and treatment are stigmatized and dehumanized by
society in the way they are handled. Female cancer survivors who have chronic impairments are often not easily
categorized by self or others. Reproductive system ailments bring about stigma and these women occupy the
boundary areas between: health and illness; ability and disability; wholeness and loss; femininity and “damaged
goods” In society, there is always the assumption that people are either completely able or healthy or they are
completely disabled and are an object of charity. The middle ground is still not enough. In this light reproductive
health for rural women is in a more complex situation because their setting often leaves them much more
disadvantaged as they are mostly illiterate and are often addressed on various issues about their lives by
authorities who do not allow them to participate in their own development issues.
3.2. The Role of Development Communication
Development communication is where communication is applied to engage stakeholders assess the situation,
devise effective strategies leading to better and more sustainable development initiatives (Mefalopulos, 2008). It
is more than transmitting information: it is about using communication to generate new knowledge and
consensus in order to facilitate change (Ibid). On reproductive health communication, application of
development communication strategies in the rural setting applies. Development communication applies
strategies of two way communication in which Mefalopulos (2008) explains as involving more than just passing
information or creating awareness. Two way communication is used to understand, assess, explore and facilitate
decision making related to change.
Development communication bears the potential to address health communication challenges because of its
dialogical approach. Tufte and Dagron (2006) expound on communication for social change (CFSC) by
foregrounding the potential role of involving the people directly affected by the problematic issue at hand. They
note that people who are best able to push the need for change and identify the most effective solutions are those
who are most directly affected by the problem that needs to be eradicated.
According to Tufte and Dagron (2006), it is probable that the African society has become so absorbed in
Western-oriented mechanisms in addressing issues that indigenous mechanisms have been relegated. They note
that the African tradition placed value in oral communication in moving communities and nations forward
through griot traditions, storytelling, drama, dance and song. People in Africa use oral communication to make
collective decisions. Thus, communication for social change is a way of developing and strengthening people’s
confidence and skills to tell their own stories, explain their needs and advocate for the kind of change they want
(Ibid). This would go in line with the challenges faced in reproductive health communication. The women in
rural communities would be actively involved in bringing out their opportunities and challenges in the
management of their reproductive health.
The participatory communication model of development communication allows for dialogical processes in the
quest for communication for social change (Tufte & Mefalopulos, 2009; Bassette, 2004). Communication for
social change incorporates the participatory model because of its characteristics as expounded by Tufte and
Dagron (2006) which include:
1. Community participation.
2. Language and cultural relevance.
3. Creating local content.
4. Using appropriate technology.
5. Network and convergence.
Participatory communication, according to Tufte and Mefalopulos (2009), is an approach based on dialogue
which allows the sharing of information, perceptions and opinions among the various stakeholders and thereby
facilitates their empowerment, especially those who are most vulnerable and marginalized. In this study, rural
women are seen as a marginalized group and therefore need to be incorporated in the process of developing
reproductive health programmes. As Tufte and Mefalopulos (2009) further explain, it is not just the exchange of
information and experiences, rather, it is also the exploration and generation of new knowledge aimed at
addressing situations that need to be improved. In the process of sharing information and experiences on the
communication challenges faced by rural women and health facilitators, emergent issues that may have been
obstacles are able to be handled. In this way, more women get empowered and the possibility of the benefits of
the project will most probably spill overboard to reach wider social dimensions.
Entertainment-education is also another strategy for social change. This development communication model has
the potential for education in various social aspects. Singhal and Rogers (1999) outline three reasons. One of the
reasons for potential in education in entertainment is that development problems loom large all over the world
and among them is disease. To address such problems, pragmatic media strategies are needed that appeal to the
audience members, are commercially viable and are socially responsible. Using the entertainment media for
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educational purposes provides an unusual opportunity to achieve these objectives (Ibid). Reproductive health is
in the private domain and broaching the subject may pose a number of communication challenges and, therefore,
entertainment may offer a channel through which educative information may be disseminated to rural women.
Another reason is that leisure and entertainment represent one of the most important megatrends of recent
decades. The hard-to-reach rural poor are increasingly accessible through the mass media and at a relatively low
cost. In Kenya, the freeing of airwaves has seen many local FM radio stations flourish all over the country. A
third reason is that entertainment media is not a ‘mindless’ genre as has often been accused. Audience research
shows that consumers prefer socially responsible and wholesome entertainment when available.
Njogu (2005) notes that there is a potent relationship between culture, entertainment and health promotion in
Africa. According to Njogu (2005), cultural products have the ability to simulate our emotions in a pleasurable
manner. He also states that entertainment is an important way of engaging people at the emotional level in order
to achieve certain goals. Popular culture can play a pivotal role in increasing levels of knowledge, changing
attitudes and influencing behavior change by getting communities to participate in dialogue and to act together in
order to change their condition. Reproductive health is often said to be plagued by lack of awareness (Turkington
& Edelsen, 2005; WHO, 2008; Moorey & Greer, 2002; Dunleavey, 2009) and, therefore, entertainment may
offer opportunity for attitude change through enjoyable and acceptable communication.
Development communication has potential in addressing communication challenges in the control of cervical
cancer but this cannot happen successfully if certain foreseeable obstacles are not addressed. According to Tufte
and Mefalopulos (2009), most development communication programmes fail to be participatory in the degree
expected because of the agenda set by a few individuals. These include policy makers and technocrats, with little
input from stakeholders, especially at the local level. Rigid management procedures and tight deadlines for
planning and funding allow little flexibility needed for participatory processes.
In participatory communication, the people affected by the problem that requires a solution are integrated in all
the processes of solving the problem at hand (Tufte & Mefalopulos, 2009; Tufte & Dagron, 2006). Participatory
communication models involve the community in ways that make the people become creators of their own
knowledge rather than ideas and practices being imposed on them (Mulwa, 2010). In the control of cervical
cancer, rural women can draw from their indigenous knowledge to help them interpret and integrate modern-day
information on cervical cancer in order to be in the forefront of their health matters. The focus is to establish
whether rethinking communication for social change can achieve more positive results in communicating
reproductive health matters in rural Africa by using communication techniques that are compatible with the rural
African context. According to Barraclough (2007), good communication skills and participatory decision-
making styles are highly valued in the management of cervical cancer. WHO’s (2002) report on Policy and
Advocacy suggests that good communication skills are vital among those advocating for health matters. These
include being able to speak clearly and concisely and an ability to convey complex information in an organized
and easy to understand manner.
4. Conclusion
This paper has looked at reproductive health among rural women and the communication challenges that abound.
If participatory communication is used in forging the way forward, programs that will have meaning for rural
women will be designed. The MDG on health and particularly reproductive health will be achieved. Rural
women are often said to be the backbone of economic activities in Kenya and it is, therefore, befitting that their
health matters are put into serious consideration. Rural women are also known for their ability to come together
to make collective decisions that affect their lives on various aspects. This lays a strong foundation upon which
participatory communication can be used to allow them to discuss various reproductive health issues that affect
them. Through participatory communication, forums that create awareness will be forged and many issues that
would not have otherwise been discussed will be brought out in the open. The rural women will consequently
become active decision makers on matters of their own reproductive health.
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Couser, T. (1997). Recovering Bodies: Illness, Disability And Life Writing. London: University of Wisconsin
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Dunleavey, R. (2009). Cervical Cancer: A Guide For Nurses. UK: John and Sons.
Gregg, J. (2003). Virtually Virgins: Sexuality Strategies And Cervical Cancer In Recife, Brazil. California:
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Gribble, J. & Haffey, J. (2008). Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. USA: Population Reference Bureau,
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